CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Hope and health related life quality among thalassemic patients

Author(s): Shagufta Perveen / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Background: This research examined the hope and health related life quality among thalassemic patients, mainly focusing on thalassemic patients with either on initial or advance stage. The study was aimed at exploring the hop in relation to the health related quality of life among thalassemic patients. Method: A cross-sectional study design was utilized. A sample of diagnosed male and female thalassemic patients, at initial or advanced stage, (N=60). The tools used were: the Urdu version of the Herth hope index and the sf-36 of quality of life scale. Result: The results exhibited strong relationship between the hope and quality of life. Further result study also proved, significant gender and severity and condition of disease base differences, showing male Thalassemic patients with higher level of hoper in comparison to female thalassemic patients. Additionally, the thalassemic patients at initial stage of the disease of both genders had a higher level of hope than the patients at advanced stage of disease. On the other hand, female thalassemic patients experience higher quality of life than male patients. Conclusion: The results emphasize the preponderant importance of psychological measures to evaluate and provide thalassemic patients with a psychological support and help to improve the level of hope and health related quality of life among thalassemic patients.

More...

Clinical management of depression using therapeutic models: case report

Author(s): Binan Evans Dami / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The case report presents a clinical management of depression in a facility in Jos, Nigeria. Via the management process, clinician was able to assess client who was seemingly in distress, hence provided with a more tailored clinical response. After prolonged intervention of 12 sessions, client was able to pick up and reintegrate more appropriately in his own society. Clinically, client has shown improvements in significant domains of functioning.

More...

Emotion dysregulation in mood disorders: a review of current challenges

Author(s): Mogeda El Sayed El Keshky / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2018

Background: Emotion dysregulation is not a new concept in mood disorder research. During the last two decades, it has received considerable attention and has been frequently discussed. However, there are still notable research gaps regarding the role of emotion dysregulation in mood disorders other than major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Method: Between-studies literature review was applied to a set of articles published between 1990 and 2016. Results of theoretical and empirical studies were compared. Sets of inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly followed. Results: Analysis showed serious problems regarding definitions of emotion regulation as a concept and with creating boundaries between this concept and other similar concepts. Significant levels of inconsistencies and a lack of systematization in this area were detected, especially in research related to neurological correlates of emotion regulation in mood disorders. Other conceptual challenges were outlined as well. Conclusion: There is a strong need to enhance current knowledge about emotion dysregulation in mood disorders. It is necessary for experimental studies of interest to be aligned with current findings and norms. A rather good base has been set, but there is still a lot of room for improvement as some of the identified challenges will remain.

More...

The importance of researching general components of diagnostic thinking in modern psychology

Author(s): Chmel Victor Ivanovich,Anufriev Alexander Fedorovich / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

Diagnostic thinking is a kind of practical thinking, which provided the searching process of actual cause (causes), which determined specific condition of diagnostics object.1,2 Diagnostic thinking is an important process in different kinds of professional activity. In the modern world of dynamic scientific and informational revolution, millions of qualified professionals in diagnostics are occupied in the field of verification of the various states of various objects. Economical, social and political systems and institutions, law enforcement, education, health organizations, the states, families, persons all need correct and timely diagnoses.

More...

An explorative study in to the role of personality traits and stressful life events in acute and transient psychotic disorders

Author(s): Poulose Merin,Antony JT,K. Praveenlal / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

Though there were several descriptions of ‘Third Psychosis’ from across the world, Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorder(ATPD) is a new entity in ICD, first introduced in 1992. Some researchers points out that vulnerable personality makes a person prone to psychotic breakdown when challenged with stressful life situation4−9 Though ICD 10 considers the traditional association of ATPD with stress and provide it as one among 3 key features, it also states that ATPD can occur without stress. Though ‘vulnerable personality’ is a common notion, there is no mention about personality in ICD 10 F23. Hence this study which aims at whether stress need to be always associated with ATPD as a preceding factor and whether personality traits of ATPD patients differ significantly from age and gender matched controls.

More...

