“Masal Terapi” Kitabının Duygu Odaklı Terapinin Temel Kavramları Açısından İncelenmesi

Author(s): Fatma Nur Aras Kemer,Meliha Tuzgöl Dost / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Suppl. 1/2020

Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) proposes that in order to achieve a permanent change in individuals' behavior, it is necessary to work primarily with emotions. In EFT approach, therapists establish a relationship based on trust and empathy with clients in order to promote emotional change. In addition to the emotional change process, in EFT approach, psychotherapists use emotion focused interventions to reach emotion and support emotional restructuring. In this process, in order to benefit from emotional interventions, it is very essential to learn the concepts that form the basis of EFT approach. Accordingly, in this study, it is aimed to explain the basic concepts of EFT approach and to examine the tales in the book "Fairy Tale Therapy" and the messages given by these tales within the framework of these concepts. For this purpose, the basic concepts (emotion, emotion coaching, emotional intelligence, emotional schema, types of emotions) and the principles of emotional change (emotional awareness, emotional expression, emotional regulation, emotional reflection, emotion transformation, relational environment) in EFT approach have been explained and Some tales from the book "Fairy Tale Therapy" are associated with these concepts. As a result, it has been observed that the tales in the book are relevant to the concepts of EFT, and psychotherapists can benefit from narratives in EFT process.

“NEUROSCIENCE IS RELEVANT FOR PHILOSOPHY”

Professor Patricia S. Churchland interviewed by Bruno Mölder

Author(s): Patricia S. Churchland,Bruno Mölder / Language(s): English Issue: 88/2015

Professor Patricia S. Churchland interviewed by Bruno Mölder

“To give form to what cannot be comprehended”: Trauma in Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five and Martin Amis’s Time’s Arrow

Author(s): Aleksandra Czajkowska / Language(s): English Issue: 03 (34)/2021

The primary objective of this article is the analysis of trauma in Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five and Martin Amis’s Time’s Arrow. It is argued that through the deployment of experimental literary techniques (particularly destabilized and non-linear narratives) these two novels offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of a traumatized mind and help to understand the uncertain sense of the self experienced by those who suffer from traumatic memories.

Диссонанс между представлениями о развитии мозга в современной нейробиологии и знаниями педагогов

Author(s): Mariam Moiseevna Bezrukikh,Vladimir Vyacheslavovich Ivanov,Kirill Viktorovich Orlov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

Introduction. Recent education researches in different countries have shown that knowledge and ideas of teachers about the development and functioning of the brain do not correspond to or even contradict the recent data of neurobiology. These beliefs, called neuromyths, are the result of misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and misquoting of scientifically based facts about the development and functioning of the brain. The high prevalence of neuromyths accompanied by high interest in neurobiological researches and their potential application in education can be considered as risk factors involved with the development of learning theories and teaching methods. Moreover, neuromyths can lead to potential risks to children’s physical and mental health. The purposes of this work are to assess the knowledge and perceptions of Russian teachers at different educational levels (from preschool to university-level), investigate prevalence and predictors of neuromyths among them, and to identify the ‘risk zone’ in their knowledge which requires critical evaluation. Materials and Methods. This study is based on the questionnaire developed by P.A. Howard-Jones et al. to assess the level of neurobiological knowledge among teachers (modified by the authors of this article). The sample comprised 8455 teachers from 1539 educational institutions in 10 regions of the Russian Federation. The obtained data were processed by methods of mathematical statistics using correlation, variances and factor analysis. Results. The study has found that teachers’ interest in neuroscience is combined with insufficient knowledge about brain development and a great number of false beliefs (neuromyths) about opportunities of applying neurobiological approaches to education. The research has revealed the most common neuromyths, which do not correlate with participants’ age, work experience and disciplines they teach. The analysis of the reasons for the emergence of false ideas about brain functioning is carried out. The correct interpretation of the present neurobiological knowledge in teaching is given. It has been shown that the prevalence of false knowledge in the neurobiological field does not differ significantly between countries. The misconceptions that underlie neuromyths often become the basis for remedial recommendations aimed at solving children’s developmental problems. Unfortunately, the recommendations based on neuromyths delay the time of effective support and can produce negative results. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of teachers’ knowledge and misconceptions about the brain development and functioning enabled the authors to identify a range of issues that require a critical assessment in terms of their usefulness before developing new educational approaches and teaching methods. Conclusions. This interdisciplinary research found that teachers have insufficient, fragmentary and unsystematic knowledge in the field of neurobiology and demonstrate low awareness of recent scientific facts about brain development and cognitive activities regardless of work experience, age and specialization. Insufficient knowledge and false beliefs is the basis of trust in neuromyths and is the ‘risk zone’ for teaching activities because they both lead to incorrect and ineffective teaching practices. Moreover, neuromyths can become potential mental and physical health risks for children. The obtained data can be used in teacher education and professional development programmes.

