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Focusing on a subject largely neglected in mainstream Czech social stratification research so far, this study seeks to examine to what extent tertiary educational attainment and educational mobility are affected by personal factors, such as personality traits, physical attractiveness, and self-esteem. It is based on data drawn from a large-scale representative survey carried out in the Czech Republic (Neglected Human Capital Dimensions 2015) as the second follow-up to the OECD PIAAC project. The results show that physical attractiveness plays a significant role in tertiary educational attainment, especially in the humanities and social-science disciplines. As for personality traits, Openness to Experience and Extraversion are more beneficial for humanities degrees, whereas Neuroticism significantly decreases a person’s chances of obtaining a degree in science. Conscientiousness and Self-esteem have a positive impact on upward educational mobility. The study also finds that there are some gender differences in the strength of the effect of personality factors, and that this is especially true for the trait of Agreeableness.
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The purpose of this research is to certify influence of dance on creativity of two chosen groups of adolescents – dancers and nondancers. For this study we compiled a selection of adolescent dancers from a folklore ensemble and adolescent nondancers. They were tested with Brace test and Creativity movement test. By means of personality enquiry we received personal data from the tested groups. Using statistical methods we compared the obtained data. In the Brace Test the experimental group showed a higher score only on the substantive significance level, whereas in the test of physical creativity no statistically significant differences were found. Only the substantive significance has been proved. The results indicate that a suitable physical education form at a secondary school contributes to an all-round development in adolescents.
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According to Viktor Frankl, founder of Logotherapy, spirituality is an important part of human personality. It is based as well as sexuality on the human capacity to create relationships. It is a manifestation of personal and intimate relation. It requires a mature personality able to live an authentic life. In a different way it becomes an escape from reality. The article presents as well a perspective of the roots of deformed spirituality for example in the case of personality disorder patient.
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Self-criticism is a major conjoint factor in the background of many psychiatric diagnoses. Conversely, self-reassurance and self-compassion are generally associated with better psychological health and well-being. The article provides an overview of various possible interventions in this area. The interventions are classified into two types: these requiring psychotherapist’s presence (psychotherapy and training programs) or these which are self-help based (meditation, mindfulness, virtual reality, expressive writing, imagination and focusing on human faces with positive mood). The following article „Specifics of Psychotherapy with Highly Self-Critical Client“ focuses particularly on psychotherapy with highly self-critical clients.
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A therapist’s self-disclosure is a potentially effective, yet somewhat controversial intervention. This qualitative study seeks to answer the question “When and how can a therapist’s self-disclosure be helpful in the therapeutic process?”. The study is based on the grounded theory method and comprises in an analysis of five interviews with clients and their therapists. The results indicate that a therapist’s self-disclosure can be beneficial to therapeutic process in case it fits the client’s actual need of confirmation: in this case, it can positively affect the client’s experience, support the therapeutic relationship and working alliance and contribute to progress in the client’s problem. Otherwise, it may encumber the therapeutic process by forcing the client to deal with the therapist’s self-disclosure as an extraneous element. The study also examines the role of therapist’s motivation to disclose personal information in the effect of selfdisclosure.
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Tuginedes siinse essee autori kogemusele, on otsustamine tihtipeale kõige raskem osa sõjaväelisest teenistusest, sest tasakaalustada on vaja ülesande ja alluvate vajadused. Nõnda tuleb otsustada keskkonnas, kus valitseb otsene oht eludele ja otsustel on ühele või teisele poolele peaaegu alati rasked tagajärjed (vaimsed ja füüsilised), mis survestab otsustajaid. Võib üpris kindlalt väita, et sõjapidamises kergelt hoomatavat keskkonda ei eksisteerigi, probleemid on tihti komplekssed kõige madalamal tasemel, sõda on mitmetasandiline ja tänapäeval pole tihti ka vastane selgelt eristatav. Selleks, et mõista otsustamise keerukust või selle õpetamist paremini fookustada, tuleks (1) otsustamine sõjaväelises kontekstis täpsemalt lahti mõtestada; (2) selgitada välja, millised võiksid olla võimaldavad või ülekantavad pädevused otsustamiseks ja (3) millises keskkonnas otsuste tegijad võiksid treenida.
