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Development of the logical thinking of future mathematics teachers through the use of digital educational technologies

Author(s): Aiym Yesseikyzy,Galiya Kydyrbaeva,Ademi Batyrbayeva,Adilet Meirambek,Kamshat Zabiyeva,Gulmira Kasteyeva / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

The purpose of this research is to get the opinions of future mathematics teachers on the development of logical thinking skills through the use of digital educational technologies. This research was created by using the qualitative research method. The participant group of the research consists of 50 teacher candidates studying in the mathematics teaching department of various universities in Kazakhstan in the 2021–2022 academic year. Research data were collected with a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. As a result of the research, it was determined that the majority of pre-service mathematics teachers had moderate logical thinking skills. The majority of pre-service mathematics teachers stated that they found the use of digital technologies effective in the development of logical thinking skills. The suggestions of the majority of pre-service mathematics teachers regarding the use of digital education technologies in the development of logical thinking skills are creating and developing logical thinking skills through digital education technologies, developing logical thinking skills through digital education technologies and providing complex problem-solving skills through digital education technologies. Effective course content should be created in order to enable pre-service mathematics teachers to gain logical thinking skills through digital education technologies.

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A Rasch analysis: Comparing students’ learning activity on online learning and blended learning

Author(s): Roni Indra,Aan Komariah,Rahmat Fadhli,Diding Nurdin / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

This study purposes to compare student learning activities in fully online learning and blended learning. This study uses the mixed methods approach (explanatory sequential model). 42 junior high school teachers were comprised as the sample. Learning activity questionnaire (LAQ) and interview procedures were used as a data collection tool. The data obtained were analysed using Rasch analysis. Rasch analysis is a statistical technique for defining the measure of human performances, attitudes and insights. The results showed that almost all respondents agreed with all statements on the questionnaire. The percentage of respondents’ approval of statements using blended learning is higher than respondents who use fully online learning. Thus, it can be determined that fully online learning and blended learning can develop student learning activities. The researcher recommends that in the strategic plan for managing learning services, online learning should provide additional computing infrastructure to run the two learning methods.

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A critical incidents analysis – Children's school readiness

Author(s): Irena Klasnic,Marina Đuranović,Anica Vragović / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

Children’s school readiness implies their ability to adjust to the requirements imposed by school, to meet the teachers’ criteria, to show progress in learning and to their abilities in general. The purpose of this research is to identify the critical incidents relating to children’s school readiness. In the context of children’s entry into obligatory primary education, there are numerous issues of key importance for a harmonious transition from the kindergarten environment to primary school. The data were collected during group discussions between kindergarten teachers (n = 12) and primary education teachers (n = 12), who were divided into four focus groups. The qualitative content analysis was performed, and the critical incidents were classified into four categories. Furthermore, focus groups were used as a method of designing questionnaires to examine the expectations of parents, kindergarten teachers and primary education teachers regarding children’s readiness for primary school.

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The role of theatre in the spiritual and moral education of children and adolescents in the era of digitalisation

Author(s): Orazmetov Marat Umirkhanovich,Zhumash Arman Iskakovich,Aitzhanov Maksat Aitzhanovich,Kuletova Ulbosyn Akhmetovna,Mussabekova Gulnar Tajibayevna,Makhmutova Kulsara Isakhanovna / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

The purpose of this research is to get the opinions of teachers in order to determine the role of creative drama in the spiritual and moral education of children and adolescents in the age of digitalisation. The research was carried out in the phenomenology pattern, one of the qualitative research methods. The participant group of the research consists of 40 teachers who teach in various primary, secondary and high schools in Almaty, Kazakhstan, in the 2021–2022 academic year. The data collection tool of the research is the semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. As a result of the research, the vast majority of teachers stated that they benefited from creative drama activities and digital creative drama activities several times in the spiritual and moral education of children and adolescents. The majority of the teachers participating in the research stated that they found themselves somewhat inadequate regarding the use of digital creative drama activities in the spiritual and moral education of children and adolescents. Teachers participating in the research categorised the advantages of digital creative drama activities in the spiritual and moral education of children and adolescents as practical, learning situations and assessment-oriented advantages. In-service training programmes should be organised to improve this situation, since teachers benefit from creative drama activities and digital creative drama activities several times in the spiritual and moral education of children and adolescents and find themselves a bit inadequate.

