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Ideastezija se može definirati kao fenomen u kojem aktiviranje koncepcija stvara fenomenološko iskustvo. U ovom tekstu bavim se vezom između ideastezije i umjetnos ti. U prošlosti bilo je vrlo teško da ti opću definiciju umjetnosti. A čini se da je vrlo teško i shvatiti koji konkretno psihološki procesi zasnivaju stvaranje i potrošnju umjetnosti
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The article is composed of three parts. The first contains a short reflection on the dynamic development of neuroscience, connected with modern non-invasive methods of brain research. The author treats this development as a possibility of increasing knowledge and improvement in the areas of pedagogy and didactics, and also considers that people who aspire to personal development and improve the quality of the learning process can gain knowledge concerning effective learning. Moreover the author highlights the concept of neuro-didactics, indicates when it was created and how significant it is for education. The second part discusses precisely what brain-friendly teaching is by explaining the most important principles of human brain activity. Next, the author focuses on style and learning strategies, and on the importance of brain hemisphere's dominance in the learning process. In the following part Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is dealt with. Activities and games which stimulate the development of brain are discussed, as well as the influence of music and new technologies on the development of neuronal networks. The last part is a summary, in which the author draws conclusions and also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of modern teaching methods. Attention is drawn to the opportunity for education in Poland to take advantage of new knowledge on the brain's activity. The hypothesis is that for most people learning will not only be accessible but also attractive. It will cease to be associated with arduous back-breaking effort which often has no effect.
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The findings of recent years indicate that a significant proportion of customer´s purchase decisions is made on the basis of emotions evoked by a particular communication means. This gives scope for the use of the new tool to better understand consumer´s behaviour – neuromarketing. The paper explains the meaning and principles of neuromarketing, selected neuromarketing technologies, ethics in neuromarketing research. The main objective is through marketing research to identify the perception of the modern phenomenon (neuromarketing) by the Slovak consumers and its influence on their purchasing behaviour. Based on the results of the research, in conclusion are indicated proposals for the application of neuromarketing in the Slovak conditions, oriented mainly to eliminate negative attitudes, fear of neurotesting or unwillingness to participate in neuromarketing research.
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Today, while modern management theories are dealing with the way of performing of the employees, they tend to consider their humanistic features more. It is necessary to understand the typical features of the generations which the employees who are impacted from the conditions of the era they live in, belong to. There are so many theories and hypothesizes in the literature about human resources management policy and strategies on the characteristics, understanding and management of Generation Y that gained a considerably important place in the business life. When considered in terms of individual potential of the generation Y that it brings in the enterprises, it is clear that this generation would ensure a competitive advantage to the enterprises.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of transformation of understanding yourself and the world a man in fantasy traveling. These changes are described in the context of their psychotherapeutic function. Observed phenomena, components, and development ways of understanding themselves and the world, the new identity in General. Describes the main differences of human development, his understanding of himself and the world, in different types of relationships. Shows the interaction and mutual influence are included in the dialogue of the actors, comprehend themselves and the world available to them, the difficulties and possibilities of understanding on the transpersonal way of building relationships. The formation and development of transpersonal relationship is viewed as a specific feature of human relations, with formed or emerging cosmic identity.
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In this article an attempt was made to determine a relationship between the level of sensory integration processes and a social adaptation of students with mild intellectual disabilities attending first grade in special education and public schools. The study involved 42 children (21 students of each type of school) diagnosed with mild intellectual disability (with the exception of children with disturbances of genetic program) who started realization of compulsory education. Assessment of social adjustment was based on the ‘PAC1’ by H.C. Gunzburg (developed by T. Witkowski 1988) and ‘The CBI questionnaire’ by E. Schaefer and M. Aaronson (Rembowski 1972), while the level of development of sensory integration processes was assessed on the basis of ‘Sensorimotor Child Development Questionnaire’ (developed by Z. Przyrowski 1995), ‘Selected Trials of Clinical Observation’(developed by Z. Przyrowski 2001, 2002) and selected ‘Southern California Sensory Integration Tests’ – battery SCSIT by J. Ayres (2002a). The results were subjected to factor analysis. Correlations that indicated the relationships between the level of development of sensory integration processes and the level of social adaptation of the students from both types of schools were found.