Дозвілля в контексті мистецтвознавчих практик

Author(s): Yuliya Nikolaevna Tarasenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2021

The purpose of the article. The article is devoted to the characteristics of leisure in the context of art science practices as a factor in the development of the emotional, intellectual and cultural potential of the individual and society. The expansion of the opportunities regarding substantiation of the impact of art science practices at the intersection of art research and neuroscience. The methodology is based on the interdisciplinary method, which involves the study of issues in the interaction and synthesis of knowledge of neuroscience and art history, which allows obtaining new fundamental results and combine them into a general scientific picture of the world, questionnaire method, which consists in finding and studying new knowledge, which carried out during the survey in research work at the School of Art Experts, method of generalization, which revealed a common worldview paradigm. The scientific novelty for the first time, the issue of leisure was discovered and synthesized in the context of research with the involvement of research conducted in the field of neuroscience, indicated in the works of neurobiologists. For the first time, the analysis of interdisciplinary research is carried out and the mechanism of influence is defined to art studies, in particular the influence on the emotional, intellectual and social situation of the individual. Conclusions. Leisure through the art science practice occupies an intermediate place between personal experience and education, accumulating knowledge about the surrounding world of visual forms. Art science practices, as a system of development through creative kinds of leisure, indicate its synergistic aspects, which are embodied in the socio-personal characteristics of a modern individual. The analysis of interdisciplinary research, in particular neuroscience, determined and substantiated the powerful influence of art science practices on the development of not only the emotional and intellectual potential of a person, but also on the development of the brain and mental activity.

Изборът в контекста на проблема „език – тяло“

Author(s): Stoyan Vezenkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2015

The advances in neurosciences provoked the classical concept of both psychology and philosophy. The mind-body problem was redefined again after a number of mental processes have been proven to be functions of the brain. The choice as an action selection operation among many competitive representations of actions, for instance, is executed by the brain as a solution of optimization problem and decision making process. Furthermore, even moral rules and values such as monogamy and altruism have correlates in brain activity and learned local group behavioral practices. The brain-body has become a causal essence, which presupposes moral dilemmas solving. In this theoretical paper is suggested another problem “language-body problem” instead “mind-body problem” as the language is presented as a genius for creation of virtual realities of increasingly higher order to enable the growing human to separate from the others, to individualize himself and to lose his innate ability of empathy. Language is not a communication tool, on the contrary – individualization environment. Only in language virtualities and therefore born pure thinking the human is free and has free choices. Language virtual development is in its infancy and is called to repeat and walk through the whole evolution of the human body and its Rubicons – from the first cell division through the fish stage to the well-known human biology. Reviving the language, literally, we will put in their places all paradoxes and problems in human cultural development – from “lethal competition” and violence to full dedication and altruism – these are all in perfect balance in the human body. To develop this idea, the author offers a completely new scientific research area – biosophy – “biology of language” to study the future life in language genius.

Изложеност стресу као механизам утицаја социоекономског положаја на квалитет здравља

Author(s): Vladimir S. Mentus,Tatjana Mentus / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 163/2017

The subject of this paper is stress exposure as one of the mechanisms through which the socioeconomic status may affect the health. First of all, the nature of the relationship between the socioeconomic status and the health quality, as well as possible mechanisms of relationship between them in general are presented. Then, an overview of the relationship between socioeconomic status and stress exposure is provided, as well as previous research results in this field. Finally, mechanisms by which stress exposure may affect health quality are presented. The largest number of studies indicates a positive correlation between socioeconomic position and health quality and a negative correlation between status and stress exposure, as well as health quality and stress exposure. The results regarding the relationship between socioeconomic status and stress exposure are in this respect the least consistent, mostly due to differences in the conceptualizations and operationalizations, poor representativeness of samples, and other methodological issues, as well as the characteristics of the examined populations themselves. Further, behaviors relevant to health quality, such as diet or physical activity, are to a great extent related to socioeconomic status and stress exposure. Whatever the mechanisms by which the interaction between these variables is explained may be, the socioeconomic status is probably the key for prevention and overcoming stressful situations, and thus, for health in general.

