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Jaka wizja edukacji wyłania się z transhumanistycznego chaosu?

Author(s): Paulina Głowacka,Klaudia Kowalska,Hanna Walkowiak,Małgorzata Janczarczyk,Michał Klichowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2015

Transhumanism is a philosophy whose essence is to use technology to overcome biologicallimitations of the man and improve the human condition. This overcoming and improvement areunderstood as freeing the man from illnesses, ageing processes, and achieving the state of full happiness,permanent, top excitement, as well as replacing many organs (and the entire body at somepoint) with artificial elements (better than the original ones). Transhumanism calls for maximumdevelopment and popularization of technology so that the above-mentioned full overcoming andhuman improvement could occur as soon as possible. This paper presents basic transhumanismideas, stress the vision of education created within this philosophy and shows transhumanist projects(Clouds over Sidra, Eyeborg, VEST and BrainGate) that can transform education.

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Functioning of Lexical Connections in Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases. Case Study of a Patient with Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA)

Author(s): Izabela Gatkowska,Olga Jauer-Niworowska / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2023

Aim of the research: interdisciplinary description of functioning of lexical connections in a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA-type1). There is little research on lexical networks in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Procedure: the subject was asked to give associations to 63 stimuli-lexemes. Tools used in the study: the Experimental lexical network of the Polish language, a digital recorder, an Olympus 650 DM. The Experimental lexical network was developed by Izabela Gatkowska (2017). It was created as a result of the study concerning the associations of 900 healthy Polish-speaking adults. Utterances of the subject were recorded, transcribed and compared with standard data. Results: the reactions of the subject were different from the associations presented in the Experimental lexical network. The most common verbal reactions were: creating definitions of stimuliword meanings or making comment on them. Associations created by the subject were based on paradigmatic or syntagmatic relations. The authors explain how the specific verbal behaviour of the subject is related to the cognitive and language dysfunctions caused by the cerebellar damages. The results showed that language processing should not be regarded as separate from other cognitive functions. Verbal reactions of the subject are slightly similar to aphasic symptoms, but mostly they are related to cerebellar damage and executive disorders. The results obtained proved the validity of the connection between linguistic and psychological methods and tools in studies which concern the language behaviour of patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

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Confidence and risky decision-making in gambling disorder

Author(s): Monja Hoven,Alejandro Hirmas,Jan Engelmann,Ruth J. van Holst / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

People with Gambling Disorder (GD) often make risky decisions and experience cognitive distortions about gambling. Moreover, people with GD have been shown to be overly confident in their decisions, especially when money can be won. Here we investigated if and how the act of making a risky choice with varying monetary stakes impacts confidence differently in patients with GD (n 5 27) relative to healthy controls (HCs) (n 5 30). Methods: We used data from our previous mixed-gamble study, in which participants were given the choice of a certain option or a 50/50 gamble with potential gains or losses, after which they rated their confidence. Results: While HCs were more confident when making certain than risky choices, GD patients were specifically more confident when making risky choices than certain choices. Notably, relative to HCs, confidence of patients with GD decreased more strongly with higher gain values when making a certain choice, suggesting a stronger fear of missing out or “anticipated regret” of missing out on potential gains when rejecting the risky choice. Discussion: The current findings highlight the potential relevance of confidence and “regret” as cognitive mechanisms feeding into excessive risk-taking as seen in GD. Moreover, this study adds to the limited previous work investigating how confidence is affected in value-based risky contexts.

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Tracy B. Henley, Matt J. Rossano, Edward P. Kardas (ed.), Handbook of Cognitive Archaeology. Psychology in Prehistory

Author(s): Noria Petrache / Language(s): Romanian Issue: IX/2023

Review of: Tracy B. Henley, Matt J. Rossano, Edward P. Kardas (ed.), Handbook of Cognitive Archaeology. Psychology in Prehistory, New York, Routledge, 2020, pp. 545, ISBN: 978-1-1385-9450-0

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PROBLEM EKSPLANATORNOG JAZA I PAPINOOVA STRATEGIJA POZIVANJA NA POJMOVE O FENOMENALNIM ASPEKTIMA MENTALNIH STANJA