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There are several ways to learn more about the processes that underlie decision-making processes in humans. One of the approaches is to study simpler organisms and gradually extend this knowledge to more complex ones. C. Elegans is one of such model organisms. It has a well-mapped connectome and genome. In this study we focus on the processes that may lie behind decision-making in C. Elegans. We look specifically at lateral inhibition and synchronisation, changes that happen in the neural network after experience and speculate how these mechanisms contribute towards simple forms of decision-making. Decision – making is an example of a complex psychological process which can be researched on an elementary level. Decision – making has been researched from different angles, be it a normative, descriptive or prescriptive one. It is tightly bound with other cognitive processes like memory, planning, problem solving and social cognition (Plous, 1993). Patients suffering from alexithymia (Bechara et al., 2000) show tight interconnection between decision making and emotional centres of brain. All this makes the research of decision - making processes a complex one. Ethical aspects of decision - making are also present here. It is impossible to do such neuro-psychological studies on humans as is possible on animals or in computer models. So far, research in the area of neural and neurochemical basis of decision-making concentrated at the study of behavioural choice. Faumont, Lindsay and Lockery (2012) identified mechanisms that allow C. Elegans to make a behavioural decision based on previous experience. First, changes in synaptic strengths are observed after an animal is conditioned to avoid stimuli that were neutral or attractive before. Neural circuits are reconfigured in such a way that a signal from a stimulus does not travel to motor neurons responsible for forward locomotion but is redirected toward neurons responsible for avoidance motor response. Second mechanism is based on changes in the basal activity of interneuron and coupled sensory neuron. Whether an animal responds to increases in pheromone concentrations is responsible for its behavioural choices regarding being attracted or repelled from other animals and thus influencing its social behaviour. Sensory neuron receptive to pheromones is coupled with a hub neuron by an electrical synapse. The behaviour of this synapse is influenced by the inflow of neuropeptides caused by changes in the environment of the worm. The state of the synapse then either allows or blocks sensory neuron from activating interneuron further down the neural network and thus enhancing or blocking the movement towards the source of the pheromone. In both mechanisms peptide signalling seems to play a role. It may be the case that concentrations of various neuropeptides cause variations in behavioural choice of the animal.
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In the paper, the authors give a brief review of studies in the field of the neuroscience of consciousness in order to prove the following key point of the future human image: lifelong learning is the posthuman need. As well as new physical culture, which the authors have examined in the previous article, lifelong learning is the second key feature of the future human image. The authors have used the dialectical, scientific and formal logical methods of philosophy in order to fulfil the task. The novelty of the study is the substantiation of lifelong learning based on the neuroscience of consciousness, as well as the consideration of lifelong learning as a special culture that ensures the continuous development of the neural basis of consciousness. As a result of the study, the authors came to the following conclusions: а) lifelong learning is a special culture that provides continuous development of consciousness in ontogenesis; b) lifelong learning need as culture is due to the dynamic neural basis of consciousness, which requires special conditions for full development in ontogenesis.
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Increasing share of elderly people in aging population affects all categories of age and social sectors. Society responds to the situation through a necessary change in social area and growing importance of social care for the elderly people. Number of factors determine quality of life in older age, including how they succeed in construction of the new self. Decreased frequency, intensity and diversity of personal interactions often lead to social exclusion. Loneliness is among the most serious concerns in older generation. Deeper levels of a multi-layered selfhood are less affected by the disrupted social construction, which one observes among the older people. It seems that the anchoring of personal identity in place and relationships grows in significance as people age. We investigate construction of selfhood from fragmented memories of people with Alzheimer's disease. Even in conditions of severely affected independence in everyday life we are finding a rich memory, which reflects their personal relationships linked to the places of past. Source observations use a qualitative probe of five clients in a specialized facility for the people living with Alzheimer's disease. We discuss our findings in the context of research focusing on social aspects of aging and the changing meaning of gradually lost memory.