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The problem of the development of emotional intelligence of future social educators

Author(s): Gulzi Nabi,Aizhan Abibulaeva,Meiramkul Bulakbayeva,Merey Zholzhaksynova / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2022

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the development problem of the emotional intelligence of future social educators in line with the views of future social educators. This research was designed in accordance with the qualitative research method. The study group of the research consisted of 40 pre-service teachers studying in the department of social studies teaching at a university in Almaty, Kazakhstan, in the 2021–2022 academic year. Research data were collected with a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the majority of teacher candidates have a medium level of emotional intelligence. The majority of teacher candidates show behaviours that show high emotional intelligence. They expressed it as knowing which emotions and why, understanding the emotions of the people around them, empathising with the people around them, being able to control their own emotions and expressing their own emotions only when they want. The pre-service teachers who participated in the research evaluated the barriers to the development of emotional intelligence in three categories: family barriers, personal barriers and environmental barriers. In line with the results of the research, the necessity of organising seminars that can be guided by emphasising the importance of emotional intelligence for future social educators has emerged.

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Features of the formation and development of biophysical concepts among biology students

Author(s): Orazkul Tursymаtova,Saltanat Ibadullayeva,Aitmaganbet Urgenishbekov,Mentay Dilmakhanova,Aizhakhan Aimyrzayeva,Yerzhan Kenzheyev / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2022

The purpose of this research; The aim is to get the opinions of biology teachers in determining the formation and development of biophysical concepts among biology students with concept maps. This research is in the case study model, which is one of the qualitative research designs. The participant group of the research consists of 40 biology teachers who are teaching at various high schools in Kazakhstan in the 2021-2022 academic year. The data of the study were collected with a semi-structured interview form created by the researchers. As a result of the research; the vast majority of biology teachers; They stated that they sometimes benefited from concept maps while providing the formation and development of biophysical concepts in their students. Again, the majority of biology teachers; They stated that they often found it necessary to benefit from concept maps while providing the formation and development of biophysical concepts in their students. Biology teachers participating in the research, while providing the formation and development of biophysical concepts in their students, the positive aspects of benefiting from concept maps; They categorized the subject as providing better learning, improving the thought system, establishing relationships between concepts, making the lesson more enjoyable and facilitating the learning of key concepts. While biology teachers participating in the research ensure the formation and development of biophysical concepts in their students, the negative aspects of using concept maps are; They categorized it as difficulty of preparation, not being a very effective method and not appealing to every student.

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Integration of life skills into basic student basketball training program for positive youth development

Author(s): I Kadek Suardika,Amung Ma'mun,Nurlan Kusmaedi,Dian Budiana,Sarjan Mile,Eko Purnomo / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2022

Sports is an excellent way to increase many important values in life (including developing positive youth). This study aims to improve and develop positive youth development through the life skills programme that has been prepared. This study uses a quantitative method with a pre-test–post-test control group design approach. In this study, the researcher used a sampling technique, namely purposive sampling, with a total of 30 students aged 11–12 years. Then, the group was divided into three, namely (1) groups with basketball practice and integrated with life skills; (2) groups with basketball practice but not integrated with life skills; and (3) groups without basketball practice and also without integrating life skills. The test instrument uses the Life Skills for Sport Scale. The results of the study show that group A is better than groups B and C. These results have implications for the trainers to be able to incorporate life skills into the programme designed.