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Tänapäeva progressiusku, pidevale edukusele ning paremusele püüdlevas maailmas on hea juht ja tõhus juhtimine miski, mida organisatsioonid soovivad, mille saladuslikku võtmetegurit teadlased otsivad ning mille olemasolu kindlaksmääramise viisides ei ole senini ühest arusaama. Nii püütakse ka Kaitseväes ja selle õppeasutustes Kaitseväele häid juhte välja õpetada, samas ühtselt mõistetavat hea juhi kuvandit ega mõõdikut ei ole. Millist juhti me siis vajame ja kuidas seda saavutada? Millele keskenduda kaitseväeliste juhtide väljaõppes, kui valmis hea juhi kuvandit ega selgeid tulemusliku juhtimise tunnuseid võtta ei ole?
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Me usume, et meil on hea ettekujutus sellest, mida tähendab olla hea juht või liider ning mida tähendab juhtimine või eestvedamine, kuid lähemal vaatlusel pole pilt nii selge. Mõne jaoks on juhtimine motivatsioon, teiste jaoks võrdub see tulemustega ja kolmandate jaoks võib see seostuda inspiratsiooniga. Kuna juhtimise mõiste on niivõrd abstraktne, on ka erinevad teoreetikud seda mitmeti tõlgendanud. Yukli sõnul (2010, p. 7) on juhtimine teiste mõjutamine, et mõista ja nõustuda sellega, mida ja kuidas tuleb teha, ning individuaalsete ja kollektiivsete jõupingutuste hõlbustamine ühiste eesmärkide saavutamiseks. Northouse (2013, p. 5) on juhtimist määratlenud veelgi lihtsamalt: juhtimine on protsess, mille käigus üksikisik mõjutab isikute rühma, et saavutada ühine eesmärk.
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Peaaegu kõik juhtimisteooriad käsitlevad juhtimist, selle olemust, vastastikmõju ja tõhusust, tuginedes indiviidile, tema olemusele ja oskustele. Indiviidi kujundavad aga ühelt poolt tema isiksus ja loomuomadused, teisalt õpitud oskused ja hoiakud ning areng ajas. Viimaseid saab mõjutada, kuna organisatsioon õpetab indiviidile vajalikke oskusi, kujundab hoiakuid ja tegeleb tema arendamisega, kuid esimesega on keerulisem, kuna iseloom küll kujuneb ja teatud määral ka muutub ajas, aga peale isiku enda ei saa keegi või miski seda lihtsalt muuta. Isikuomadustele ja täpsemalt varjukülje omaduste mõjule juhtide arendamisel keskendub ka siinne essee.
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Eesti kaitsevägi lähtub ajateenistuse kontseptsioonist, kus reservväelastel on riigikaitses põhjapanev roll. Eriti oluline on seejuures ajateenijatest sobivate juhtide-aspirantide valimine, väljaõpetamine ja kasvatamine, mille eesmärk on neile reservohvitserina usaldada üksuste juhtimine sõjaajal. Seetõttu peab väljaõppe peamine eesmärk olema sellise juhi ettevalmistamine, kes suudaks lahingus üksust juhtida.
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2009. aastal ajateenistusse astudes anti siinse essee autorile kätte ankeet, mille eesmärk oli teha esmane valik juhiomadustega isikute ning autojuhtide erialale sobivate inimeste vahel. Ankeet koosnes paljuski väga jäikadest kas-küsimustest, mis ei tundunud oma üksikute küsimustega kuigi teaduslik, ent mille põhjal tehti ajateenijate teenistuslehele esimene märge nende juhiomaduste kohta.
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Two paradigms cross the history of medical science the rationalist and holistic one. Western modern medicine seems to be prevalent at present time due to the great achievements and extraordinary technological progress. For the original and holistic tradition medical act consists in restoring the balance by awakening the ‘healing force of nature,’ since the body possesses the means to heal itself. Modern Medicine believes in technology and drugs. This work suggests an Integral and Transpersonal approach to Medicine, in order to get not only the cure of symptoms but also the Self – Realization, and development of the creative potential of individuals.
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When talking about human well-being, Unconditional Self-acceptance represents one of the cores. Although researchers have focused on various predictors of Acceptance, there is not a clear understanding of personal values impacting the process of accepting oneself. The aim of the research was to explore the association between basic values and unconditional self-acceptance, and to find out the role of psychological flexibility in this relationship. 370 participants filled the questionnaires to explore basic values, unconditional self-acceptance and psychological flexibility. As data showed, self-transcendence and openness to change predict higher level of psychological flexibility, however, only openness to change possesses positive predictive power for unconditional self-acceptance. Mediation model indicates that basic value system of openness to changes is the one, which reflected on individual’s higher psychological flexibility, and through this flexibility she/he achieves higher level of unconditional self-acceptance. The research confirmed a unique role of openness to change in association with self-acceptance which might be an important insight for clinical psychologists as well as for mental health professionals.