Хроничното заболяване и неговото въздействие върху тревожността и депресията при деца

Author(s): Artemisi Shehu Dono,Arjana Muçaj / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Chronic illnesses are defined as physical or mental conditions that affect the functioning of individuals for a period of time longer than three months a year or individuals hospitalized for longer than a month. This study’s aim is to provide a scientific contribution to understanding the symptoms of anxiety and depression in children with chronic illnesses. Emotional problems are closely related to chronic illness. The participants of this quantitative study are 32 pediatric patients ranging from ages 6-13 years old, 28 of who were taken from QSUT and the other 4 from Pogradec Hospital Center. Anxiety was identified by the Children’s Anxiety Inventory (STAI-CH), while depression was identified by the Patient Questionnaire (PhQ-9). The results obtained from the SPSS statistical analysis did not support the first hypothesis of the study regarding the relationship between chronic illness and anxiety. Likewise, the second hypothesis of the study regarding the relationship between chronic illness and depression was also not supported. However, the third hypothesis of the study was supported, stating that the hospitalized children exhibit higher levels of anxiety and depression than those in the outpatient clinic. This study, contrary to the other studies, did not find a significant relationship between anxiety, depression and chronic illness, but brought other important results to be applied in future studies.

More...

The influence of age on gambling problems worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk among younger, middle-aged, and older adults

Author(s): GEORGIA DELLOS,Matthew Browne / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Background and Aims: Problem gambling (PG) represents a significant public health concern with widespread effects in various cultures and regions globally, with younger individuals and males at a particularly higher risk. This disparity is attributed to a mix of cultural, developmental, and biological influences. To date, there has not been a comprehensive examination to determine whether this risk pattern holds consistently across different jurisdictions. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis using the PRISMA framework, identifying 21 eligible studies from 18 countries, encompassing 156,249 participants (47.6% male and 52.4% female). Results: The studies varied considerably by region (Asia: 19%, Europe: 52%, Oceania: 19%, North America: 10%), the diagnostic criteria for PG, and participation rates in gambling (ranging from 12% to 92%). Data on PG prevalence was categorised by gender and three age groups (young: 18–35, middle: 30–55, and older: 45–65). Using a random-effects meta-analysis, we found a global PG prevalence of 1.9%. Europe reported a significantly lower prevalence (1.3%) compared to North America (5.3%). Men were found to be 3.4 times more likely than women to engage in problem gambling, although the gap narrows in North America. The young demographic showed a 1.51 times higher likelihood of reporting PG compared to the middle-aged group, whereas older adults were 0.80 times less likely to report PG. Notably, age-related effects varied significantly across regions. Conclusions: Our findings confirm that age and gender significantly influence PG risk across cultures, with significant heterogeneity observed across jurisdictions.

More...

A three-wave longitudinal study on the underlying metacognitive mechanism between depression and Internet gaming disorder

Author(s): Le Dang,Hong Mian Yang,Marcantonio M. Spada,Anise M.S. Wu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Background and aims: Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and depression have negative consequences on individuals’ mental health, but their relationships are complex. This three-wave longitudinal study aimed to detect the metacognitive mechanisms underlying the association between IGD tendency and depression based on the self-regulatory executive function model. Methods: A total of 1,243 Chinese undergraduate student gamers (57% female, M 5 19.77, SD 5 1.29) were recruited at the baseline survey (Wave 1 [W1]), with 622 and 574 of them taking part in the two follow-up surveys (Wave 2 [W2] at 6 and Wave 3 [W3] at 12 months later), respectively. Results: The three-wave path model demonstrated, after controlling for the autoregressive effect of each variable, that depression consistently predicted IGD tendency but not vice versa, while negative but not positive metacognitions about online gaming (MOG) significantly predicted both depression and IGD tendency. Moreover, two statistically significant mediation paths: (i) negative MOG [W1] → depression [W2] → IGD tendency [W3]; and (ii) depression [W1] → negative MOG [W2] → IGD tendency [W3] were identified. Discussion and conclusions: These findings extend the understanding of the associations among depression, IGD tendency, and MOG, highlighting how negative MOG has a stronger prospective effect than positive MOG on depression and IGD tendency, and also reveal the mutual mediation effects of depression and negative MOG on IGD tendency. Integrated programmes with both emotional regulation training and Metacognitive Therapy are recommended for IGD treatment.