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Dementia affects 50 million people worldwide, but we also have to consider their families and caregivers. An appropriate management of dementia makes sure the treatment reaches its purpose both from the perspective of the patient and the caregiver. The tests used in evaluating the patients with dementia included in our study are mostly part of the standard geriatric evaluation which is common practice in all geriatric clinics. In addition, NPIQ test is useful in determining both the severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms and the caregiver distress; caregivers are mostly affected by the behavioral disturbances. In our study the antidementia medication has favorable effects regarding the impact on the caregiver, bringing benefits from the very beginning (the first 3 months), more important in the given order of memantine, combined therapy and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; the benefits last until 18 months.
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This research aims to show the impact of patterns of representations of imaginaries and cultural signifiers in the psychic suffering of children living with a disability. Indeed, in traditional African societies, the child occupies a privileged place and status which is inspired by its origins linked to the representations of imaginaries and cultural signifiers, which are related to those of the parents and the community. Despite this status and this place, the child with a disability finds himself in a difficult situation, because of his deficiency, his incapacity, his difficulty in participating in social life and psychological suffering which are the result of belonging to two diametrically opposed universes. If in this situation we do not conceive or name the psychic suffering of the child, the imagination and popular language are nonetheless full of characterizations of the malaise and the suffering of the child. The final situation that emerges from this research is that if psychic suffering can be considered as an indelible mark in a mentally disturbed and physically inoperative subject, the therapist can, through well-organized ritual practices, play the role of mediator between the visible world and the invisible world in order to reactivate and revitalize the psychic authorities of the sick subject and thus facilitate his integration into the society of the living.
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A person’s life changes dramatically after an acquired brain injury (ABI). Rehabilitation after an ABI often focuses on the physical changes, while little attention is given to the emotional and existential aspects. This multiple case study (N = 8) explored the clinical utility of adding a structured psychological intervention to an existing rehabilitation programme following an ABI. The case study had an embedded ABA experimental design that was based on participants self-assessment on standardised scales (HADS, PGIS, WHO-5, SCS and DASS). These measures were obtained pre- and immediately post-intervention, as well as at a 3-month follow-up. During the intervention period, the participant also completed a daily questionnaire. Furthermore, field notes were taken during the intervention period by the therapist, and an evaluation interview was conducted after the intervention. The psychological intervention was based on the BackUp© programme. The embedded data was analysed through visual inspection and thematic analyses. The participants reported that the intervention was effective in aiding their psychological adjustment. The intervention gave the participants room for reflection and space to share emotional reactions. This helped them participate in the overall rehabilitation programme and enhanced their biopsychosocial outcomes in general. Based on this multiple case study, psychological interventions may have clinical value when providing comprehensive rehabilitation. An intervention based on the BackUp© programme could be one useful approach. Future studies need to explore other forms of intervention and their benefits to clarify the best psychological interventions for individuals who have suffered an ABI.
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The first International Symposium on Neuroscience with Music was held at the beginning of September 2019 in Berlin. The meeting was established by Academus GmbH, which organizes events within the scientific community as well as for civil society or government. This made the platform somewhat independent of academic institutions, thus the audience from the research fields of humanities and sciences was not the only one attracted by the symposium which interested at the same time delegates from various fields engaged in taking care of the soul and developing one’s creative potential. The symposium also declared an effort to bridge art and science – this is indicated by the “with” in the title of the conference – which resulted in several artistic performances framing the scientific programme and in some cases also meant the active engagement of all the participants. These common experiences surely helped the atmosphere of sharing ideas.
