CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

ЖЕНЩИНЫ И НАУКА: ПОВСЕДНЕВНАЯ НАУЧНАЯ ЖИЗНЬ НОВОСИБИРСКОГО АКАДЕМГОРОДКА 1960-х гг. В ЭГО-ДОКУМЕНТАХ ЖЕНЩИН-УЧЕНЫХ

Author(s): Galina M. Zaporozhchenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2023

In the context of the socio-political processes of the Khrushchev decade, based on the methods of gender history, the history of everyday life, the anthropology of academic life, the paradigm of memory, the author examines the influence of the mode of every-day life of Novosibirsk Akademgorodok in the 1960s on the realization of their intellectual potential by women scientists. Based on ego-documents (memoirs, letters, autobiographies, including those introduced into scientific circulation for the first time) of women scientists of the “first draft” of the Novosibirsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences / RAS — P. Ya. Kochina, R. L. Berg, T. I. Zaslavskaya, N. A. Pritvits, A. A. Titlyanova, L. P. Yakimova, M. I. Cheremisina, — the author studies the gender normatively of the traditions of scientific work in Akademgorodok. The motives of moving to Siberia to do research, the views of women on science, the characteristic features of the scientific ethos of Akademgorodok are considered. Memoirs and epistolary testimonies of Siberian academicians represent their passion for science, extreme overload of scientific and organizational work, effective non-conformism in scientific research and social practice. It is obvious that their assertion in the “male” world of science took place along the line of assimilation of masculine role-playing behavior, and in some personal stories they were subjected to ideological pressure. In general, the first Siberian academicians built a scientific career in a favorable environment of household improvement and productive interdisciplinary communication in Akademgorodok in the 1960s, which manifested the well-known smoothing of gender asymmetry in the field of science and was a visible anthropological consequence of the modernization project of the creation of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences.

More...

“И ярче уж горит светильник просвещенья…”. Рец. на кн.: Балдин К. Е. Образовательное пространство российской провинции: учебные заведения г. Иваново-Вознесенска (конец XIX - начало XX в.).

Author(s): Galina A. Budnik / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2023

The review analyzes the monograph by K. E. Baldin “Educational space of the Russian province: educational institutions of Ivanovo-Voznesensk (late XIX - early XX century)”. The monograph is devoted to the analysis of the emergence and activities of general education and vocational educational institutions that existed in Ivanovo-Voznesensk in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The chapters have a general structure of the presentation of the material. On a large factual material, the author examines the process of opening educational institutions - the activities of government bodies, public organizations, entrepreneurs in the construction of educational buildings, financing of educational institutions, organization of educational and educational work. The contingent of students, the composition and features of the recruitment and activities of the teaching staff are analyzed. The monograph contains many interesting, previously little-known facts about the formation and work of educational institutions in Ivanovo-Voznesensk. The book has a pronounced intellectual guideline. It tells about the professional and social activities of a number of entrepreneurs, officials, teachers, whom the author rightly refers to as the intelligentsia of the region. The text of the book is logically supplemented with photographic documents that allow you to visualize the appearance of the old Ivanovo-Voznesensk and its inhabitants, whose activities were associated with the educational institutions of the region. The importance and usefulness of the peer-reviewed monograph is beyond doubt. It can be used as a local history component of Russian history and pedagogy courses. The monograph encourages a thoughtful reader to think about ways to reform the modern education system in our country, draws the readers’ attention to many educational traditions that are important for our days.

More...

В. Ягич и украинский вопрос: Письмо Ф. Е. Коршу

Author(s): Mikhail Dmitrievich Bukharin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1 (33)/2023

One of the key-points of the socio-political discourse in the Russian Empire in the XIX - early XX centuries was Slavic question. Ukrainian question was its particular manifestation. The aggravation of discussions on the Slavic issues, as a rule, followed the dynamics of foreign policy. Interest in the Ukrainian issue increased due to the adoption of censorship measures by the Russian state, which varied from tightening to softening of the censorship regime. The Ukrainian question in Russian socio-political thought was debated mainly in the discussion, if the Ukrainian («Little Russian») people represent an independent ethnic group or is a local version of the «Great Russians». Depending on the answer to this question, the ideal structure of the Russian state was going to be worked out. The Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences took an active part in the discussion of the Slavic question in general (and that of Ukrainian in particular) and in the adoption of appropriate measures, acting as an expert body. Discussions were conducted not only at the institutional level, but also at the private one. In research literature, the scholarly world on this issue is divided into two camps, one of which (liberal-nationalist) was represented mainly by P. B. Struve, and the other - by his numerous opponents (for example, by F. E. Korsh). As documents from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences show, the history of discussion on the Ukrainian issue before the First World War was broader, more scholars, also representing the Academy of sciences were involved. In particular, the position of one the most prominent European Slavist of the late XIX - early XX centuries I. V. Jagić deserves attention. His position on the Ukrainian problem, which worried Jagić for several decades, is especially pronounced in the last letter to F. E. Korsh dated April 9 (22), 1912.