More...

Learning and metacognition under volatility in GD: Lower learning rates and distorted coupling between action and confidence

Author(s): Monja Hoven,JUDY LUIGJES,Ruth J. van Holst / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Background and aims: Decisions and learning processes are under metacognitive control, where confidence in one’s actions guides future behaviour. Indeed, studies have shown that being more confident results in less action updating and learning, and vice versa. This coupling between action and confidence can be disrupted, as has been found in individuals with high compulsivity symptoms. Patients with Gambling Disorder (GD) have been shown to exhibit both higher confidence and deficits in learning. Methods: In this study, we tested the hypotheses that patients with GD display increased confidence, reduced action updating and lower learning rates. Additionally, we investigated whether the action-confidence coupling was distorted in patients with GD. To address this, 27 patients with GD and 30 control participants performed a predictive inference task designed to assess action and confidence dynamics during learning under volatility. Action-updating, confidence and their coupling were assessed and computational modeling estimated parameters for learning rates, error sensitivity, and sensitivity to environmental changes. Results: Contrary to our expectations, results revealed no significant group differences in action updating or confidence levels. Nevertheless, GD patients exhibited a weakened coupling between confidence and action, as well as lower learning rates. Discussion and conclusions: This suggests that patients with GD may underutilize confidence when steering future behavioral choices. Ultimately, these findings point to a disruption of metacognitive control in GD, without a general overconfidence bias in neutral, non-incentivized volatile learning contexts.

More...

Using latent class analysis to identify different clinical profiles according to food addiction symptoms in obesity with and without binge eating disorder

Author(s): MATTEO ALOI,MARCO TULLIO LIUZZA,MARIANNA RANIA,ELVIRA ANNA CARBONE,Renato de Filippis,Ashley Gearhardt,CRISTINA SEGURA-GARCIA / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Background and aims: Existing research suggests that food addiction (FA) is associated with binge eating disorder (BED) and obesity, but the clinical significance of this relationship remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the different clinical profiles of FA symptoms among patients who have obesity with/without BED using latent class analysis (LCA). Methods: 307 patients (n 5 152 obesity and BED, n 5 155 obesity without BED) completed a battery of self-report measures investigating eating psychopathology, depression, emotional dysregulation, alexithymia, schema domains, and FA. LCA and ANOVAs were conducted to identify profiles according to FA symptoms and examine differences between classes. Results: LCA identified five meaningful classes labeled as the “non-addicted” (40.4%), the “attempters” (20.2%), the “interpersonal problems” (7.2%), the “high-functioning addicted” (19.5%) and the “fully addicted” (12.7%) classes. Patients with BED and obesity appeared overrepresented in the “high-functioning addicted” and “fully addicted” classes; conversely, patients with obesity without BED were most frequently included in the “non-addicted” class. The most significant differences between the “high-functioning addicted” and “fully addicted” classes versus the “non-addicted” class regarded heightened severity of eating and general psychopathology. Discussion and conclusions: The results bring to light distinct clinical profiles based on FA symptoms. Notably, the "high-functioning addicted" class is particularly intriguing as its members demonstrate physical symptoms of FA (i.e., tolerance and withdrawal) and psychological ones (i.e., craving and consequences) but are not as functionally impaired as the “fully addicted” class. Identifying different profiles according to FA symptoms holds potential value in providing tailored and timely interventions.

More...