Author(s): Sanela Ristić Ranković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2020

The main purpose of this article is to analyze David Papineau’s influential perceptual model of phenomenal concepts in order to respond to the explanatory gap problem. Those are special kind of concepts which we use to refere to phenomenal properties of our own experience. Such concepts are formed when the subjects initially perceive relevant entities, they get stored into memory, and become re-activated at each coming encounter. Their distinctive feature is the non-existence of a priori connection with other concepts we possess. When we think in non-phenomenal concepts we do not have the same feeling as when we think in phenomenal concepts. This is the cause of our assumption that feelings are somehow different than physical properties. This situation of two different modes of presentation of the same entity which develop the illusion of two different entities Papineau calls the the antipathetic fallacy: It is the source of the dualist intuitions which encourage the impression of an explanatory gap and lead us to persistently reject the identity of mental and physical. Once we grasp the structure of phenomenal concepts we will understand the origin of those intuitions as well as the fact that they do not give us enough reasons for doubt in physicalism.

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LIČNI IDENTITET I TEORIJA PSIHOLOŠKOG KONTINUITETA

Author(s): Mirjana Sokić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2020

According to the psychological continuity theory – which is one of the most popular philosophical approaches to the problem of personal identity –some sort of psychological relation represents the necessary (although, perhaps not the sufficient) criterion of a person’s persistence through time. The main aim of this paper is to provide a detailed critical analysis of two well-known arguments against the psychological continuity theory, both of which heavily rely on the animalist view on personal identity; that is to say, on the view according to which the essential property of persons is that they are biological organisms. The first argument purports to refute the psychological continuity theory by appealing to the fact that all persons are numerically identical to fetuses and that it is utterly implausible to attribute psychological properties or capacities to fetuses. The second argument attempts to show that every person is numerically identical to the biological organism that remains after its death and which does not have any psychological properties and capabilities. Hopefully, the final result of the analysis in this paper will show that the two arguments do not represent a satisfactory alternative to the psychological continuity theory.

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GROWING INTO DEDUCTION

Author(s): Jovana Kostić,Katarina Maksimović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Psychologists have experimentally studied deductive reasoning since the beginning of the 20th century. However, as we will argue, there has not been much improvement in the field until relatively recently, due to how the experiments were designed. We deem the design of the majority of conducted experiments inadequate for two reasons. The first one is that psychologists have, for the most part, ignored the development of mathematical logic and based their research on syllogistic inferences. The second reason is the influence of the view, which is dogmatically still prevalent in semantics and logic in general, that the categorical notions, such as the notion of truth, are more important than the hypothetical notions, such as the notion of deduction. The influence of this dogma has been twofold. In studies concerning logical connectives in adults and children, much more emphasis has been put on the semantical aspects of the connectives – the truth functions, than on the deductive inferences. And secondly, even in the studies that investigated deductive inferences by using formal systems, the dogma still influenced the choice of the formal system. Researchers, in general, preferred the axiomatic formal systems over the systems of natural deduction, even though the systems of the second kind are much more suitable for studying deduction.

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O RAZLOZIMA ZA RAZLIKOVANJE ABDKUKCIJE OD ZAKLJUČIVANJA DO NAJBOLJEG OBJAŠNJENJA

Author(s): Vladimir Cakić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2016

Relationship between abduction and Inference to the Best Explanation is not sufficiently elaborated in contemporary literature. These terms are often unjustifiably considered to be synonymous. The aim of this paper is to articulate the meanings of these notions and make a clear distinction between them. It will be shown that, despite certain similarities, there are significant differences between abduction and Inference to the Best Explanation. Charles Sanders Peirce defines abduction as a kind of insight by which we discover new hypotheses, which are only potential explanations and truth of which is just assumed. Peirce sees the clear difference between abduction and induction. On the other hand, according to Peter Lipton, Inference to the Best Explanation is the kind of induction that compares potential explanations, filters the best one among them, and justifies our belief in its truth. We choose between available potential explanations and the best one of them is actual, i.e. true explanation. I argue that there are three significant differences between abduction and Inference to the Best Explanation: (1) their basic purposes, (2) strength of their conclusions, and (3) manner in which they function as processes.