More...

«Угроза детству»: гражданская война на Пиренеях в освещении советских периодических изданий для детей

Author(s): O. P. Ilyukha / Language(s): Russian Issue: 44/2023

In 1936–1939, the Spanish Civil War was a hot topic used for military-patriotic upbringing and political socialization of children. This article shows has the events in Spain were portrayed in periodicals for preschoolers and primary schoolchildren, including texts and visualizations. While the official perspective of the Spanish events in the USSR was dictated by the Party, children’s optics was tuned using its own means and methods, customized to the psychology of this age group. The article discloses the goals of exploiting this topic in the Soviet child-targeting discourse, reveals the most common plotlines, pinpoints the specific emotion-inciting tricks. In propaganda work with children, the extreme polarization of good and evil was used, embodied in two political forces — fascists and republicans. The theme was adapted for children through the extensive use of peer images, central among which were child heroes and child martyrs. The image of the Spanish child-hero corresponded to the Soviet concept of a child walking in the forefront of society. At the same time, attention was focused on the difficulties experienced by the children of Spain, who experienced a “threat to childhood”, which fed the ideologeme of “happy Soviet childhood”, the exclusivity of Soviet children. The participation of powerful artistic forces in the information campaign resulted in the construction of a sublimely romantic image of Spain and the Spaniards with an aura of inflexibility and fortitude, corresponding to the ideal of a Soviet person. There was a feeling of connection between the Soviet and Spanish loci of heroism and people of heroic professions, among which pilots and border guards came to the fore. The figures selected to create the pantheon of Civil War heroes and the ways to fit the images of Franco and Stalin into the context are demonstrated.

More...

Középfokú iskolahálózat és városállomány Magyarországon 1910-ben: Az iskolai pályaválasztás szabadságfoka

Author(s): SASFI CSABA / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2022

The first part of this study summarizes the differentiation of the secondary education system starting from the education reform of 1949 until the turn of the century, explaining the new, modern school types. Then it examines the most common education paths of boys between 10 and 18 based on 1910 enrolment numbers and data about school choices after fourth grade. These paths had three potential goals: 1) getting into higher education by attending a gymnasium, 2) graduating from a modern high school and choosing a career requiring professional training, 3) acquiring a mostly practical education higher than primary school to meet the higher cultural standards of urban life. The second part of the text analyses the local variations of school types of the 1910 secondary education system, and the cases of multiple school type being available in the same area using a database created for this purpose. This analysis revealed a stratification in the old secondary school network where higher levels provided an increasing degree of freedom for parents and students in terms of education goals and school choices. We also discovered that the large, modernized cities had balanced education options, with both traditional and modern school types being available. In many other places, however, the old secondary school type called gymnasium was the only choice, forcing the youth of that city and the surrounding area onto one particular path. The database can be expanded, and can be used for planning coordinated, local analysis.

More...

II. Meşrutiyet Döneminde Bir Modern Eğitim Denemesinin Anatomisi: Bahriye Mektebinin 1912 Senesi İmtihanları

Author(s): Mustafa Yeni,Deniz Tabakcioğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2023

Exams are a method used to measure a person's knowledge and experience. Examinations, which were a part of the Ottoman education system, became more important especially with the modernization of the military structure. In this study, the reports written about the exams held at the Naval School in 1912 will be analyzed. The reports were prepared after the transition to the British system in Ottoman naval officer training. Therefore, the reports examine the expectations from the new education model and the problems observed in the education system in this regard. Here, on the one hand, the opinions of the educators on the training of naval officers will be discussed from the perspective of the educators, and on the other hand, the expectations of the students in choosing the profession of naval officer will be evaluated from the reports. The main source of the reports is derived from a file in the folder located in the Naval History Archive. In addition, the study, which is enriched with other archival documents, will try to illuminate the invisible aspects of the Ottoman naval officer training based on original sources.

More...