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF SENIOR COUNSELING TO REDUCE POST-PANDEMIC ANXIETY

Author(s): Alina Maria Breaz,Ovidiu TODERICI,Henrietta Torkos,Elvis DOBRESCU / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The pandemic generated by the COVID-19 virus has affected the entire structure of society, including the economic, social, public relations, etc. One of the groups with an extremely high risk was represented by the group of elderly people. The institutionalized elderly, although isolated to a certain extent, had an increased risk, the centers becoming foci of infection where the virus spread rapidly. All these aspects, to which is added the lack of knowledge of the long-term effects of getting sick with COVID-19, nor of the effects of the vaccine, have demanded the maximum of people's adaptive capacities, requiring the formation of new skills and lifestyles that will allow them to face the challenges of the pandemic. Objective: based on previous research carried out by us in 2021, the long-term effects of counseling the elderly in reducing reactive anxiety to the dangerousness of the COVID-19 virus were followed. Methodology: the Hamilton Anxiety Scale was used, applied to 12 elderly people from the Care Center for the elderly, Arad. Main results: the results showed in the first research an obvious decrease in anxiety following counseling. The application of the same scale after one year reveals a slow progressive decrease in anxiety as a result of counseling in which new techniques for managing stressful situations were acquired and the emphasis was placed on acquiring increased skills to adapt to stressful situations. General conclusion: the counseling system used has proven its effectiveness in the long term, but new future research is needed, on an increased number of subjects, to be able to be implemented in the elderly centers as a method of preventing the increase of anxiety in crisis situations.

More...

Art-of-living training: developing an intervention for adolescents with depression or anxiety

Author(s): Jessica Lang,Madeleine Georg,Lisa Groetsch,Bernhard Schmitz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Objective: The present paper describes two studies that aim at the transfer of the art-ofliving into the clinical-therapeutic context. Study 1 aimed at the identification of those artof-living components that show differences for adolescents who are suffering from anxiety or depression. In Study 2, a need-oriented and a predefined art-of-living training were developed, implemented and evaluated. Design: Study 1 is based on a pre-experimental comparative design. Study 2 is an intervention study based on a randomized two factors multivariate 3x3 design with repeated measures. Main Outcome measures: The main outcome measures are art-of-living, life satisfaction, depression and anxiety. Results: Study 1 could show significant differences of the art-of-living subscales in the comparison of a clinical and a nonclinical sample. A specific pattern was identified for the clinical sample. The results of Study 2 show that the developed trainings improved the art-of-living (F(2,37) = 4.24, p =.02, η² =.67) as well as the satisfaction with life (F(2,37) = 8.19, p <001, η² =.92). Furthermore, a reduction of depression could be achieved (F(2,37) = 6.45, p< 001, η² =.82). Conclusion: In summary, the training successfully enhanced art-of-living and reduced depression. Limitations and benets are discussed.

More...

The application of adlerian psychotherapy for an adult with high functioning autism and depression

Author(s): Hom Yi Lee / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

High functioning autism (HFA) in adults is often accompanied by depression disorder. However, relatively few reports have focused on the treatment of such cases. This report introduced the intervention of Adlerian therapy for an adult with HFA and depression, in order to provide some suggestions for other therapists. The client was a 51-year-old female servant who searched for counseling through the Center of Work Strengthening due to the appearance of psychosomatic complaints when dealing with her occupational accident. The counseling entailed 10 interventions, one day a week for more than two months, with 60-90minutes per intervention. The client not only exhibited symptoms of depression and anxiety, but also HFA. The therapist applied four stages, as suggested by Adlerian therapy, to the client with HFA: 1. Relationship-building: respecting HFA clients’ subjective experience and listening carefully with empathy. 2. Assessment: asking questions about their history and the current functioning of their interpersonal relationships. 3. Interpretation and insights: discussing with the client and euphemistically pointing out the underlying motives for behaving the way she does in the ‘here and now’, to help her understand the limitations of the lifestyle she has chosen. 4. Reorientation and reeducation: to encourage clients to take the risk in engaging in new activities to adapt to the changes, and to adjust their rigid fictional final goals, and social interests. Finally, the client went back to work without serious depression and was able to express her negative emotions to her supervisor, as well as adjust her daily routine. Adults with HFA have low social interests and rigid beliefs which easily make them feel depressed when they suffer stress; their condition can be improved through Adlerian therapy.

More...