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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ENCAPSULATION OF VISUAL PERCEPTION FOR PHILOSOPHY OF MIND AND AESTHETIC ANALYSIS

Author(s): Vladimir J. Konečni / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This Opinion Article highlights three sets of important implications of the very recent work by C. Firestone and B. Scholl on the encapsulation of visual perception: (a) methodological implications, especially with regard to experimental areas of cognitive science, such as cognitive social psychology; (h) implications of interest to philosophers of mind, some of whose more extravagant recent claims have been based on the assumption of "top-down" cognitive effects on perception; and (c) implications that challenge some recent work in philosophical and psychological aesthetics regarding art expertise, as well as defend the logic of A. Danto's theorizing from attacks that are based on the assumption of "top-down- cognitive effects.

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EMOTIONAL MATURITY IN PRE-TEENS

Author(s): Elena LOSÎI / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 36/2024

In this article are presented the results of experimental research which included 100 preadolescents from 11 to 16 ages with aim to identify the particularities of emotional maturity development. Knowing the facts that preadolescents are learning to recognize, control and express their emotions, establishing the authentic relationship with themselves and others we proposed to study the dynamic of emotional maturity during the whole preadolescent age and its manifestation according to gender variable. The obtained results show that 17% of preadolescents have a good level of emotional maturity and only for 4% of preadolescents are characteristic a perfect level of emotional maturity, and also, we established that exists statistic significative differences in emotional maturity according to age and gender.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-DIRECTED EMOTIONS AND DEPRESSION: THE INFLUENCE OF RUMINATION ON THIS RELATIONSHIP

Author(s): Dana A. Iclozan / Language(s): English Issue: 36/2024

This study investigates the relationships among self-directed emotions (shame and guilt), depression, and the moderating role of rumination within a clinical sample. Prior research has identified rumination as a critical factor in depression, yet its interaction with specific emotions like shame and guilt remains underexplored. This research aims to elucidate how rumination influences the relationship between these self-directed emotions and depressive symptoms. Participants included N=53 psychiatric inpatients, for whom assessments were conducted to measure levels of shame, guilt, rumination, and depressive symptoms. Findings indicate that shame, but not guilt, is significantly correlated with depressive symptoms, with rumination not moderating these relationships. These results highlight the importance of targeting shame in depression treatments and call for further examination of rumination's role in this dynamic. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the emotional underpinnings of depression and the complex function of rumination, suggesting directions for future research and clinical practice.

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Cognitive Warfare as a New Dimension of Security. A fictional concept or a real silent threat?

Author(s): Kristýna Drmotová,Libor Kutěj / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Cognitive warfare is a new phenomenon that differs from any forms of action previously used in the information space aiming to affect the thinking of target groups. The main difference consists in the targeted and sophisticated use of scientific knowledge from neuroscience, with special attention on consciousness and perception of reality. This deeper understanding of how the human mind works has impacted distributed narratives and the choice of the most suitable technological platforms for their distribution to the target audience. This article presents a conceptual classification of cognitive warfare and defines its three core segments: neuroscience, technology and aspects of social science.

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Mecanisme cognitive implicate în acceptarea teoriilor conspiraţioniste

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Mecanisme cognitive implicate în acceptarea teoriilor conspiraţioniste

Author(s): Gerard Stan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2022

Omnipresent in the contemporary media landscape, conspiracy theories are defensive epistemic reactions of an in group, determined by the threat of so called malevolent actions by an out group. The acceptance of conspiracy beliefs involves cognitive mechanisms, ego protection mechanisms, social mechanisms and, certain mechanisms of public communication. The main purpose of this article is to explain the cognitive mechanisms, conscious and unconscious, involved in the acceptance of conspiracy theories. Even if it is impossible to isolate a dedicated cognitive mechanism, I argue that the fixation of conspiratorial beliefs results from the alignment of cognitive dysfunctions, favored by socio historical contexts that generate uncertainty. I examine how some cognitive biases, but also several parameters of conscious and intentional cognition – the need for uncertainty reduction, the intentional and conscious search for patterns, the need for cognitive closure, the need for cognitive complexity, and the need for unfalsifiable explanations – determines the motivated reasoning that is constitutive of a conspiracy theory. Finally, I argue against under standing conspiracy theories as epistemic indicators of a so called intellectual and social collapse of humanity. A small number of subjects who accept conspiracy theories end up being subjugated by the conspiracy ideation and acting on it.

