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The essence of this study is the acquaintance of an array of knowledge, the Analytical Psychology, with an encompassing of certain assets of modern Physics, to undertake a cultural construction surveyed at the same time, possibly, by glimpses of metaphysical insights.
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Background: Although internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been included in the DSM-5 for approximately 10 years, debate remains regarding its existence and classification. Methods: The current research incorporated three approaches. First, implicit association tests were used to examine for potential dissociation between wanting and liking in IGD. Second, brain features in wanting and liking circuits were tested and compared with tobacco use disorder (TUD) when performing a cue-craving task to explore the neural features of wanting and liking. Third, dopaminergic systems were investigated in IGD and TUD using neuromelanin-sensitive MRI. Results: The implicit association test results supported a wanting-liking dissociation in IGD participants. Functional MRI data suggested neural correlates underlying wanting-liking dissociation in IGD and TUD participants, with positive correlations suggesting greater dissociation with increasing addiction severity. Neuromelanin results suggest dopaminergic differences in IGD and TUD relative to healthy control participants. Conclusions: A wanting-liking dissociation in IGD participants suggests gaming motivations in IGD relating to incentive sensitization rather than hedonic responses. The neuromelanin-sensitive MRI results suggest dopaminergic involvement in IGD and TUD. The findings suggest similar brain-behaviour mechanisms for IGD and TUD based on an incentive-sensitization model for addiction, having implications for potential therapeutic strategies and policy-based interventions.
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Background and aims: Impaired inhibitory control accompanied by enhanced craving is hallmark of addiction. This study investigated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on response inhibition and craving in Internet gaming disorder (IGD). We examined the brain changes after tDCS and their correlation with clinical variables. Methods: Twenty-four males with IGD were allocated randomly to an active or sham tDCS group, and data from 22 participants were included for analysis. Participants selfadministered bilateral tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 10 sessions. Stop-signal tasks were conducted to measure response inhibition and participants were asked about their cravings for Internet gaming at baseline and post-tDCS. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected at pre- and post-tDCS, and group differences in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) changes from the bilateral DLPFC and nucleus accumbens were examined. We explored the relationship between changes in the rsFC and behavioral variables in the active tDCS group. Results: A significant group-by-time interaction was observed in response inhibition. After tDCS, only the active group showed a decrease in the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT). Although craving decreased, there were no significant group-by-time interactions or group main effects. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) showed group differences in post- versus pre-tDCS rsFC from the right DLPFC. The rsFC between the ACC and left middle frontal gyrus was negatively correlated with the SSRT. Discussion and conclusion: Our study provides preliminary evidence that bilateral tDCS over the DLPFC improves inhibitory control and could serve as a therapeutic approach for IGD.
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Aims: Understanding how gambling harm is distributed is essential to inform effective harm reduction measures. This first national Australian study of gambling harm-to-self examined the extent, distribution, risk factors, and health related quality of life (HRQoL) impacts of this harm. Methods: A Random Digit Dialling sample of 15,000 Australian adults was weighted to key population variables. Key measures included the Gambling Harms Scale-10 (GHS-10), PGSI, SF-6D, gambling behaviours, and demographics. Analyses included ordinal logistic regression. Results: Amongst gamblers, 14.7% reported harm on the GHS-10, including 1.9% reporting high-level harm. While high-level harm occurred mainly in the problem gambling group (77.3%), other PGSI groups accounted for most of the more prevalent low (98.5%) and moderate (87.2%) harms reported. Proximal predictors of greater harm were use of online gambling and more frequent gambling on electronic gaming machines (EGMs), race betting sports betting, poker, skin gambling, scratchies, and loot box purchasing. Distal predictors were being younger, male, single, Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, and speaking a non-English language at home. At the population level, the greatest aggregate HRQoL impacts were amongst lower-risk gamblers, confirming the results of other studies regarding the ‘prevention paradox’. Conclusions: The distribution of harm across gambler risk groups indicates the need for preventive measures, not just interventions for problem gambling. Reducing harm requires modifying product features that amplify their risk, especially for EGMs, race betting and sports betting that are both inherently risky and widely used. Gambling harm exacerbates health disparities for disadvantaged and vulnerable groups, requiring targeted resources and support.