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Development of cheerful creation gymnastics ‘Jalaleota’ for the improvement of early childhood motor skills

Author(s): Sri Gusti Handayani,Sayuti Syahara,Tjung Hauw Sin,Anton Komaini,Novadri Ayubi / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2022

This study aims to describe the development of Jalaleota cheerful creative gymnastics to improve motor skills at an early age with the core movements of gymnastics, including running, throwing and catching. This type of research is research and development which consists of preliminary studies, development models and testing models. The subjects in this study were kindergarten schoolchildren evaluations, product evaluations, initial trials and product trials in early childhood. The data collection techniques were observation, questionnaires and tests of motor skills for early childhood. The data collected was then analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative data analysis used the interactive model of Miles and Huberman and quantitative data analysis used paired sample t-test. The results showed that the development of the Jalaleota cheerful creative gymnastic product determined the indicators of motor skills, movement, appearance and early childhood music. The main field test obtained a value of 0.034 < 0.05, indicating that there is a significant influence on the use of creative gymnastics on motor skills at an early age. The motor skills of early childhood using Jalaleota, created by cheerful gymnastics, are better than before they were used. Currently, we have obtained cheerful gymnastics created by Jalaleota that are worthy of use according to the views of experts and users.

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Исследование факторов повышения умственной работоспособности и снижения социальной тревожности младших школьников

Author(s): Yulia Valerievna Batenova,Evgeniya Yuryevna Volchegorskaya,Svetlana Viktorovna Ezhova,Sergey Vladimirovich Tipushkov,Oksana Gennadievna Filippova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2022

Introduction. The article presents a theoretical review and an experimental study of children’s cognitive and emotional development in the current information and communication situation. Moreover, the study focuses on the possibilities of using a neuro-educational approach for improving mental efficiency and reducing social anxiety in primary schoolchildren. The purpose of the article is to identify and substantiate the effectiveness of a set of neuro-educational techniques as factors for improving mental performance and reducing social anxiety in primary schoolchildren. Materials and Methods. The study adopts a neuro-educational approach and its basic principles. The data were collected via the following methods: (1) E.F. Zambatsevichene’s test for studying verbal and logical thinking, (2) L.A. Yasyukova’s inventory for evaluating the development of short-term verbal and visual memory, (3) the Toulouse-Pieron test for the assessment of selective/sustained attention, (4) Phillips' School Anxiety Test. 63 primary school students took part in the study. To detect the randomness of the results and track the dynamics, the experimental data were subjected to mathematical processing (Wilcoxon's T-test, which ensures the validity and reliability of the research findings). Results. The authors propose and theoretically substantiate the neuro-educational approach as a strategy for cognitive and emotional development. Relying on psycho-educational experimentation based on the psychophysiological developmental characteristics of primary schoolchildren, the authors implemented neuro-educational techniques for increasing mental performance and reducing social anxiety in primary schoolchildren. The research findings show that the use of respiratory gymnastics, psychogymnastics, games for the development of hemispheric interaction, for the development of phonemic perception, for the development of afferent and efferent praxis, neuroarticulatory gymnastics, bioenergy calisthenics, and kinesiological exercises, have a significant impact on the indicators of students’ cognitive and emotional development. The study confirms the assumption that achieving a high level of development of cognitive functions and social emotions is possible if the set of neuro-educational techniques and technologies is utilized in primary education. Conclusions. The article concludes about the effectiveness of the set of neuro-educational techniques as a factor for increasing mental performance and reducing social anxiety in primary schoolchildren. The authors emphasize that the application of the set of psycho-educational techniques increases children’s emotional well-being, which improves quality of children’s cognitive and emotional development and helps to avoid the risks of school maladaptation.

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The role of the attachment styles for conflict resolution in intimate relationships

Author(s): Vladimir Marinov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The aim of this article is to outline the association between adult attachment styles and conflict resolution in intimate relationships. It outlines the recent literature on the adult attachments styles and the role played by the attachment styles in conflict resolution among the partners. The conflict resolution styles are also shown as a key factor for the perceived satisfaction in the intimate dyad. The article also presents some clinical implications and possible contributions for the work of practitioners in the field of intimate relations counselling.

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Посттравматично личностно израстване

Author(s): Boyko Panchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

At a personal as well as on collective level, stress is present in all aspects of human life. When its intensity exceeds certain levels, it could lead to distress and even to a long-lasting condition known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Until the mid-1990s scientists focused their attention mostly on the negative aspects of these two notions. However, more in-depth research on the subject brought the understanding that distress and PTSD could usher a lasting personal growth. Thus, the notion of posttraumatic growth (PTG) was born – a multi-layered, dynamic phenomenon that, to be fully understood, requires a look at the personal traits of the individual and their interaction with the physical, social and cultural environment.