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Selected intervention methods for the memory and attention development in students with specific learning disabilities: a case-control study

Author(s): Michal Vostrý,Barbora Lanková,Ilona Pešatová,Petra Hrbáčková,Jaroslava Jelínková / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2023

The presented results focus on selected intervention methods aimed at memory and attention development in students with specific learning disabilities. The research sample consisted of 30 pupils aged 9.1–10.0 years. This age range corresponds to the 3rd and 4th years of elementary school. The respondents were selected based on stratified sampling. The group was intentionally divided into experimental and control groups of 15 students each. The common denominator was the general diagnosis of moderately severe learning disability (according to ICD-10; specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills) for all pupils. We applied diagnostic tools focused on memory and attention to evaluate the effect of the intervention. These were mainly the Learning Memory Test, the Path Test and the Attention Concentration Test. The intervention in the form of individual therapy lasted from September 2021 to January 2022 and it took place 2 times per week for the duration of 30 minutes. The presented results point to a positive impact of the intervention in the experimental group.

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Analysis of the brain’s responses to the approach-avoidance behavior in architectural experience

Author(s): Navid Khaleghimoghaddam / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Creating an optimal environment that addresses the users’ psychological and behavioral needs requires a deep understanding of mental processes. Advances in neuroscience and applying its technical methods, such as neuroimaging, have provided the possibility to make an objective exploration of how architecture affects users’ brain reactions. This study aims to objectify the effects of spatial characteristics of architectural settings on the brain’s responses and the users’ approach-avoidance behavior. Therefore, to determine the regional activation of the nervous system responsible for emotions and approach-avoidance behavior, participants’ brains were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while looking at photographs of architectural spaces. Results showed that the pleasant and unpleasant spaces activate the brain structures involved in positive and negative emotions. Additionally, pleasant and unpleasant spaces were more likely to elicit inter and exit decisions and activate the brain’s regions engaged in approach and avoidance decisions.

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Каркас русской грамматики

Author(s): N.M. Vvedenskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2023

This article provides an overview of the early stages in the development of children’s speech system. Its main features (specific ways of gender identification, simplified inflectional rules, and free derivation) constitute the backbone of Russian grammar, which in turn defines the functioning of the entire mechanism of the Russian language. These are the underlying linguistic patterns and the most general rules. Children learn them at the earliest stage of language acquisition and then modify them using more intricate and complex patterns as they continue to develop their language system. Based on the results obtained, the structure of the Russian grammar framework, an artificial model that summarizes the tendencies inherent in children’s speech at different stages of language acquisition and brings them to a logical conclusion, is outlined. When young children follow the rules of this framework, they sometimes create unique speech products that deviate substantially from the norm. However, they rely on the fixed, albeit simplified, rules and thus master the tricky issues of the grammatical system of the Russian language. Therefore, the framework of Russian grammar, or the core of the Russian language system, should be taken into account in diagnosing the level of speech development, learning Russian as a foreign language, and working with bilingual children.

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Когнитивные предвестники развития детской грамматики по данным макартуровских опросников и case study

Author(s): M.B. Eliseeva,E.A. Vershinina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2023

This article considers the phenomena preceding the development of grammar acquisition in young children. The study is based on the analysis of questionnaires completed by parents (MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories). Estimates from 1037 questionnaires on children aged 18–36 months (550 girls, 487 boys) were entered into the database. Additional data were also obtained from a case study. The results of our analysis support the view on the priority of the cognitive component over the linguistic one in young children. At first, they develop the intention to convey certain ideas (about the missing owner of an object, as well as about the future and past) and then learn to express these ideas with specific linguistic means. The hierarchy of mastering utterances by children is determined by cognitive rather than linguistic factors. Most children find it easiest to name the adult who is not there at the moment when they see that adult’s things, and the ability to produce utterances about the objects they do not see or about the near future develops later. The utterances about the past are the most difficult because they are less important to children at an early age. Therefore, the non-morphological ways of expressing the meanings are gradually replaced by the morphological ones as children grow older.

