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PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADULT COMPLIANCE WITH HEMODIALYSIS TREATMENT

Author(s): Diana Cecan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 36/2024

The article presents the concept of psychosocial adaptation, as well as compliance as a facilitative factor for adult adaptation to chronic hemodialysis treatment. Treatment compliance of hemodialysis patients is obviously associated with the rate of hospitalizations and mortality. For this reason, the development and improvement of the treatment compliance of the adult undergoing hemodialysis treatment is one of the main objectives of the activity of the psychologist within the Dialysis Center.

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Ограниченията на ума – фактори, определящи достоверността на разузнавателния анализ

Author(s): Vasya Vasilev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article reviews the most important factors identified by cognitive psychology, such as the limitations of the mind, on how people, even experts in intelligence analysis, process incomplete and ambiguous information about military-political issues, processes, and phenomena to make judgments and conclusions in their reports to the state and military leadership, partner services and headquarters of NATO and the EU. The specific features distorting the perception and interpretation of information are examined, and practical examples and evidence are given for some of the factors.

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Специфика речевого развития детей с РАС: нейропсихологический подход

Author(s): Irina Aleksandrovna Nigmatullina,E.A. Sadretdinova,A.O. Yudina,E.D. Yurikova,S. N. Komarova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2023

Effective identification, support, and development of children’s abilities is a priority task of the education system in Russia. This demands deeper research based on the use of modern diagnostic technologies and neuropsychological tools, especially in what concerns children with impaired development, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Neuropsychological rehabilitation of children with ASD remains a poorly understood yet critical problem. Here, we explore common neuropsychological tools employed in Russia for diagnostics and therapy of ASD in childhood. The prospects of these methods to study the speech characteristics of such children were substantiated. The study is based on a survey of 20 parents of 20 children aged 4–6 years who attend the “WE ARE TOGETHER” Special Kindergarten for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders at Kazan Federal University (Russia). The speech characteristics of the children, starting from an early age, were thoroughly investigated during the experiment with the help of neuropsychological tools. The latter included game tasks to test social, cognitive, motor, neurodynamic, and regulatory skills, as well as the analysis of the transcripts of the interviews with both children and their parents. The results obtained facilitate the introduction of the neuropsychological approach to diagnose speech disorders in preschool children with ASD, and it can be further improved by experts in the rehabilitation and education of children exhibiting ASD symptoms.

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Zawadzka, E., Filipiak, S. (red.). (2022). Wielowymiarowość funkcji wykonawczych – perspektywa rozwojowa i kliniczna. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej

Author(s): Ernest Tyburski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The multi-author monograph edited by Ewa Zawadzka and Sara Filipiak sta-s an important point on the map of neuropsychological books devoted to the te-matics of executive functions. In addition, it is one of the few new items to-available on the Polish market, which discusses the complexity of the functions describedfrom a multidimensional perspective, both developmental and clinical. And althoughknowledge about executive functions is increasing, there are still many unresolved issues.unresolved issues. Psychologists assume that these functions constitute a kind of-kind of overarching system that mediates between the mind (i.e., the information processing syste-information processing system) and behavior (i.e., the set of activities performed).actions). The result of their activity is a purposeful action, which proceeds in a rest-coordinated, controlled and intentional manner.

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Исследование изменений в преобладающих психических состояниях у студентов с различным уровнем академической успеваемости

Author(s): Irina Valerevna Kazakova,Tatyana Mihailovna Tikholaz,Elena Alexandrovna Sarf,Lyudmila Vladimirovna Bel’skaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2024

Introduction. The difficulties of the adaptation period increase the level of anxiety and psychological stress in students and negatively affect academic performance of first-year students. Despite the fact that recent studies have identified a wide range of conceptually different correlates of academic success, the problem of mental states of first-year students in the context of assessing their learning outcomes remains insufficiently studied in theoretical and empirical terms. Therefore, the problem of identifying a risk group for academic underachievement and maintaining the student population does not lose its relevance. The purpose of the study is to identify students’ mental states determining levels of academic performance. Materials and Methods. In order to identify the characteristics of students’ mental states, mental states were assessed at psychophysiological, psychological and socio-psychological levels. The authors used the following methods: Lemur-Tessier-Fillion ‘Psychological Stress Scale PSM-25’ adapted by N.E. Vodopyanova (2009), PSM-25 scale, method for determining neuropsychic stability, risk of maladaptation in stress ‘Forecast-2’ (V. Yu. Rybnikov), reactive (situational) and personal anxiety scale (Ch. D. Spielberger, 1973), adapted by Yu.L. Khanin, (1978), L.V. Kulikova’s methods for identifying the dominant and current states, methods for evaluating socio-psychological adaptation by K. Rogers, R. Diamond, (1954), adapted by T. V. Snegireva (1987) and by A. K. Osnitsky. The study involved 56 1st year full-time students of the Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, Physics and Technology at Omsk State Pedagogical University. Results. The authors identified scales of methods for mental states assessment: ‘tone’, ‘activation-deactivation’, ‘situational anxiety’, ‘psychological stress’, which revealed statistically significant changes in students demonstrating different levels of academic performance. The authors revealed differences in prevailing mental states in students with different academic performance. Conclusions. The mental states of students identified in this study can be used in designing a programme of socio-psychological support for first-year students aimed at identifying the risks of maladjustment and a decrease in academic performance. Limitations. Limitations of the study include a small sample of students of one faculty and onetime use. It is necessary to check the possibility of extending the hypothesis to students of other faculties.