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ДИССЕРТАЦИОННОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ В СФЕРЕ АРХЕОЛОГИИ В КАЗАНСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ И ТАССР В 10–40-х ГОДАХ XX ВЕКА

Author(s): Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2023

This article discusses the development of the culture of dissertation research in archaeology in the Kazan Governorate and the TASSR between the 1910s and 1940s. The central role in this process was played by A.P. Smirnov and N.F. Kalinin, two prominent archaeologists, as well as by V.F. Smolin and M.G. Khudyakov, their predecessors. A.P. Smirnov developed a research passion for studying the archaeology and history of the Volga Bulgaria in the early 1930s, and N.F. Kalinin became interested in exploring the primitive era during the second half of the 1940s. The large-scale excavations of the Suvar and Bolghar (since 1938) settlements offered a solid methodological background for A.P. Smirnov’s doctoral dissertation. In his work, he introduced a new approach to addressing a number of controversial issues, such as the dating of the emergence of the Bolghar settlement, by using archeological data. The outbreak of the war forced A.P. Smirnov to change his plans: he defended his dissertation in Moscow as early as 1944. N.F. Kalinin’s dissertation was based on the archaeological collections of the Neolithic, Bronze, and Early Iron Ages stored at the Kazan Museum; these were the well-known materials with a historiographical tradition. The problems of academic communication during the period before these two dissertations had been defended are addressed. The early stages of institutionalization of this process are analyzed.

More...

РЕФОРМА ДЖ. ДЖЕНТИЛЕ 1923 ГОДА И ИТАЛЬЯНСКАЯ ВЫСШАЯ ШКОЛА

Author(s): M.V. Griger,E. M. Dusaeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2023

This article focuses on how Italian higher education was organized and managed in the early years of fascism. The main reasons why the fascist government of Italy initiated a national educational reform in 1923 are considered. The objective problems in education that Italian society faced during this period are analyzed. Special attention is given to the ideological goals that Giovanni Gentile, the Minister of Education, pursued with this reform. The reform led to fundamental changes in the traditional educational system of the Kingdom of Italy. Some radical innovations were also spurred in its higher education, such as the division of universities into different types (depending on state funding), the enhancement of the role of the rector in university life, the valorization of humanities education over that in technical and natural sciences, etc. The Gentile reform was received with mixed feelings by Italian society, including part of the leadership of the fascist party. The contradictions inherent in the reform ideology affected its results. The attempt to improve the quality of university education by standardizing academic requirements and introducing a system of uniform state examinations, contrary to the idealistic goals declared by G. Gentile himself, was the first step toward greater interference by the fascist regime in university activities, reflecting the general trend to the establishment of full state control over society.

More...

ПРОБЛЕМА УСТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ЛЕГИТИМНОГО ЯЗЫКА НА ПРИМЕРЕ ВВЕДЕНИЯ ЛАТИНСКОЙ ГРАФИКИ В МОНГОЛЬСКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ В 30-е ГОДЫ XX ВЕКА

Author(s): K.I. Bikmaeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2023

In this article, the adoption of a legitimate language by the Mongolian People’s Republic following the language reform of the 1930s, which involved the switch to the Latin script, is considered. The language policy pursued by the MPR in the early 20th century is investigated from the perspective of the legitimate language theory. By that period, the traditional Mongolian script had become outdated and needed to be reformed. Furthermore, the illiteracy rate among Mongolian people was very high, and the old Mongolian script was difficult to study. Another reason is that the language turned into the main tool for promoting the new cultural and ideological values of the USSR. Thus, the shift of Mongolia to the writing system based on the Latin alphabet was a political phenomenon and played a key role in broadcasting the cultural policy of the new state. In the early years of the MPR, the Latin-based writing solved several problems at once: it promoted literacy among Mongolian people, gave greater publicity to the policy of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party and the new culture, and became a plat-form to bring together Mongolia and the USSR. To substantiate the importance of the Latin graphics as the official state script, Pierre Bourdieu’s “Language and Symbolic Power” is analyzed, in which the author discusses the origin of the legitimate language and script, as well as their role in the process of nation building. Here, the documents in both Russian and Mongolian are also examined. The obtained results demonstrate that, despite various difficulties, the Latin script was adopted for a quite short period of time as legitimate in the MPR, which had a great influence on the development of the socialist culture and the Mongolian national identity.

More...