Religiosity and psychological resilience in psychiatric patients: an overview

Author(s): Raphael M. Bonelli / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Objective: The impact of religious/spiritual activities on clinical outcomes in patients with serious mental illnesses remains controversial, which was addressed in this international cross-sectional study. Method: The literature was searched using the electronic database of Pubmed. To identify the highest quality papers, we selected publications in psychiatric journals ranked in the top 25% by the ISI citation index 2010, i.e. the top 32 journals out of 126 listed, all with an impact factor of 3.6 or higher. The published original studies were then discussed and rated for the quality of their design, measures, and statistical methods. Results: 1% if the studies find a positive relationship between R/S and better mental health, 18.6% find mixed (positive and negative) results, and 4.7% reported a negative association. All studies on dementia, suicide and stress-related disorders found a positive association, as well as 79% and 67% of the papers on depression and substance abuse, respectively. Conclusion: There is growing evidence today that R/S is correlated with better mental health in the areas of depression, substance abuse, and suicide; insufficient evidence in neurosis and dementia; poor evidence in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and no evidence in many other mental disorders.

More...

Treating depression in the Caregivers of Cancer Patients

Author(s): Joyce M. Louis,Lisa Adams,Tony L. Brown / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2017

Partners often assume the role of caregiver when cancer is brought into the home. The support caregivers provide to cancer patients has immeasurable value. However, care giving can take a significant toll on loved ones from both a psychological and physiological perspective; sometimes to the point of producing caregiver burden. One of the diseases most prevalent in caregivers is depression. Signs and symptoms of depression amongst caregivers vary from mild to severe and people respond quite differently to the life stressors they face. While, the exact cause of depression is not known, proven research correlates it with an internal chemical and/or neurotransmitter imbalance that can be triggered by stress, chronic stress in particular. As a mood disorder, depression affects how you feel, think, and function in the performance of your daily activities. It is critically important to identify caregivers exhibiting depressive symptoms and first, to provide them with both emotional and psychological support, and second, so as to ensure the individual battling cancer receives optimal support from their loved ones. This review article serves to promote health awareness and the unmet needs of cancer patient caregivers, the presence of caregiver burden, and the impact that stress can have on one’s neurophysiological processes to precipitate the development of mental illness such as depression.

More...

From prosecuting doctors to twin epidemics of suicides and heroin overdose deaths

Author(s): Alen J Salerian / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

Alen J Salerian, Silviu Ziscovici and John Mirczak are not household names in America, yet our stories may offer insights into our twin epidemics in America: Deaths by suicide and heroin overdose. CDC reported 44.000 deaths by suicide and 10.574 by heroin overdose in 2014. Deaths from both have been on a steady rise since 2000. Our medical careers ended in 2010 and 2011 upon allegations of “drug trafficking by over prescribing opiates”

More...

Diagnosis of complicated grief using the texas revised inventory of grief, brazilian portuguese version

Author(s): T. M. Alves,M. C. Oliveira,Neto F. Lotufo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Background: Complicated grief is characterized by persistent yearning for the deceased, intense sorrow and emotional pain in response to death causing significant distress. Complicated grief is often under recognized and undertreated. The Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (TRIG) is a questionnaire that has been demonstrated to have high validity and reliability in the assessment of grief. Our objective was to translate, adapt, and validate the TRIG to Brazilian Portuguese and to verify whether the TRIG, in a bereaved population, is able to distinguish between those with and those without complicated grief and to identify which elements in the scale contribute to this. Methods: Two stages: a) cross-culture adaptation of a questionnaire, and b) cross-sectional study of reliability and validity. Setting and Participants: 165 adult patients were recruited from a) the Grief Outpatient Clinic at the Department and Institute of Psychiatry - University of São Paulo, b) private practice at the same department, and c) co-workers who have lost a loved one. All the patients were interviewed with the TRIG. According to clinical criteria69 of 165 bereaved patients were presenting complicated grief. Results: Cross-culture adaptation: the TRIG was translated from American English, then back-translated and finally compared with the Brazilian Portuguese version by two bilingual psychiatrists. Reliability: the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (internal consistency) of the TRIG scales were 0,735 (part I) and 0,896 (part II). Sensitivity, specificity as well as cutoff points to identify complicated and non-complicated grief, were measured using the ROC curve. Using the total score of 104 (part I + part II + Part III + psychographics variables), we can correctly classify 71.3% of individuals with and without complicated grief. The construct validity was assessed by factor analysis and confirmatory analysis. Furthermore, by logistic regression, our study demonstrated that a low education level, age of the deceased and age of the bereaved, loss of a son or daughter, and unexpected death were all risk factors for complicated grief. Our results also suggest that religion may influence complicated grief. Conclusion: The TRIG adapted to Brazilian Portuguese is as reliable and valid as the original version. In the evaluation of Brazilian bereaved, it was able to distinguish individuals with and without complicated grief. And, we suggest a cut-off value of 104 for complicated grief.