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In today's world, where multilingualism has become the norm and monolinguals are in the minority, academic research has been slow to adapt to this reality. This phenomenon, which highlights the human brain's ability to master multiple languages whether it be the native language (L1), a second language (L2),or even a third language (L3) calls for a reevaluation of traditional paradigms. This study aims to challenge conventional approaches in cognitive linguistics, particularly those related to language acquisition, language choice, and the underlying cerebral processes. The research questions addressed include: how individuals navigate between multiple languages in various cognitive and social contexts, and what are the implications for our understanding of human cognitive abilities? The methodology employed combines experimental analyses using brain imaging, psycholinguistic testing, and sociolinguistic surveys of multilingual speakers. The findings reveal that bilingualism and multilingualism not only enhance cognitive flexibility but also improve problem-solving abilities and adaptability in multicultural environments. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that multilingualism is not merely the acquisition of multiple linguistic systems, but a complex phenomenon that impacts cognition, social interactions, and brain structures. By redefining our understanding of cognitive and linguistic processes, this research proposes new paradigms for studying language in a globalized context.
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Valentina Cuccio and Vittorio Gallese stimulated renewed interest in semiotic contributions to the cognitive neurosciences by bringing C. S. Peirce and his theory of signs to elucidate important notions that provide the foundation for understanding embodied cognition and its critical role in explaining both literal and figurative (abstract and concrete) concepts from phylogenetic and neurobiological perspectives. This is not surprising since Peirce always framed his theory of signs in terms of cognition, a point noted by many Peircean scholars (including David Savan, Ivo A. Ibri, Piotr Konderak and others). Cuccio and Gallese focus on Peirce at the level of Firstness, and include the important principle of abductive inference as well as iconicity (a principle of Peirce’s sign–object triad). In the following analysis, we identify other important contributions of Peirce for cognitive neuroscience and modelling of embodied cognition by shifting the lens from Firstness to Thirdness, from abduction and iconicity to Peirce’s theory of interpretants. Our analysis will include a presentation of the Peircean sign complex and its relevance in defining signification, semiosis, and synthesis (including acquisition, maintenance and production) of knowledge. Finally, we will argue that Peircean interpretants are essential to explicating the notion of embodied cognition as presented by Gallese and George Lakoff in their 2005 seminal work.
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Paul Federn (1871-1950), a second-generation Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, was the founder of ego psychology, but also an original clinician and theorist in the field of understanding psychotic disorders. Although initially his work remained unnoticed in the psychoanalytic community due to the lack of interest of psychoanalysts in researching the psychosis, modern psychiatric thought again reveals his significance. The aim of this paper was to look at the basic concepts of Federn’s theory of psychotic ego disorders such as personality boundaries, narcissism, experience of physical and mental ego and cathexis, as well as contemporary readings of his postulates in the context of clinical work of psychologists with patients with some of psychotic disorders. At the practical level, the paper concretizes the clinical use of Federn’s psychoanalytic theory in understanding complex psychotic phenomena and symptoms, but also offers important guidelines in terms of sensitizing and improving the use of psychological techniques in working with psychotic patients such as conducting psychodiagnostic interviews and psychological support work. In conclusion, Federn’s exceptional clinical sensibility is a pioneering work when it comes to psychotherapy and improvement, not only of hospital treatment of patients, but also of their mental health and basic human rights, an approach that at the time of his work was a subversive and visionary act, but it could have a more intensive application in contemporary times.
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Cognitive – behavioral model of panic disorder shows that a client can firs experience panic or a high level of anxiety because of biological vulnerability, stress or physiological causes like diseases. Senses of physiological arousal like dizziness, sweating or heart beating lead to wrong disastrous cognitive interpretations („I’m becoming crazy!“ or „I’m having a heart attack!“) and than, again, to increased physiological arousal. In that way, a panic circle is closed. Later, client makes wrong interpretations of physiological arousal as indicators that disastrous consequences will happened for sure. In that way, client is developing anticipated anxiety and avoid situations connected with a risk of panic attack. Besides avoiding behavior, client can develope safety behavior with a tendency to decrease anxiety. Therefore, avoiding behavior and safety behavior only maintain panic disorder. Main goal of this work is review of cognitive conceptualization with cognitive and behavioiral techniques in treatment client with panic disorder and raising level of client’s functioning. Efficiency of cognitive-behavioral treatment reflects in successful achievement of goals set by client in the beginning of therapy: learning coping with panic attack techniques, decreasing number of panic attack, drive a car, increase number of social meetings, staying home alone, increase level of physical activity. Some of techniques used in this case are: abdominal breathing technique, behavioral activation, monitoring and planning activities with enjoyment grades, exposure, attention distraction techniques, cognitive restructuration... As a result of treatment client starts to drive a car again which was the biggest problem for him, he activated him self more physically so his functioning level increased. As his anxiety started to decrease, level of depression decreased as well so his quality of life got better.