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The aim of analysis is to demonstrate that phenomenological approach to nature can be useful for psychology, as it broadens the understanding of emotion. J. P. Sartre understanding of emotion nature was presented. Emotion functions according to Sartre were another focus of the research, as was comparing those functions to emotion functions specified in contemporary psychological literature.
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Individual or collective coping with stereotypes - as actors or victims - belongs to human history, and shows different expressions, such as “Black and White” in Africa and America, “Jews”, “Sinti and Roma”, and “East and West” in Europe; also prejudices concerning generation, sex/gender, and professions belong to this context. This essay emphasizes, in an exemplary way, on a particular aspect of stereotyping: For Germans, 1945 was (also) the year of flight and expulsion from the East to the West as a kind of master-narrative; filled with stereotypes and myths, this narrative formed their collective memory and identity. Many expellees chose narrations as their strategy to cope with their traumatic experiences. Authors, such as Otfried Preussler, transferred their personal narration into literary forms. There also can be found official documents, such as decrees, which encoded the experiences into neutral information, but, nevertheless, remain traces of human tragedies. Also, modern interpretations of these events show emotional fillings and balance between close and distant style. The following short evaluation of published documents explains, how people cope with traumatic situations and experiences during a particular historical situation by using stereotypes; by evaluating different kinds of social influence on these stereotypes, the research demonstrates the complexity of stereotypes and the need of con¬textualization.
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Concepts of personality, creativity and method fraktalnog drawings due to their complexity, never devoted enough attention. All of the above, the presence of art therapy as a method of prevention, treatment and support healthy growth and development of people, tells about the benefits of creative self-expression. This work discusses the use of art therapy methods fractal drawings, based on Jung‘s theory of personality, and helps in the expression of the unconscious which often represent a barrier for the successful functioning of personality. The results of studies conducted by the author of the method (Polujahtova and Komov 2014) show that the application of the methods fractal drawings increase the role of the spiritual components, enhances creativity, improves confidence, develops socialization and communication.
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The review discusses the comparative research strategies and methods of A. Andrijauskas' book "Art Psychology: From the Origins of Creativity to Psychopathology", which systematically organizes factual material from different civilized worlds and explores the psychology of genius, talent, artist's creative potential, and other concepts. The review also discusses the main questions in the formation of modern art psychology and psychopathology. These became specific disciplines in the Western sciences in the 17th century and the first half of the twentieth century. The review focuses mainly on the last part of A. Andrijauskas' book. This portion deals with the issues of the relationship between creativity and psychopathology and also with the genesis of the concepts of genius and talent.
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The article deals with the concept of personality developed in Lithuanian-American sociologist Vytautas Kavolis' National Character Studies. It is argued that it is necessary to distinguish two different elements in Kavolis' concept of personality. The first element consists of a general definition of personality, while the second one includes an approach to the relationship between personality and culture. It is stated that the first element remained unchanged in all Kavolis' works on national character. Meanwhile, the second element changed throughout the sociologist's studies. To reconstruct Kavolis' concept of personality and explain why the approach towards personality and culture changed, the views of the Lithuanian-American scientist are compared with the ideas of the American sociologists Talcott Parsons and Alex Inkeles, and the British anthropologist Geoffrey Gorer.
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LGBT people experience specific types of prejudice often related to breaking gender role norms. The exclusion experienced by LGBT individuals results mostly from the discrimination they face in all aspects of their life, a discrimination which interfere with their ability to have and access equal rights. This lack of recognition impacts the deepest aspects of life - who to live with, raising children, how to relate as gendered being, etc., but it also affects the various facets of their social and/or professional life. There is a great knowledge gap concerning these interpersonal processes in contemporary Romania, including the psychological consequences of stigmatization and prejudice for LGBT people. We aim to mention Romanian public attitudes, and secondly, to analyse the discrepancy of evolution between Norway and Romania of public attitudes toward LGBT people impacts the social inclusion of LGBT and their mental health status. The two countries are similar in terms of not incriminating homosexuality, but there is a profound discrepancy regarding the evolution of the social inclusion of LGBT persons.
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