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Личностен въпросник за DSM-5: съкратена версия (PID-5-SF). Факторна структура, надеждност и валидност в българска юношеска извадка

Author(s): Plamen Kalchev,Svetlina Koleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

Current study presents Bulgarian adaptation for adolescence of Short 100 items Version of Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5-SF, Maples et al., 2015), based on the alternative model on personality disorders in DSM-5. This dimensional model differentiates pathological personality traits (25 facets), organized in five broad domains: Negative Affect, Detachment, Antagonism, Psychotism, and Disinhibition. Data are collected on 1333 adolescents (1103 listwise). A scale of inconsistent responding was constructed, and sample size was reduced (N=1050), 421 boys, 608 girls, and 21 provided no gender information, age ranged from 14 to 18, X=15,98; SD=1,19. Reliability of PID-5-SF is satisfactory, varying between ɑ=0,811 and 0,907 for domains, and for facets from ɑ=0,544 to 0,896 (median 0,769). Factor structure was analyzed and validated in separate samples with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Expected five-factor structure was confirmed, with evidence suggesting change in distribution in four facets: Restricted affectivity, Suspiciousness, Risk taking, and Rigid perfectionism. Results state for a different structure of the Bulgarian version of PID-5-SF on all domains, except Psychotism. Validity was tested with correlation and regression analyses with Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP, Plouffe et al., 2017; Kalchev & Koleva, 2017). On domain level, Antagonism was identified as the main predictor of everyday sadism. On facet level, leading effects were showed by Callousness and Deceitfulness, weaker predictive power by Grandiosity (from Antagonism) and Perceptual dysregulation (from Psychotism).

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Личностен въпросник за DSM-5: кратка форма (PID-5-ВF). Факторна структура, надеждност и валидност в българска юношеска извадка

Author(s): Svetlina Koleva,Plamen Kalchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form (PID-5-BF, Krueger et al., 2013) is constructed upon full 220-item version of PID-5 for assessment of pathological personality traits, according to dimensional model of personality disorders in DSM-5. The inventory is intended to be used in screening procedures and consist of 25 items for five domains: Negative Affect, Detachment, Antagonism, Psychotism, and Disinhibition. Bulgarian adaptation for adolescence encompasses a sample of 994 adolescents (910 listwise), 379 boys, 516 girls, and 15 provided no gender information, age ranged from 13 to 18. Reliability of PID-5-BF is acceptable, regarding small number of items in each domain: between ɑ=0,634 (Detachment) and ɑ=0,760 (Disinhibition). Structure of PID-5-BF is assessed with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results reproduce the five original factors, but state for an exchange of one item of Detachment with a reserve option. Validity is tested with Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP, Plouffe et al., 2017; Kalchev & Koleva, 2017). Results from regression analyses state two significant predictors of sadistic tendencies: a leading effect of Antagonism, and weaker of Disinhibition. Derived models show better explanatory power in ASP–Subjugation (46,3% variance explained), than ASP–Pleasure-seeking (39,4%). Gender differences are identified: girls show higher rates on Negative Affect, boys score higher on Antagonism and Disinhibition. Results obtained confirm psychometric properties of PID-5-BF and show opportunities for appliance in future research and practice purposes.