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Marifetullah’ın Vücûbiyetine İlişkin Yaklaşımlara İnsanın Psikolojik, Genetik ve Nörobiyolojik Doğası Bağlamında Bir Çözümleme

Author(s): Seyithan Can / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

Discussions on the concept of Marifatullah as the foundation of belief hold a significant place in theology. There are different opinions among schools of theology regarding whether those who do not receive divine messages must know God. The majority of scholars belonging to the Mu'tazila and Māturīdī schools, including Imam Māturīdī, state that human beings must know God. Although al-Ashʿarī accepts that the most prominent obligatory duties are the methods of reasoning that lead to marifatullah, he states that responsibility in this matter is formed by transmission. However, we can say that whether the human mind is sufficient to reach the knowledge of God, the method of reasoning has reached a different dimension today from the sciences of psychology, genetics, and neurobiology. This study explored whether individuals can achieve marifatullah from a holistic perspective. Whether human beings can be held responsible for this issue has been evaluated through the sciences of psychology, genetics, and neurobiology, and the opinions of schools of theology on this issue have been criticized. When we think in terms of Marifatullah, we can say that man’s psychological sense of obligation to adapt to society leaves him intellectually under the influence of society. In terms of genetic determinism, human personality, behavior, and intellectual adventure are completely determined by genes. Therefore, it is impossible for men to reach marifatullah in the context of their mental abilities. From an epigenetic perspective, we see that human thought structure, behavior, and personality are formed as a result of interactions with the environment. Serious hesitation arises in this idea in terms of intellect being a source of responsibility. Humans are genetically influenced by the environment and society, and they have a suitable nature for this, revealing that their genetic structure is open to environmental influences. In terms of brain plasticity, factors such as the society, environment, and family in which people live can change their brains and enable them to live accordingly. Although life adventures appear to be within the framework of social harmony, there must also be intellectual and religious harmony within social harmony. This reinforces the idea that individuals tend to align more with the thoughts and beliefs instilled by culture given the adaptable nature of the human brain influenced by cultural factors. When the views of the schools of theology are considered considering these evaluations, it becomes clear that the Mu'tazilites and Māturīdīs' belief that the source of the wujūb of marifatullah is intellect is at a point that needs to be reconsidered in terms of human biology and psychology. Although the Asharites emphasize human beings attaining knowledge of God through intellect, their focus on prophethood indicates that a revelation offer appears more accurate concerning human nature in the context of Marifatullah.

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Eklezjalna depresja, czyli cierpienie duchowe

Author(s): Zbigniew Nosowski / Language(s): English Issue: 696/2024

Można mówić – czasem realnie, czasem metaforycznie – o przeżywaniu z powodu Kościoła różnych objawów depresyjnych, takich jak choćby uporczywy smutek, niemożność cieszenia się życiem, negatywne spojrzenie na przyszłość, poczucie beznadziejności i bezużyteczności.

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A może z tej strony łodzi już nie ma ryb? Rzecz o duszpasterskiej frustracji

Author(s): Andrzej Draguła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 696/2024

Kapłaństwo znakomitej większości dzisiejszych księży zrodziło się w świecie, który właśnie odchodzi. Jeśli nie dostosują się do nowych okoliczności, sami skażą się na duszpasterską frustrację, eklezjalną depresję i – w konsekwencji – nieuchronny konflikt z wiernymi.

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Kościół w depresji Spojrzenie psychoterapeutki

Author(s): Agata Kulczycka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 696/2024

Według Viktora Frankla sensu szukać należy w świecie zewnętrznym, poza sobą. Może zatem w perspektywie egzystencjalnej Kościół w depresji to Kościół istniejący sam dla siebie, wspólnota, która porzuciła swój cel i sens w wyniku niepowodzeń lub kiepskich priorytetów?