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Background and aims: Subjective confidence plays an important role in guiding behaviour, especially when objective feedback is unavailable. Systematic misjudgements in confidence can foster maladaptive behaviours and have been linked to various psychiatric disorders. In this study, we adopted a transdiagnostic approach to examine confidence biases in problem gamblers across three levels: local decision confidence, global task performance confidence, and overall self-esteem. The importance of taking a transdiagnostic perspective is increasingly recognised, as it captures the dimensional nature of psychiatric symptoms that often cut across diagnostic boundaries. Accordingly, we investigated if any observed confidence biases could be explained by transdiagnostic symptom dimensions of AnxietyDepression and Compulsive Behaviour and Intrusive Thought. This approach allows us to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of metacognitive processes in problem gambling, beyond the constraints of traditional diagnostic categories. Methods: Thirty-eight problem gamblers and 38 demographically matched control participants engaged in a gamified metacognition task and completed self-report questionnaires assessing transdiagnostic symptom dimensions. Results: Compared to controls, problem gamblers displayed significantly elevated confidence at the local decision and global task levels, independent of their actual task performance. This elevated confidence was observed even after controlling for the heightened symptom levels of Anxiety-Depression and Compulsive Behaviour and Intrusive Thought among the problem gamblers. Discussion: The results reveal a notable disparity in confidence levels between problem gamblers and control participants, not fully accounted for by the symptom dimensions Anxiety-Depression and Compulsive Behaviour and Intrusive Thought. This suggests the contribution of other factors, perhaps linked to gambling-specific cognitive distortions, to the observed confidence biases. Conclusion: The findings highlight the intricate link between metacognitive confidence and psychiatric symptoms in the context of problem gambling. It underscores the need for further research into metacognitive biases, which could enhance therapeutic approaches for individuals with psychiatric conditions.
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Background and aims: This study characterized chasing behaviour as the time to return to an online gambling website after a losing or a winning visit. Methods: We analyzed a naturalistic dataset from an eCasino (PlayNow.com, the provincial platform for British Columbia, Canada), comprising 1,909,681 sessions from 15,544 individuals. Analyses distinguished sessions on slot machines, blackjack, roulette, video poker, probability games, or mixed-category sessions. Results: Overall, gamblers on most games returned more slowly as a function of the prior loss, and more quickly as a function of the prior win. Loss chasing intensities in blackjack, probability, video poker, and mixed sessions did not differ significantly from slot machines, but roulette was associated with shorter intervals to return (b 5 0.13, p < 0.001). Similarly, win chasing did not vary across slot machines, blackjack, probability games, and video poker, but roulette (b 5 0.08, p < 0.001) and mixed (b 5 0.02, p 5 0.009) sessions were associated with shorter intervals. Discussion and conclusions: The average behavioural patterns provide limited evidence for loss chasing but clearly indicate win chasing. Although slot machines are commonly considered a high-risk product, roulette in our analyses was associated with the greatest chasing intensities.
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Background and aims: In 2021, China implemented a policy to prevent adolescents from excessive online gaming, with the goal of encouraging healthier leisure activities. Methods: Three months after this policy was implemented, we conducted a study involving 430 Chinese adolescents who regularly played online games for over two hours daily before the policy. We collected their responses to the restriction, including their compliance with the policy, engagement in undesirable alternative behaviors (e.g., watching short videos), and engagement in desirable alternative behaviors (e.g., playing sports). We also collected data on individual factors, parental technology interference, and feelings of restriction to use as predictors for behaviors, including those related to violating the restriction or watching short videos. Results: A small percentage of heavy gamers violated the restriction by renting others’ game accounts (3%) or using a family member’s identity (14%), while 59% of the sample shifted to watching short videos. Heavy gamers who lived in rural areas, spent more time on online games prior to the policy, did not feel restricted from playing online games, and experienced parental technology interference were more likely to violate the restriction. Females or those lacking stable hobbies were more inclined to watch short videos. Conclusions: Although the policy restricted heavy gaming, it has also led to increased short video use. Policymakers could explore alternative approaches, such as developing infrastructure that supports outdoor leisure activities in rural areas, encouraging parents to model responsible technology use behaviors, and guiding adolescents to cultivate positive hobbies in their leisure time.