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Факторна структура на Въпросник за проблемни личностни черти в детска възраст

Author(s): Plamen Kalchev,Svetlina Koleva,Ludmilla Andreeva,Camellia Hancheva,Vesela Krasteva,Svetla Staykova,Aleksandra Antonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The results about the factor structure of Child Problematic Traits Inventory (CPTI, Collins et al., 2014) Bulgarian adaptation with preschool children are presented. Teachers filled in rating scales and these data (N=1220) were divided into two independent samples for separate confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. The results of these factor analyses indicated it would be beneficial to replace some of original items of the Interpersonal dimension (Grandiose-Deceitful) with newly constructed items. The new version of the Interpersonal dimension in the Bulgarian translation of the inventory (a) has better discriminative characteristics in relation to the other two dimensions of CPTI (Affective and Behavioral); (b) better discriminates the two components of the Interpersonal dimension (Grandiose and Manipulative); (c) assesses in a balanced way the three evaluated dimensions based on equal number of items. Two types of hierarchical models are assessed: a second-order factor model and a bifactor model. Data attest to high levels of reliability (internal consistency) of all three dimensions as well as to specific age changes and gender differences. Based on the results obtained, CPTI can be regarded as a useful inventory for assessing psychopathic traits in preschool children and could be applied in research and in practice. Future research should aim at validating the results with external variables, as well as at assessing behavioral problems, ability to empathize and behave pro-socially; evaluating the problematic traits of school children together with indicators of successful social and school functioning.

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Тъмната триада-кратка версия: нови данни за валидност и инвариантност на факторната структура по пол в юношеска възраст

Author(s): Svetlina Koleva,Plamen Kalchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The current paper presents new data regarding validity and invariance of factor structure by sex of Bulgarian version for adolescence of Short Dark Triad (SD3, Jones & Paulhus, 2014; Koleva, 2017), constructed to assess three socially aversive personal traits – Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Four problems are to be empirically tested: (1) Effects of SD3 on Empathic concern (Interpersonal Reactivity Index, IRI, Davis, 1983; Kalchev, 2010) and externalized problems (Externalized Problems Inventory, Kalchev, 2010, measuring low behavioral self-control and norm-violating behavior); (2) Assessment of factor structure of Dark Triad in a new, independent sample (N=680); (3) Testing the factor invariance of SD3 by gender on a cumulative sample (N=1562); (4) Testing of a hierarchical model of Dark Triad (second order and bifactor model), i.e. a definition of a “Dark personality“, which can explain the covariance of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Gender and class differences in SD3 are also discussed. Results obtained confirm good psychometric characteristics of SD3 as a potentially useful and applicable instrument.

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Interesele ocupaționale la adolescenții din diferite medii de dezvoltare

Author(s): Alexandra Mădălina Crisbășan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

This article highlights the main results of a comparative study regarding the occupational interests of institutionalized adolescents which are analyzed through the prism of J. Holland’s approach, defining them as forms of representation of professional personality characteristics. We proceeded from the fact that the developmental environment of institutionalized/non-institutionalized adolescents significantly differentiates occupational interests. The research sample consisted of 192 adolescents, aged between 16 and 18 years with an average age of 16.94 years, of which 116 male and 76 female participants, the groups of adolescents (institutionalized and non-institutionalized) being homogeneous in terms of age and gender. The results obtained indicate that there are statistically significant differences between the interests of adolescents depending on the environment to which they belong (institutionalized, non-institutionalized).

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KONSTRUKCIJA I PROVJERA METRIJSKIH KARAKTERISTIKA UPITNIKA O KORIŠTENJU GOVORNIH IGARA ZA STIMULIRANJE GOVORNOJEZIČKOG RAZVOJA DJECE PREDŠKOLSKE DOBI

Author(s): Delila Ramić,Amina Odobašić,Amina Pehlić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 20/2022

The paper is based on the idea that speech and language development of preschool children represents a precondition for the overall child development as well as a significant determinant of successful schooling. The aim of the paper was to develop a questionnaire on the use of speech games to stimulate children’s speech and language development and to validate its metric properties. The questionnaire consisted of 39 statements divided into four subscales: Educators’ Competency to Use Speech Games in Kindergartens, Possibility for Using Speech Games in Kindergartens, Educators’ Professional Development and Kindergarten Equipment for the Use of Speech Games, and Speech Games Functioning as a Stimulator of Children’s Speech and Language Development. The sample comprised 100 educators employed in private and state preschool institutions in the area of Zenica-Doboj Canton and Sarajevo Canton. The results of the research showed that the reliability of the measuring instrument has satisfactory parameters, since all corrected item-total correlations had values higher than 0.3. An exploratory analysis found that KMO indicates a high possibility of factorization of 0.85, and this was confirmed by Bartlett's test of sphericity, which showed that the correlation matrix is statistically significant. An exploratory factor analysis with included Promax rotation with Kappa 4 and given four factors gave interpretable results, with a total of 66.41% of variance explained by these four factors. All this was confirmed by a confirmatory analysis where the modification indicators had values above 0.9, which indicates a well-matched model. It was concluded that the Questionnaire on the Use of Speech Games to Stimulate Children's Speech and Language Development meets scientific research standards for research use.