Когнитивни аспекти на процесите на решаване на проблеми

Author(s): Presiyan Burgov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

People, in their everyday activities, are faced with multiple choices, decision making and problem solving when aiming at more effective adaptation, goal setting and goal attainment as well as efficient psychic energy expenditure and social integration. The present study aims at the elucidation of the cognitive processes that participate in decision making. It comments on fundamental conceptions in relation to the phenomenon, the stages in the process of decision making, the structure of the problems and the most common decision making mistakes.

Крахът на неолибералните утопии

Author(s): Vihren Bouzov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The ongoing process of globalization has entailed growth of inequalities and injustice worldwide. Neoliberalism cannot be an adequate strategy in this process. As a development strategy it is unable to ensure normal functioning of a social system and just relationships between people. The neoliberal values claim to be an universal therapy for all economic and social diseases. But they are utopia that were scattered because of the mismatch between the social interests of the elites and the underprivileged people around the world. The outliving of the nation states, the free media, the neoliberal economic slogans and the global democracy are utopian projects that collapsed in the world today. Formulation and acceptance of new social values on the basis of communitarianism is a road leading to the finding of a way out of permanent crises and regional conflicts, to boosting up economic and social development.

Междисциплинарное изучение алекситимии

Author(s): Elena Anatolievna Gorobets,R. G. Esin,Yuliya Aleksandrovna Volskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2022

In modern science, alexithymia is defined as the specific cognitive status of a person who has marked difficulties in understanding and exteriorizing one’s feelings, emotions, experiences, and impressions, as well as in separating them from bodily sensations and in perceiving the feelings and emotions of other people. Alexithymic disorders have been actively studied by doctors of various profiles, psychologists, neurophysiologists, and also – over the past decade – by linguists. This article discusses the features of alexithymia in its connection with the problems of clinical practice, the manifestations of alexithymia in various fields, and the specifics of its interdisciplinary study. The relationship of alexithymia with the risk and more severe course of various somatic diseases is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the difficulties of diagnostic procedures in the presence of a high level of alexithymia in patients. Various classifications of alexithymia are considered. A review of modern neurostudies on alexithymia seeking to further explore it and identify optimal therapeutic strategies is provided.

Междуличностни проблеми и агресия при юношите

Author(s): Magdalena Michailova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

Childhood aggression is an important focus for educatures and parents owing to its relative stability over time and consistent link to a variety of negative outcomes later in adolescence including delinquency,substance use, conduct problems,poor adjustment and academic diffiuculties. In addition verbaland physical aggression often are the first signs,as well as later desining symptoms,of several childhood phychiartie disorders. By adolescence, this developmental course results in a hightened risk of substance use, delinqnent acts, and school failure.

Модел за експериментално проучване на влиянието на блинд шаха върху когнитивните функции и социалната интеграция на зрящи и незрящи деца в средна училищна възраст

Author(s): Daniela Tasevska,Ognyan Nikitov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2012

The model presents an experimental research project to study the influence of blind chess on cognitive functions - memory, thinking and spatial imagination of sighted and blind persons in middle school age on some aspects of personality (esteem and social resonance).

Нарушение циркадианного ритма речевых процессов у детей и подростков с артериальной гипертензией

Author(s): Vladimir Matveevich Polyakov,Lyubov Vladimirovna Rychkova,N. A. Myasishchev,Zh. V. Prokhorova,I. A. Cherevikova,Sergey Ivanovich Kolesnikov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2022

This article is devoted to the study of the features of the dynamics of speech function (using associative activity as an example) in the circadian cycle of children and adolescents with hypertension (HTN). The research aims to distinguish between various approaches to teaching them. All participants were divided into the following two groups: the main group comprising 62 patients with HTN; the control group of 62 mostly healthy children. Both groups were matched for gender and age and then investigated by daily monitoring of blood pressure (BP) and multiple (threefold) neuropsychological testing following A.R. Luria’s method in accordance with the conditional biorhythmological division of the day into three periods. Speech skills were assessed using C.G. Jung’s associative experiment. In the participants with HTN, a comparative analysis of the dynamics of speech function in the circadian rhythm was carried out, and its results revealed a clear relationship between arterial pressure rhythm disturbances and speech activity. It was demonstrated that either an insufficient or significant decrease in blood pressure is commonly accompanied by a disruption of the circadian rhythm of speech activity. The observed daily fluctuations in the speech activity of the participants with HTN indicated desynchronosis and the formation of an altered biorhythm type, which is inverted with respect to the normal circadian rhythm of speech. In the participants with HTN, there was a change in the daily profiles of speech activity (associative processes), with the formation of a pathological circadian rhythm and the deterioration of speech activity.