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Background: Gaming Disorder was included as an addictive disorder in the latest version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), published in 2022. The present study aimed to develop a screening tool for Gaming Disorder, the Gaming Disorder Identification Test (GADIT), based on the four ICD-11 diagnostic criteria: impaired control, increasing priority, continued gaming despite harm, and functional impairment. Method: We reviewed 297 questionnaire items from 48 existing gaming addiction scales and selected 68 items based on content validity. Two datasets were collected: 1) an online panel (N 5 803) from Australia, United States, United Kingdom and Canada, split into a development set (N 5 589) and a validation dataset (N 5 214); and 2) a university sample (N 5 408) from Australia. Item response theory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to select eight items to form the GADIT. Validity was established by regressing the GADIT against known correlates of Gaming Disorder. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses of the GADIT showed good model fit (RMSEA5
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Background and aims: The aim of the present study was to estimate the complex association between Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD), substance use, and other risky behaviours in Czech adolescents whilst providing prevalence estimates of IGD and psychometric information regarding the Czech Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF). Methods: A representative sample of 3,950 Czech adolescents was recruited through stratified random sampling in the school setting. Results: Disordered gamers showed frequent use of specific substances such as pharmaceuticals, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide. In contrast, non-gamers had higher prevalence of alcohol, cigarettes, sedatives and tranquillisers, and marijuana use. A logistic regression, utilising IGDS9- SF raw scores and average daily gaming time, revealed a U-shaped relationship between gaming and both alcohol and cigarette use. Additionally, conduct problems such as bullying, and risky in-game behaviours were more prevalent among disordered gamers, with the exception of forging parents’ signatures. The overall prevalence of IGD was 3.62% (95% CI 5 [3.1%, 4.3%]), with higher rates in males (5.89%; 95% CI 5 [4.9%, 7.0%]) than in females (1.45%; 95% CI 5 [1.0%, 2.1%]). Discussion and conclusions: The Czech IGDS9-SF used in the present study showed adequate psychometric properties. The association between gaming and substance use behaviours may be specific and multifaceted depending on the severity of the gaming-related problems. Furthermore, disordered gamers may become more vulnerable due to a higher incidence of conduct problems, bullying (victimisation), and in-game risky behaviours such as engagement with microtransactions mechanics (e.g., loot box) within video games.
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Background and aims: Game genres, availability on smartphones, in-game purchases, and playing duration, have been thought to influence Gaming Disorder (GD). However, little research has comprehensively examined their relationships with GD. Therefore, we examined the relationship between GD, in-game purchases, gaming duration via consoles and smartphones, and genres of smartphone games. Study 1 was based on self-reports, and Study 2 included objective data to clarify these associations. Methods: We conducted two independent online surveys that collected sociodemographic data, game use patterns, and psychopathological assessment data, including GD severity (Study 1: N 5 32,690; Study 2: N 5 3,163). General mental illness scores and objective gaming time were also collected in Study 2. Results: In Study 1, in-game purchases, several gaming genres, and subjective gaming duration were positively associated with probable GD. On the other hand, interactions between card games and loot box charges were negatively related to probable GD. In Study 2, objective gaming times of most game genres were not associated with GD. Although the correlation between subjective and objective gaming duration was moderate, their correlations with GD differed. Discussion and conclusion: These results suggest the complexity of relationships between GD and in-game purchases, genres, and gaming duration. Results of this study suggest the importance of proper assessment of GD reflecting actual functional impairment in social life. Future studies should improve and update evaluation of assessments for gaming
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Background: An imbalance between model-based and model-free decision-making systems is a common feature in addictive disorders. However, little is known about whether similar decision-making deficits appear in internet gaming disorder (IGD). This study compared neurocognitive features associated with model-based and model-free systems in IGD and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Method: Participants diagnosed with IGD (n 5 22) and AUD (n 5 22), and healthy controls (n 5 30) performed the two-stage task inside the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. We used computational modeling and hierarchical Bayesian analysis to provide a mechanistic account of their choice behavior. Then, we performed a model-based fMRI analysis and functional connectivity analysis to identify neural correlates of the decision-making processes in each group. Results: The computational modeling results showed similar levels of model-based behavior in the IGD and AUD groups. However, we observed distinct neural correlates of the model-based reward prediction error (RPE) between the two groups. The IGD group exhibited insula-specific activation associated with model-based RPE, while the AUD group showed prefrontal activation, particularly in the orbitofrontal cortex and superior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, individuals with IGD demonstrated hyper-connectivity between the insula and brain regions in the salience network in the context of model-based RPE. Discussion and Conclusions: The findings suggest potential differences in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying model-based behavior in IGD and AUD, albeit shared cognitive features observed in computational modeling analysis. As the first neuroimaging study to compare IGD and AUD in terms of the model-based system, this study provides novel insights into distinct decision-making processes in IGD.