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Assessing Algorithmic Thinking Skills in Relation to Gender in Early Childhood

Author(s): Kalliopi Kanaki,Michail Kalogiannakis / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Background/purpose – In terms of computational thinking core facets, algorithmic thinking is a key competency applicable not only in Computer Science but also in aspects of daily life. Considering the global phenomenon of gender stereotypes with regards to the academic and professional orientation in STEM fields, we focused on investigating the level of students’ algorithmic thinking skills by gender in early childhood. This article provides evidence of research implemented under the umbrella of quantitative methodology, employing an innovative assessment tool constructed to meet the requirements of the study. The findings obtained could facilitate researchers and policymakers to support equity in learning opportunities, starting from the first stage of compulsory education. Materials/methods – The study aligns to the principles of quantitative research methodology. Its backbone is a digital platform of multidisciplinary, play-based, and constructivist character, which we implemented from scratch in order to satisfy the requirements of our research. Results – The findings of the study revealed that algorithmic thinking skills are not related to students’ gender in early childhood. Conclusion – The findings of the study bring out that, at very young ages, the effect of gender stereotypes is not observable as far as students’ algorithmic thinking skills are concerned. The implications of the study highlight the need to focus on the schooling stages that follow early childhood in order to tackle the gender gap in STEM fields.

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Šilonová, V., Klein, V. - Evalvácia diagnostiky a efektivity stimulácie detí materských škôl národného projektu Prim II.

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2022

Review of: ŠILONOVÁ, V., KLEIN, V. - Evalvácia diagnostiky a efektivity stimulácie detí materských škôl Národného projektu PRIM II, 2022. Bratislava: Ministerstvo vnútra SR v Bratislave, 2022. 125 s. ISBN 978-80-89051-84-7

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Anne Davranış Ölçeği ve Anne-Ergen İlişki Niteliği Ölçeği: Ergen ve Anne Formlarının Psikometrik Özelliklerinin Sınanması

Author(s): Ayşen Güre,Aysun Ergül Topçu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 25/2022

This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Parenting Behavior Questionnaire which was developed to measure parenting behavior directed from parents to child and the Quality of Parent-Adolescent Relationship Questionnaire which was developed to measure the quality of bidirectional relationship between parents and children (Wissink et al., 2006). The original scales based on adolescent reporting were rearranged in line with the suggestions of the researchers who developed the original scale, in a way that permitted adolescents’ evaluation of their parents separately and mothers’ self-evaluation. Thus, we examined the validity and reliability of four different forms including the Mother Behavior Questionnaire-Adolescent Form (MBQ-A), the Quality of Mother-Adolescent Relationship Questionnaire-Adolescent Form (QMARQ-A), the Mother Behavior Questionnaire-Mother Form (MBQ-M), the Quality of Mother-Adolescent Relationship Questionnaire-Mother Form (QMARQ-M). The study was conducted in independent samples with 1033 students aged 11-17 (Mean age = 14.01, SD = 1.75) and 465 mothers (Mean age = 44.14, SD = 5.72) with children aged 11-17. The results of the exploratory factor analysis performed to examine the construct validity of the scales showed that the factor structures of all scales were consistent with the original scales. In addition, the Youth Self Report (YSR 11-18) was used to determine the criterion validity of the scales and it was seen that the relationships examined were significant and expected. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the sub-dimensions of the scales ranged from .81 to .91. Findings show that the validity and reliability of the adolescents and mothers' forms of MBQ and QMARQ are at a sufficient and acceptable level.

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