Невронауки в обучението на студенти по специална педагогика

Author(s): Mitko Shoshev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2020

The preparation of students in special pedagogy in recent years is oriented towards taking into account the importance of the achievements of neuroscience. The latter contributes to the content of the curriculum. The specificity of special pedagogy as a medical-pedagogical science derives the implicit presence of neurosciences in the study of its object. The results of the surveys’ analysis clearly emphasize that there is an awareness of the application of neuroscience in general. However, the specifics of structuring the presented new knowledge in order to optimally absorb it based on concepts and practical achievements do not cover the real applicability and subject of study of this interdisciplinary science.

НЕЙРОЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ИДЕИ В КОНЦЕПЦИИ КАЗАНСКОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ШКОЛЫ

Author(s): Ravza Ekzamovna Kulsharipova,Kamil Rakhimovich Galiullin,Elena Anatolievna Gorobets,Yuliya Konstantinovna Lukoyanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

The study deals with the ideas of neurolinguistics proposed by the representatives of the famous Kazan Linguistic School. In modern linguistics, the problems of interrelation between language and thinking are discussed at the interdisciplinary level. However, the formation of this scientific paradigm has to be analyzed in the light of linguistic heritage. The Kazan Linguistic School takes an active position in these investigations involving a wide range of data from different fields of science and using various research techniques. The paper describes and systematizes the contribution made by the representatives of the Kazan Linguistic School to the development of modern scientific paradigms (systemic-functional, discourse, cognitive etc.).

Нейрофізіологічні механізми формування нехімічної залежності самостимуляцією позитивно-емоціогенних зон мозку у щурів

Author(s): O. G. Berchenko,D. O. Bevzyuk,N. O. Levicheva,S. P. Koladko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2016

The aim of our research was to study the limbic-neocortical mechanisms of addictive behaviour in rats formed through the arousal of intense emotions on the model of self-stimulation reaction of the brain. We carried out investigations by conducting a chronic experiment on 15 nonlinear laboratory male rats weighing 250 to 320 grams, at the ages of 5 to 6 months. As a model of receiving positive emotions we used the behaviour of animals held in a Skinner box which was formed through self stimulation of the positive emotional zones of the posterior ventrolateral hypothalamus. We registered the frequency of self-stimulation reactions of the ventrolateral hypothalamus daily for 4 days and on the 7th day after its ccessation (state of deprivation). We performed visual and spectral analysis of the electrical activity of the brain using "Neuron-spektr.net" software. We assessed the absolute spectral density of the power of rhythm signals of the following frequency bands: delta (0.5–4.0 Hz), theta (4.0–7.0 Hz), alpha (8.0–12.0 Hz) and low frequency beta (14.0–20.0 Hz). The formation of behaviour dependent on receiving intense emotions as a result of self-stimulation of the positive zones of the ventrolateral hypothalamus is caused by the initial high level of need for positive emotional reinforcement and further growth in the implementation of desire and is associated with activation of emotional memory mechanisms, changes in electrogenes is in the hippocampus and the reticular formation in the form of decrease in the spectral power of rhythms of alpha and beta bands and increased spectral power of biopotentials of the delta range in the hippocampus and theta range in the reticular formation with severe manifestations of seizure and paroxysmal activity components and increased activity of the sympatho-adrenal system. The syndrome of withdrawal from the receiving of positive emotions in some rats with implementation of a programme of a phobic character with an increase in beta rhythms in all the studied structures, and among other rats with implementation of a programme of an aggressive character, which was characterized by increased electrical seizure activity in the hippocampus, is caused by oppression of electrogenesis in the hypothalmus and replacement of slow wave activity in the reticular formation at high frequency rhythms in the alpha-theta range.

Общуване и взаимоотношения в юношеската възраст

Author(s): Magdalena Michailova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

During this period, many people go through a lot of changes and they feel a strong need for independence. This need for independence is one of the main reasons for the difficulty in communication between parents and their children as parents are not always willing or able to do so. The most important thing for the teenager is the need to break free from the control of their parents, there is no bans on which to obeys and norms of behavior to follow.