More...

Efficacy of group CBT Vs group information and support in relapse and recurrence of depression in adults

Author(s): Aleksandra Kelly,Tony Cassidy / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

This study aimed to analyse the rates and length of time to relapse and/or recurrence of depression in individuals who attended either Group CBT or Group Information and Support in an adult secondary mental health setting in Ireland. The present study centred on the analysis of previously collected data from groups running between 2005 and 2010 and on the retrospective file review. It formed part of a larger scale research study conducted by the Principal Clinical Psychologist evaluating the effectiveness of CBT for depression and bipolar disorder. The study was quantitative in nature and incorporated qualitative elements (i.e. Clients’ and Practitioners’ description of the severity of the depressive episodes) which were converted into quantifiable categories. Participants comprised of two groups: Treatment I (Group CBT) including participants who attended 8 or 12 sessions of manualised Group CBT and a comparison sample: Treatment II (Group Information and Support) comprised of participants who attended 12 sessions of group information and support. Based on survival analysis, no significant difference was found in effectiveness for Group CBT and Group Information and Support in preventing and/or decreasing the number and the length of time to relapse and/or recurrence of depression in this client group. Findings, clinical implications, methodological limitations and future research directions were also discussed.

More...

Mind the Gap: Heritage, Evolution, and the Human Quest for Certainty in an Uncertain World

Author(s): Cosmin Tudor Ciocan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article investigates the informational completion mechanism of the human mind, through which the brain fills cognitive gaps to create a coherent narrative continuum and eliminate uncertainties. The study aims to analyze whether this process relies solely on immediate experiences and direct learning or if it also includes deeper influences passed down from a transgenerational past and even from the evolutionary stages of species. The central question of the research is: Do we use only recently accumulated information to fill knowledge gaps, or does our brain access a broader fund, imbued with subconscious legacies and evolutionary predispositions? This exploration seeks to reveal how cognitive biases, such as the anchoring effect and confirmation bias, contribute to building an adaptive informational framework intended to support psychological stability and perceptual coherence. The paper also examines how these automatic completions can give rise to beliefs and myths that fill knowledge gaps, reinforcing an overarching narrative. Through informational completion, the brain not only stabilizes an individual’s subjective reality but also shapes common worldviews that support social cohesion and collective identity. The findings suggest that the cognitive completion mechanism, far from being merely adaptive, represents a quest for certainty and stability in the face of the unknown. In a rapidly changing world, this capability becomes essential for human adaptability. However, the question remains: To what extent does this informational fund accessed by the mind extend, and what role do the collective subconscious and evolutionary influences play in the cognitive completion process?

More...

STUDY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COGNITIVE ASPECT OF THEORY OF MIND AND UNDERSTANDING IN ORAL LANGUAGE IN ALZHEIMER'S PATIENTS DURING THE MIDDLE STAGE OF THE DISEASE

Author(s): Saadia Mohammed Bouchnak,Amin Djenan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The ability to infer internal mental states through the behavior is related to the understanding of implicit language statements in interactive situations where the speaker’s intention is public. This study looked at that relationship by answering whether this association persists during aging and after Alzheimer’s. Apply some of the terms of the Theory of mind (Toma) battery and the Oral Language (OLTA) battery designed for the adult. A group of 5 individuals with Alzheimer's disease during the middle stage. The results found that the impact relationship is not limited to the group of individuals below the age of maturity, but continues into old age. it would explain the nature of language and cognitive disorders in understanding metaphors such as folk proverbs and the attribution of mental states either through behavior or through language in intermediate Alzheimer’s patients.

More...