Spomenice Sveučilišta u Zagrebu u digitalnom okružju

Author(s): Tatijana Petrić,Velimir Veselinović / Language(s): English,Croatian Issue: 28/2023

In the article, the authors present the historical sequence of the publication of the monuments of the University of Zagreb from 1875 to 2019, their content, and their significance for history, culture, and science. Using the method of gathering digital objects through normative records from the UNIMARC format and the semantic web, which is within the capabilities of the Vizbi.UNIZG platform, will also show the bibliographic processing of digital objects of the University’s monuments and its components, according to the types of materials in the digital platform Vizbi.UNIZG, and the possibility of the UNIMARC format on to whom they are described. The user interface and presentation of the collected monuments, components, types of materials, authors, and corporate bodies responsible for the creation of monuments will be analyzed. The advantages of the digital environment in the presentation of materials, ensuring availability will be pointed out. The discussion will consider the significance of the selected model through theoretical analysis of the UNIMARC format and related data.

More...

Thomas Jefferson egyeteme. A University of Virginia megalapítása

Author(s): Csaba Lévai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2023

Review of: Andrew Jackson O’Shaughnessy: The Illimitable Freedom of the Human Mind. Thomas Jefferson’s Idea of a University. Charlottesville – London, University of Virginia Press, 2021. 318 oldal.

More...

Лекарите от рода Чaлъкови - възпитаници на военно-медицинското училище в Цариград

Author(s): Marusya Petkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

Настоящата статия има за цел да представи основни факти от биографиите и обществената и медицинската дейност на лекарите от големия възрожденски род на Чалъков(ц)и от Копривщица – възпитаници на султанското Военно-медицинско училище в Цариград. Тъй като признаците на проучването са дескриптивни, е приложен историко-документалният подход.The purpose of this article is to present basic facts from the biographies and the public and medical activities of the doctors from the great Renaissance Chalakov(s) family from Koprivshtitsa - graduates of the Sultan’s Military Medical School in Constantinople. Descriptive and а historical-documentary approach was applied.

More...

Școala Țărănească în perioada interbelică

Author(s): Ildikó-Lucia Aszalos / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 43/2023

In the 19th century and the early 20th century, cultural, political, and ideological discourses addressed the rural issue, referring to the economic, hygienic, and cultural backwardness of rural areas. Illiteracy in rural environments reached alarming levels. In this context, the concept of the Peasants’ School, inspired by the Danish model, gained prominence. In 1931, at the initiative of Vasile Ilea, the director of the Sighet Branch of Astra, the first Peasants’ School was established to provide practical knowledge about agricultural work to peasants. Gradually, numerous peasant schools were founded in most Astra branches in Transylvania. The teaching staff of these peasant schools were recruited from specialists in the respective fields. The chosen instructors for agriculture, horticulture, viticulture, language, national history, geography, etc., were familiar with the peasants’ mentality. Student enrollment was voluntary. The courses lasted for several weeks each year and concluded with a genuine graduation diploma. The primary goal of these peasant schools was to train village leaders, elevate the level of civilization, and enhance national culture in the Romanian rural world.

More...

IZUČAVANJE TEDŽVIDA U ISLAMSKO-OBRAZOVNIM USTANOVAMA NA PODRUČJU BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U PERIODU OD 1878. DO 1945. GODINE

Author(s): Safet Husejnović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/2023

The fundamental and most important source of Islamic learning is the Qur'an. As part of the study of the Qur'an, the study of tajwid is unavoidable as a special Islamic discipline that deals with the correct interpretation of the text of the Qur'an as the God’s final revelation. The aim of the paper is to present the study of tajwid in Islamic educational institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 1878 to 1945. The common feature of all the tajwids created in the aforementioned period is that they were written in Arebica, i.e., the Arabic script, in the Bosnian language. Proper teaching of the Qur'an was represented in all elementary schools of that time, such as in sibjan-mektebs and mektebi-ibtidaijjas. Qirāʼah or tajwid appears as a teaching subject in the lower (Rushdie) and higher grade levels in madrasahs. The primary goal of school teaching was for children to learn to read the Qur'an correctly, to learn the basic foundations of the faith of Islam, the foundations of fiqh, Sharia regulations and ethics. In madrasahs in Bosnia and Herzegovina and elsewhere throughout the Islamic world, classes were conducted in a traditional manner, and the program was adapted to the needs of that time. In some madrasahs, the program was focused on studying the interpretation of the Qur'an, in others, greatest attention was paid to the hadith, and in some madrasahs, sharia law dominated. In this paper, the work of sibjan-mektebs, mektebi-itidaijjas, rushdies and madrasahs is analyzed and reviewed with the emphasis on the presence of school subjects related to Qirāʼah or tajwid. We tried to provide an adequate and as complete as possible overview of the study of tajwid in the abovementioned Islamic educational institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

More...