ОГРАНИЧЕНИЕ ДЕЕСПОСОБНОСТИ (ВМЕНЯЕМОСТИ) ЛИЦ, СТРАДАЮЩИХ ПСИХИЧЕСКИМИ РАССТРОЙСТВАМИ: ОТСУТСТВИЕ СИСТЕМНОСТИ НОРМ В РОССИЙСКОМ ПРАВЕ

Author(s): Olga Aleksandrovna Serova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The paper examines the effect of including a statute regarding special disability of persons suffering from mental illness in the Russian civil legislation. Legal enacting of additional criteria for assessing the ability of the citizen to realize the effect of their actions and to control them has great importance for the development of the civil society in Russia. There is a rejection of the concept of insulating treatment of persons suffering from mental disorders. The society is aware of the negative effects of stigmatization of mentally deranged persons. The significance for social adaptation of afflicted persons and their involvement in social processes is recognized. Any restriction of the legal capacity of persons with mental derangement requires a clear definition of the term “assistance of another person”. There is no unique approach to maintain or reduce the family capacity of citizens that are incapacitated. Mental derangement has a significant impact on human behavior in legal relations, legal qualification of actions. To date, the problems of capacity (sanity) are studied separately in civil, administrative, and criminal laws. This leads to gaps in legal regulations, thereby resulting in the lack of unified criteria for evaluating the status of persons with mental disorders. Identification of mental derangement or temporary loss of knowledgeable behavior cannot be a subject of study of one area of law. Implementation of the principle of perpetuation of the legal capacity of citizens with mental derangement should be associated with the research on the degree of awareness of possible social danger that may be caused by their actions. Preventive assessment of the danger represented by persons with mental disorders to surrounding persons is necessary to determine of the degree of control over their own actions.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВОСПРИЯТИЯ ОБРАЗА МИРА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ РЕФЛЕКСИВНОСТИ В ПЕРИОД РАННЕЙ ЗРЕЛОСТИ

Author(s): Marina Evgenevna Valiullina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2014

The paper deals with the structure of interrelations between various types of reflection and characteristics of the world image, including some aspects of mental state and abstract ideas of the world. It is shown that there are reliable differences in the ideas of the inner and outer worlds and in the interrelations between numerous characteristics of the image of the world and reflection parameters. The necessity for an individual approach to the issues of reflexivity development depending on emotional stability when correcting the image of the world, both outer and inner, is mentioned.

Особенности реакции вегетативной нервной, сердечно-сосудистой и эндокринной систем при выполнении когнитивной нагрузки у младших школьников с разным уровнем личностной тревожности и нейротизма

Author(s): Oksana Nikolaevna Adamovskaya,Svetlana Borisovna Dogadkina,Irina Vladimirovna Ermakova,Galina Vasilievna Kmit,Larisa Vyacheslavovna Rubleva,Alim Nasimovich Sharapov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

Introduction. The article examines the problem of adaptive response to cognitive activity in primary schoolchildren with different individual psychological characteristics. The objective of the research is to study the response of the autonomic nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems to cognitive load in primary school children with different levels of anxiety and neuroticism. Materials and Methods. The research sample consisted of 38 primary schoolchildren. The data for this study were collected using the following methods: spectral and temporal analysis of heart rate variability, electrocardiography, bipolar reoencephalography, tonometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent determination of cortisol in saliva. The levels of anxiety were identified using the CMAS scale adapted by A.M. Prikhozhan. In order to assess the level of neuroticism, the authors applied the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The cognitive load involved working with digital Schulte tables. Results. The authors found that the type and intensity of the reaction of the autonomic nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems in primary schoolchildren depend on personal characteristics (the level of anxiety and neuroticism). The study revealed that children with medium anxiety and low neuroticism levels showed the most beneficial organism response to cognitive load. The most pronounced and generalized reaction of the organism was indicated among schoolchildren with high levels of anxiety and medium levels of neuroticism. It was revealed that the hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems in primary schoolchildren with high levels of anxiety and neuroticism was determined by the initially high level of the studied indicators. Conclusions. The response of the autonomic nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems to cognitive load is stressful for primary schoolchildren with increased and high levels of anxiety and neuroticism. In this regard, the authors emphasize the need for psychological and teaching interventions aimed at measuring and treating anxiety disorders in primary school children.