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Background and aims: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex mental health condition characterized by emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and unstable interpersonal relationships. Some individuals with BPD regularly engage in sexual risk behavior such as unprotected sex and are at higher risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections. This study investigates discounting of condom- or dental damprotected sex in women with BPD compared with a control group. Methods: Data were collected from 40 women diagnosed with BPD and 40 healthy controls with an average age of 27.28 years (SD 5 6.14) using the Sexual Delay Discounting Task (SDT), the Borderline Symptom List-23 (BSL-23), and the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Scale-19 (CSBD-19). Results: Women with BPD were less likely to use an immediately available condom or dental dam and more likely to discount safer sex than controls. Partner desirability and the perceived STI risk influenced the participants’ likelihood of having protected sex. Women with BPD showed more symptoms of compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) than controls. However, sexual delay discounting was not significantly correlated with borderline symptoms or CSB in the BPD group. Discussion and conclusions: These findings contribute to our understanding of sexual impulsivity in women with BPD and highlight the omission and delayed availability of safety measures as important contributors to sexual risk behavior and STI risk in women. Impulsive sexual behavior, as well as the accompanying sexual health concerns, should receive special attention in the treatment of women with BPD.
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The research paper highlights the causes and factors of suicide among Algerian girls, through the selection of Tebessa province. The study assumes that the multiple causes of suicide among girls are mostly related to social aspects such as academic failure, social alienation, and failed romantic relationships, but does not exclude other reasons such as self-identity issues and rejection of others. The study conclude after presenting concepts related to the phenomenon, direct interview with some of the families of victims, and applying analytical methods to analyze the results, the study confirmed the hypothesis of multiple causes of suicide, especially those related to society. Therefore, the researchers recommend raising awareness and promoting dialogue, as well as providing psychological support for girls at this age.
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The text explores the intersection of neuroscience and leadership, emphasizing the importance of cognitive and emotional processes for effective management. Combining Aristotle's philosophy of practical wisdom (phronesis) with scientific insights into brain function, the material offers a new approach to leadership. Key aspects such as stress management, emotional intelligence, and neuroplasticity are analyzed, highlighting their role in enabling leaders to make sustainable and ethical decisions. By integrating these principles, leaders can create inspiring and adaptive organizational cultures while achieving personal and professional growth.
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The main goal of this article is to introduce the essentialist and reductionist approach to psychopathology and to review the disadvantages of this approach. On the other hand, the goal is also to present another perspective of social constructivism, and explore the consequences of both approaches on society, and vice versa. Also, it was discussed the power of the currently dominant categorical essentialist approach to psychopathology and the reasons for its sustainability. The final goal of this article is to open space for discussion about different conceptualizations of psychopathology and their implications.
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Mental illnesses or psychiatric disorders are very common worldwide although, a lot of patients might go undiagnosed and untreated due to the stigma towards mental illness that drives the patients away from seeking medical help. Aim: To evaluate the background and attitude of the general population throughout Saudi Arabia about mental illnesses. Method: A cross sectional study analyzed data from 5850 participants aged 18 and up. From all 13 districts of Saudi Arabia. The data were collected using self-administered anonymous electronically distributed questionnaire, between the months of April- May of 2017. The data were analyzed using the statistical analysis system (SAS version 9.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Crude associations were assessed using Pearson Chi -square test. P value of less than 0.05 was used to indicate statistically significant differences. Result: The mean age of the studied subjects was 28.7 ± 9.8 years. Subjects’ background about the general nature of psychiatric disorders was high and exceeding (90%) regarding the nature of psychiatric disorders and whether they are similar or not, a very low percent (7%) showed that psychiatric patients cannot socially adapt while (96.9%) believed that psychiatric patients are considered insane. (52%) believed psychiatrists are affected by their patients on long term exposure. Conclusion: The background of Saudi population regarding mental illnesses is considered fair, the attitude towards psychiatric patients need further education to minimize the stigma towards them.