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A specific phobia is a clinical entity characterized by a conspicuous and persistent fear of clearly visible objects or situations where exposure to them almost always elicits an immediate anxiety response. A person experiences significant, pronounced, and unreasonable fear, when it is present or when the presence of a specific object or situation is expected. Fear of dogs (kinophobia) is an acquired fear and the most common reasons for fear of dogs are: bad experience with the dog, learned attitude and behavior from parents and / or the environment towards dogs, the influence of culture, community and media on the attitude towards dogs. This case study describes a 9-year-old girl with kinophobia who developed through a negative experience with a dog at the age of six. The girl developed an intense fear of the dog accompanied by anxiety symptoms when meeting or expecting to meet the dog with dysfunction in all fields of daily functioning, which persisted despite various parental interventions. She was involved in 11 sessions of cognitive-behavioral treatment. In addition to a number of behavioral techniques, the central role in therapy was played by “live exposure” and cognitive restructuring intended to recognize and change dysfunctional cognitions. The evaluation of the treatment was done 3 months after its completion. The girl as well as her parents reported a significant improvement in the condition, especially in contact with the dog which is in line with scientific research confirming that cognitive behavioral therapy is the most effective therapy for treating phobias.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have taken their place among the most common neurodegenerative diseases by affecting countless people around the world. Mild cognitive impairment can be defined as the earliest stage of deterioration in cognitive functions. While impairment in more than one cognitive domain can be seen in MCI, it is seen that individuals can show some level of functionality in daily life. Also, Alzheimer's and MCI cause degeneration in some parts of the brain (parietal lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe), and disease progresses, and shrinkage may occur in some brain regions. Thus, a series of intervention techniques have been introduced to improve the daily living activities of individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's and MCI. Cognitive rehabilitation is an individualized process that focuses on improving daily living activities. Furthermore, the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on Alzheimer's disease and MCI in numerous cognitive domains is proven by different researchers. Different researchers prove that different cognitive rehabilitation programs effectively improve the cognitive, social, and psychological domains of individuals' lives. Therefore, this literature review aims to examine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation programs applied after 2015 to individuals with Alzheimer's and MCI and to compile the examined findings.
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The author in this paper deals with basic aspects and attempts to develop in academia a new scientific study called neuropolitics (political neuromarketing, political neuroscience, neuropoliticology). It is an active part of political marketing. Neuropolitics researches cognitive, conative and affective processes in brain by using contemporary technology of brain visualisation as an answer to political stimulations such as: a political candidate (his/her image or voice), political organisation, political idea etc. The most frequent monitoring methods are functunal magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that measures changes of bra in activity and electroencephalography (EEG) that records electrical activity of the brain. These methods are starting to replace classic marketing techniques of measuring changes in psychological activities (galvanic skin response, heart beats, breathing, eye movements, eye pupil size, etc), opinion polls, interviews, focus groups. Neuropolitics main aim is to investigate classic questions from political science such as how people make political decisions, form political attitudes, evaluate political candidates and especially which part of the brain records these processes. This approach in marketing, recently used only in product-service system is now starting to be found in the field of politics. Therefore, neuropolitics can be named ‟applied neuroscience‟ and a kind of political ‟measuring‟ of political candidates, parties and ideas. A series of studies discussing this theme has been published recently. The author thinks that the more appropriate term for this scientific study would be neuropoliticology, political neuroscience or political neuromarketing.
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