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Is it all “bad news” for conservatives? Constructive criticism of two previous studies

Author(s): Robert A. Semel / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The current article reviews and critiques two published studies concerning the associations between socially conservative and liberal judgments and dark personality traits. Those studies presented statistically substantial findings of associations between socially conservative judgments on a Moral Intuition Survey and “dark triad” traits, i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Much fewer statistically significant associations between liberal judgments and dark triad traits were found in those studies, with a greater chance of false positive results for the latter associations. The current analysis identifies limitations in the earlier studies’ methodology, statistical analyses, and societal considerations that place their findings in a more nuanced context. The paper concludes with a recommendation for further research since science is an open and evolving process.

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The psychopathology of fetishism and Body Integrity Dysphoria (BID)

Author(s): SAM Vaknin / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2020

Fetishes gain in strength when other avenues of sexual gratification are not available owing to extreme shyness, fear of sex, a physiological dysfunction, or socio-cultural inhibitions. Thus, fetishism should be more prevalent in sexually repressive cultures and societies and among women, homosexuals, and other sexual minorities. Yet, fetishism has been noted mostly among men, both homosexual and heterosexual. The phenomenon may go under-reported among women, though.

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Psychological interventions in borderline personality disorder with self-harm behaviors

Author(s): Juliana Corrêa da Silva,Luís Maia / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2020

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a disorder that is characterized by the delimitation of the limit state, where the patient constantly navigates between the fields of neurosis and psychosis, presenting repetitive manifestations of chronic anxieties, phobias, obsessions, compulsions, symptoms of bizarre conversion, dissociations, hypochondria, perverse sexual tendencies, constant tendencies to impulsivity, abuse of drugs, alcohol and medication, emotional lability, great needs for exhibitionism, chronic feelings of emptiness, difficulties in disengagement, difficulties in sustaining bonds, self-injurious behaviors, among others.1 It is important to collect data on the patient’s life history and current repetitive behaviors that are presented. The first potential symptoms usually emerge in adolescence and early adulthood, thus reverberating throughout life, diagnoses are more common after 17 years of age.2 Symptoms, among self-injurious behaviors, tend to decrease when appropriate treatment occurs, with continuous medical, psychological and psychiatric/medication monitoring. The importance of psychological assessment and interventions is associated with an in-depth study of the cognitive, emotional and behavioral functions that are presented by these subjects, thus allowing for appropriate treatments and accompaniment. Psychology can make use of several tests, the professional is the one who decides which are the most pertinent and appropriate for each case, however, the evaluation is not based only on tests, it is up to the professional to seek other intervention techniques relevant to the diagnosis.3 Throughout the process, it is important for the family to be present, along with the development of the work to observe the improvements and persistent behaviors that accompany the patient diagnosed with the disorder. The study looks at the various possibilities of psychological/neuropsychological interventions for harm reduction and subsequent changes in the framework of characterized destructive behaviors.

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In defense of psychoanalysis

Author(s): SAM Vaknin / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Storytelling has been with us since the days of campfire and besieging wild animals. It serves a number of important functions: amelioration of fears, communication of vital information (regarding survival tactics and the characteristics of animals, for instance), and the satisfaction of a sense of order (justice), the development of the ability to hypothesize, predict and introduce theories and so on. We are all endowed with a sense of wonder. The world around us in inexplicable, baffling in its diversity and myriad forms. We experience an urge to organize it, to “explain the wonder away”, to order it in order to know what to expect next (predict). These are the essentials of survival. But while we have been successful at imposing the structures of our mind on the outside world – we are less successful when we try to cope with our internal universe.

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An update on psychopharmacological treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Author(s): Magnus Sjogren / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2019

Background: Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a common, often severe disorder characterized by appearance concerns and a preoccupation with thinking and behaviors related to this concern. Population-based investigations have found a prevalence of BDD of 1.5-2% in the general population. The first-line of treatment for BDD is usually Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) which often alleviates suicidal thinking, and act to protect against further aggravation of suicidal thinking. For delusions, antipsychotic treatment is usually required. This review provides an update on guidelines and pharmacological treatment studies of BDD including recommendations for management and treatment. Material and method: A narrative review of the current literature. Results: A presentation of guidelines, some key studies and recommendations for pharmacological treatment of BDD. Conclusion: Only one placebo controlled efficacy trial has been done finding that fluoxetin is superior to placebo in treatment of BDD. Several open trials support this finding and a randomized trial have found SSRI to reduce time to relapse. Clinical experiences suggest SSRI may reduce risk of suicidality. In severe cases, add-on treatment of second generation anti-psychotics may alleviate psychotic symptoms.