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Objectives: Traumatic events and associated stress due to ongoing war and displacement may have severe adverse effects on psychosocial development of children. Although more than half of traumatized children are expected to develop posttraumatic psychopathology, no effective prevention has been found. The present study aims to investigate if Crisis Intervention Program for Child and Adolescents (CIPCA) has protective effects on mental wellbeing of child survivors of the ISIS war and displacement in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Method: Data were gathered two years after the displacement experience and application of CIPCA (a semistructured single one-hour group intervention that has been hypotheses to act as psychological vaccination against development of posttraumatic psychopathology. The study sample consisting of 51 children (32 girls and 19 boys, mean age 12 years), was cluster randomized immediately after displacement to CIPCA (23 children) and no CIPCA intervention (28 children). Behavior problems were estimated on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) before randomisation and after one-year and 2-years follow-up. Results: Significantly lower symptom score were found among children who had attended CIPCA than non- CIPCA concerning Internalizing scores (0.63, 7.40, t = 2.099, P = 0.049), Withdrawal (0.0, 2.5, t = 2.713, P = 0.014), PTSD index (0.21, 2.64, t = 2.264, P = 0.028) and Total Problem Sores (1.82, 13.07, t = 2.199, P = 0.033), consequently. No significant difference was observed according to Externalizing problems and other CBCL scores between children who had attend to CIPCA and not. Conclusion: These findings pointed out that CIPCA may have protected children against developing psychological problems. We recommend carrying out more systematic studies to investigate the preventive effects of CIPCA on posttraumatic psychopathology The study sample consisting of 51 children (32 girls and 19 boys, mean age 12 years), was cluster randomized immediately after displacement to CIPCA (23 children) and no CIPCA intervention (28 children). Behavior problems were estimated on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) before randomisation and after one-year and 2-years follow-up. Significantly lower symptom score were found among children who had attended CIPCA than non- CIPCA concerning Internalizing scores (0.63, 7.40, t = 2.099, P = 0.049), Withdrawal (0.0, 2.5, t = 2.713, P = 0.014), PTSD index (0.21, 2.64, t = 2.264, P = 0.028) and Total Problem Sores (1.82, 13.07, t = 2.199, P = 0.033), consequently. No significant difference was observed according to Externalizing problems and other CBCL scores between children who had attend to CIPCA and not. These findings pointed out that CIPCA may have protected children against developing psychological problems. We recommend carrying out more systematic studies to investigate the preventive effects of CIPCA on posttraumatic psychopathology.
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This research aims to evaluate the improvement of proprioception capacity in 24 male subjects, aged 10 years, by applying an intervention strategy and proposing a specific competence within the physical education school program for the 4th grade in Romania. An experimental group (EG, n=12) underwent an ameliorative intervention for 14 weeks, having two lessons per week, while a control group (CG, n=12) followed the usual football training program at the club sport. Both EG and CG subjects were evaluated, under similar conditions, using four tests: Body Sway, Flamingo, March in place – MIP and Circle, using scientific equipment OptoJump Next and GYko Microgate. The statistical analysis compared the results of the two groups, using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test to verify the normality of the distributions, and to verify the significance of the statistical differences, the Independent T-test and the Mann Whitney U-test were used. The results revealed statistically significant differences in three of the four applied tests, confirming the general efficiency of the experimental program. These findings support the possibility of optimizing the contents of the school physical education program to support the development of proprioception and body awareness in primary school children. The use of high-tech equipment, such as GyKo Microgate and OptoJump Next, can provide standardized data on neural processing of sensory information, thus contributing to a more accurate and efficient approach to school physical education.
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Relevance of research. The article examines the process of verb formation in Germanic languages, as well as the peculiarities of the grammatical semantics of verbs at different historical stages of the development of Germanic languages. Using the comparative-historical method, the functioning of verbs in texts of Germanic languages was investigated as an aspect of neurolinguistic science. Research results. The article proves that most modal verbs of Germanic languages have undergone significant semantic transformations. The study of texts of different historical stages of language development shows that verbs evolved through semantic transformation. Time frames of the formation of secondary semantics were revealed. The theoretical and practical significance lies in the fact that this resarch allows a detailed study of the features of the emergence of the primary, as well as the secondary, subjective semantics of verbs in Germanic languages from a neuroscientific point of view. It should be noted that the list of subjective values still raises many questions and discussions. The German language has an extremely clear system of means of expressing modal values. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the neurolinguistic approach to the study of the evolution of Germanic verbs. The article aims to study the evolution of verbs in the German language in the context of neurolinguistics. To achieve the goal, the method of comparative analysis was used. This made it possible to consider the evolution of the verb through a comparative study of texts at the main stages of speech development. To solve these problems, texts reflecting the state of the language at each historical stage were studied.
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Peak age for eating disorder (ED) onset is 10-19years; therefore schools are well-positioned to promote prevention and support at-risk individuals. However, to date, little is known about the possible role that school-based pastoral support might provide in this context. This study aimed to investigate whether students’ ED pathology differed depending on the quality of school-based pastoral care. Four hundred and twenty-five participants from five UK schools (52% female; n =221) aged 16-19 (M=17.14, SD=0.76) completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and the Health of the Nations Outcomes Scale for Children and Adolescents. A rating system was applied to rate each school’s pastoral care quality, operationalised as available student support, staff training/knowledge regarding EDs and ED-related school policies. Pastoral care quality had a significant, medium-sized impact on ED symptom prevalence (ηp²=.06), with higher quality care resulting in lower ED symptomatology. Additionally, overall wellbeing was also higher in schools with better quality pastoral care (ηp² =0.05). High quality pastoral care may be a useful tool in fighting disordered eating in adolescents.
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