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Особенности языковой рефлексии детей с различными стратегиями освоения языка (по результатам экспериментального исследования)

Author(s): T.A. Trifonova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2023

This article outlines the results of a study of the features of linguistic reflection peculiar to children with different strategies of language acquisition, which is important because this problem has remained out of the attention of researchers. All data for the subsequent analysis were obtained by the methods of ontolinguistic experiment and mathematical statistics, and the criterion of verbal explicitness was used for distinguishing the features of the reflection on language among children and for defining the key terms. It was revealed that boys and girls do not differ significantly in their reflection on language, so any clear gender-related trends are not supported by our study and can be only assumed. Furthermore, it was established that referential children and children from families with high sociocultural status are more capable of reflecting on language. On the contrary, children from families with low sociocultural status and expressive children have the lowest number of reflections on language or poor prerequisites for this ability, which they acquire later as compared with referential children and children from families with high sociocultural status; such children primarily need help to develop their reflection on language and prerequisites for it. These findings can be useful to children’s speech development specialists and for psycholinguistic and ontolinguistic research, and the experimental series can be of great help as a tool for developing the reflection on language.

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Lived Experience in the “Naturalistic” Paradigm: Implementing Empirical Phenomenology with Expert Participants for Neurocinematics

Author(s): Jelena Rosic / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2023

When studying subjective reports in neuroscience, data that are more easily quantifiable understandably hold more appeal due to the methodological complexities involved with in-depth approaches (second-person interview techniques and analyses) that require extended training of a researcher but also epistemological regard for the problem. A methodological direction for neurocinematics that could better capture the complexities inherent in the experience of film-viewing is to treat distinct domains of the neurocinematic phenomenon, the film stimuli, related subjective accounts, and their neural correlates as co-constitutive in the data analysis. The present proposal outlines an empirical phenomenology approach in the naturalistic paradigm with film stimuli building on the neurophenomenological ideas of pragmatically approaching the relationship between neurocognitive processes and phenomenological accounts. Using the micro-phenomenological method as a guide, i.e. non-naïve introspection (“becoming aware”) with a trained interviewer, the objective is to emphasize the process of accessing lived experiences for systematic second-person investigations. Such in-depth subjective reports have the potential to yield finegrained descriptions of the participants’ experience related to (free) viewing of films as opposed to relying on naïve introspections (“just ask”) or easily quantifiable assessments that lack complexity (“just look”) and are prone to bias due to the simplification of experience. Building up a case for empirical phenomenology through the methodological demands of its framework, the illustration of the micro-phenomenological method serves to underscore the non-trivial nature of accessing and reporting experience and its role in the neurocognitive domain.

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Point-of-view Shots in Light of Cognitive Grammar

Author(s): Mircea Valeriu Deaca / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2023

This paper explores cinematic editing within Ronald Langacker’s cognitive grammar (CG) framework, analyzing the structural and conceptual aspects of film language. By examining the juxtaposition of shots, from a linguistic perspective, the study identifies recurring schematic patterns across expressive instances. Emphasizing grammatical constructions, it delves into the connections between shots, especially in sequences involving a character’s point of view (POV). The present investigation argues for the existence of a shared conceptual mechanism used in order to make sense of verbal and visual discourse. The study employs sequences from Buster Keaton and Michael Haneke, with a primary focus on hypothetical shot juxtapositions crafted to provide visual examples. To concretize the application of Langacker’s CG to cinema image analysis, a case study on the Kuleshov effect as experimented with by Hitchcock will be presented. The principal objective of this study is to construct a theoretical framework employing the analytical tools of CG to augment and refine Noël Carroll’s concept of erotetic narration. A subsequent claim is that the juxtapositions of shots are conceptual systems bound at several levels by circular loops. Several configurations of the system coexist and the viewer has the necessary executive control for implementing alternative meaning construals.

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