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Mind in the brain - creation of the greatest virtual world

Author(s): Mukundan CR,Kamarajan C.,Ajayan P. / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Human mind is a functional capability of the brain, by which information about sensory-motor contacts made through the nervous system are perceived and interpreted by the mind. While the detection and interpretations are subjective and experiential, they are based purely on a cascade of neurocognitive processes that unfold in the brain in response to external events or sequential changes detected over time and space. Experiential or subjective interpretations are generally based on the selected choices, and often depend on the cognitive judgments made by the individual. The cognitive judgments mold the drive present in the individual and it is experienced as positive or negative emotions by the individual. Drive is the fuel or energy present in the system for all responses and actions related to "seeking", and they are automatically initiated when the drive reaches a Critical Level of Potentiation. It is possible for an individual to become aware of the presence of the drive as well as the process of initiation of actions in the attempt to satisfying the drive. Scientific observations of the changes that occur in the physical and social environment, which are normally detected by the sensory-motor systems, are repeatable and explain the time-space sequential relationships that exist in the physical universe. The major role of the mind is the experiential detection and interpretations of the sensory-motor events, which are experienced and expressed by the mental processes related to detection and expression. Subjective interpretations are generally based on personal experiences, which are highly suggestable and as per the needs experienced at personal and group levels by the individual minds. Individuals create goals and purposes for all actions, and in the process, the new functional systems of the mind are also created according to neuroscientific principles. The physical world shaped by the humans using science and technology for superior facilities are distinctly different from the functional world created for personal satisfaction, happiness, and as per their belief systems. One of the basic cognitive functions of human mind is to find meaningful associations among the elements within the universe in order to achieve the self-defined purposes of life in various ways. Mind is indeed the greatest natural apparatus, naturally evolved in the human brain and could develop signal generation and higher-order processing abilities. Ability to sequentially relate multi-modal signals across time and space, which help to make sensory-motor contacts with the inside and outside worlds, gives rise to cognitive functioning. Such processing in the brain produces concepts, thoughts, and communications, which may be essential for creating descriptive accounts of effective functioning in the living world. These cognitive functions helped to mold the motivational and emotional processes leading to advancements in civilization and culture. While scientific thinking considering relationships across space and time helped creation of new physical realities of innovations and technologies, functional systems help achieve higher levels of mental and social functioning.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder and coping mechanism among migrant returnees from middle east countries in Amhara region, Ethiopia

Author(s): Atinkut Zewdu,Yemataw Wonde,Dessalegn Kassaw,Muna Suleyiman / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Objective: the purpose of this study was to assess risk factors and measure prevalence rates of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Coping Mechanisms of migrant returnees from Middle East countries in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Methods: Mixed method explanatory research design was employed on 376 randomly selected migrant returnees in six nominated towns of the region. PTSD checklist and Coping Strategy Indicator were employed for assessment. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and interview were also utilized. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test and MANOVA were utilized to analyze the collected data. Result: the general life time prevalence rate of PTSD was 26.2%. Correspondingly, avoidance, intrusive thought and hyper arousal were reported core symptoms of PTSD in their due order. Likewise, to improve quality of life, failure in educational endeavor, peer and family pressure, unemployment and poverty were the major factors for migration to Middle East. In this study, the independent t-test result shows that there was statistically significant mean difference between male and female respondents in experiencing intrusive thought (t (374)=-2.62, p< 0.05). Besides, current employment status of returnees had statistically significant effect in experiencing intrusive thought (t (374)=2.45, p < 0.05), avoidance (t (374)=-3.14, p 0.05) and hyper arousal (t (374)=-2.86, p<0.05). Besides, current employment status of returnees had statistically significant effect in experiencing intrusive thought (t (374)=2.45 p<0.05), avoidance (t (374)=-2.42, p < 0.05), average monthly income (F (6,522)=0.867, p < 0. 05) on PTSD dimensions (intrusive thought, avoidance and hyper arousal). Correspondingly, ANOVA result disclosed that age, educational status, types of abuse returnees’ face and monthly income in the Middle East had statistically significant effect on intrusive thought, avoidance and hyper arousal separately. As contributing factors for PTSD, limitations on freedom of movement, enforced cultural isolation, verbal and sexual abuse, excessive working hours, being arrested, confiscation of documents, withholding of wage and life threatening trial were highly reported problems. Finally, problem solving, seeking social support and avoidance coping mechanisms were utilized in their due order. Conclusion: The life time prevalence rate of PTSD were very high. Therefore, mental health service providers shall consider in diagnosing and treating PTSD among migrant returnees.

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An unusual case of recurrent cannabis induced flashbacks

Author(s): Alexander Maksymenko,Kodjovi Kodjo,Adenike Ishola,Oluwole Jegede,Khandaker Taher,Tolulope Olupona,Ayodele Jolayemi / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2018

Flashbacks are sudden, involuntary, and vivid memories of past personal experiences. In many cases, these powerful memories are closely linked with traumatic events.1 The association of psychedelic drugs such as Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) or Phencyclidine (PCP) with flashbacks is well documented.2 Although the association of Cannabis with flashbacks is well known, such phenomena are not well documented and its pathophysiology still appears elusive.3 The nosology of Cannabis induced flashbacks in the DSM-54 describes such phenomenon as “Unspecified Cannabis related disorder” which by definition does not meet the full criteria of any specific Cannabis related disorder. The use of Cannabis is considered illegal under federal law, however according to the 2013 surveys of National Institute of Health (NIH), Cannabis use has increased dramatically over the past decade. Although, about 9.5 percent of Americans reported use of Cannabis, 30 percent of users meet the criteria of Cannabis use disorder.5 Cannabis induced flashbacks can be misdiagnosed as symptoms of psychosis. With increasing prevalence of Cannabis use, there is a need to provide mental health professionals with the awareness of this phenomenon. The topic of Cannabis causing flashback is of clinical interest, as well as its prognosis and treatments.

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The broader autism phenotype: expanding the clinical gestalt of autism and broadening DSM V criteria of autism spectrum disorder

Author(s): Michael Fitzgerald / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The clinical gestalts of autism are very broad and much more heterogeneous than professionals realise. The diagnostic and statistical manual of the American Psychiatric Association DSM V,1 gives a more narrow and condensed description of what autism is in the twentieth century. DSM1 focuses on problems with socioemotional reciprocity, non-verbal communication and difficult interpersonal relationships, restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, early onset and functional impairment. First, it’s necessary to flesh out the autism spectrum disorder gestalts as it presents to experienced clinical practitioners. It is the opposite of the, “tick box”, approach to diagnosis, so common today. It focuses on the phenomena, the clinical gestalt as they would have been focused on in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, an approach that has faded into the background in the late twentieth and early twenty first century.2 It is critical at this point of the twenty first century that we re-engage with phenomenology and with the clinical gestalt of psychiatric conditions neurodevelopment disorders, which show a great deal of overlap with much mixed phenomenology.

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Акценти от личностните характеристики на младежи употребяващи психоактивни вещества

Author(s): Tsvetan Petkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The topic of modern society, known for its very serious consequences, the use of alcohol and drugs among young people is also related to the development of the personality, their physical and mental health, problems with legislation and a number of other social problems. According to data obtained at the end of 2022, 18.8% adolescents in the country stated that they had used a narcotic substance at least once in their life; 13.7% noted that they had used some narcotic substance in the last 12 months. The article examines theories of substance use disorders and some behavioral characteristics of adolescent injection drug users. The aim of the research is to look for interrelationships with socio-demographic factors and characteristics related to the abuse and dependence of alcohol and drugs, with a view to improving the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of these adolescents. From the research done among young people who use psychoactive substances, an increase above the norm on the scale of psychopathic deviation is reported. This defines these youth as impulsive, with a low tolerance for monotony and boredom, defiant and hostile, with shallow relationships and emotional reactions of guilt and shame.

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VIRTUAL HIPPOTHERAPY: DEVELOPMENTS, RESULTS, AND PROSPECTS

Author(s): Ludmila Anțibor,Tatiana Nosova / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2024

The article explores the potential of virtual reality (VR) as a tool for delivering hippotherapy, a therapeutic method traditionally involving horses, to patients with psychological disorders. Hippotherapy has been shown to improve autism, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, logistical and financial constraints often limit access to traditional hippotherapy. Virtual reality offers a solution by creating simulated environments where patients can experience the benefits of hippotherapy through interactive platforms and exergaming (a combination of exercise and gaming). Studies demonstrate that virtual hippotherapy can reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression in both children and adults. Virtual simulations have also been effective in reducing PTSD symptoms among veterans. Despite these benefits, challenges such as the absence of emotional connection with real horses and high equipment costs remain. The article concludes by highlighting the promising future of virtual hippotherapy, with the potential for broader accessibility through technological advancements and integration with AI and augmented reality.

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