PRIKAZ KNJIGE „KONCEPTUALNI RAZVOJ ISLAMSKE OBRAZOVNE TEORIJE - TETAVVURU MEFHUMI EN-NEZARIJJETI ET-TERBEVIJJETI EL-ISLAMIJJETI” AUTORA DR. MADŽIDA ARSANA EL-KEJLANIJA

Author(s): Enes Julardžija / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/2023

Review of: „Konceptualni Razvoj Islamske Obrazovne Teorije - Tetavvuru Mefhumi en-nezarijjeti Et-terbevijjeti El-islamijjeti” by Dr. Madžid Arsan El-Kejlanij, Medina – Damask: Et-Turas i Ibn Kesir, 1985, 291 str.

More...

Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu Sonrasında Eğitimde Yaşanan Değişim ve Dönüşümün İncelenmesi

Author(s): Mehmet Yelaldı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 31/2023

As of the twentieth century, attempts have been made to westernize the field of education, and experts have been brought in from the west to modernize in all areas. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk made a number of initiatives to ensure interaction with the West and applied changes at every stage of education. The new education system, on the other hand, wanted to build an educational model of a national character. In order for the innovations to be made to have an impact on the public, all existing education systems had to be united under one roof. Therefore, on March 3, 1924, the Law of Tawhid-i Tedrisat, based on unity in education and training, was adopted. There were no articles in the content of the law regarding the abolition of neighborhood schools and madrasas. This law brought together all educational and educational institutions in Turkey into a single center. With this law, the way has been paved for some radical changes in education in Turkey, such as the letter revolution. It is observed that different methods and practices were followed in education in the later period as well as in the period of Atatürk. Especially in the periods after 1950, 1980 and 2000, significant changes have occurred in the levels from preschool to higher education, and there have been many developments in our education system from the amount of education time to the exam names.

More...

Cumhuriyet Devri Öncesinde ve Sonrasında Eğitim ve Öğretim Alanında Ülkemizde Yaşanan Gelişimlerin İncelenmesi

Author(s): İlyas EKŞİ,Fayik ELHAKAN,Dilek TUNÇ,Gökhan Bayar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 32/2023

A special importance has been attributed to education in Turks since the earliest times. Since the earliest times, different educational methods have been tried using various methods and techniques. Under the reasons why such importance is given to education in Turks, it comes from the perception of education both as an individual and as a duty to one's own state in everyday life. According to the Turkish educational tradition, education starts in the family, continues at school and develops on the axis of the environment owned. Since the first Turks preferred a nomadic lifestyle in the period up to the Uighurs, trainings were generally carried out on horses, obas, tents. With the transition of the Uyghurs to a settled life, educational institutions were established in an architectural sense, a national alphabet was developed like the Göktürks, and literacy mobilization was carried out. Our people have committed their feelings and thoughts to obelisks. In the process after the Uyghurs, the madrasa method was adopted. This method was continued by the Ottoman State with its institutions and organizations in all aspects until the Tanzimat period, and it enabled the bureaucrats and statesmen of the Republic of Turkey, which will be established in the future, to grow up. It should be noted that with the Tanzimat era, schools and institutions providing a new style of education and training were opened in the country. In the educational model that Turkey inherited from the Ottoman Empire, there was a system that raised different individuals and applied different educational methods. The new education system, on the other hand, wanted to build an educational model of a national character. In order for the innovations to be made to have an impact on the public, all existing education systems had to be united under one roof. For this purpose, education and training activities were combined. One of the sharpest attempts made to bring the country to the level of contemporary states was made with the establishment of a new alphabet and the adoption of international numerals. After that, there are many developments and progress activities made in the field of education and training with a revolutionary character. The revolution of letters has definitely and irrevocably determined where the direction of the country will be. With the adoption of Latin letters instead of Arabic letters, which Turkish society has been using for a thousand years in general, new and different literacy-teaching schools and courses such as public houses, public schools and national schools have been opened, and a completely integrated and oriented education model has been developed for the West.

More...

A Historical and Contextual Case for Modular and Transnational Education: The Baptist Theological School in Serbia

Author(s): Dwayne Baldwin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Modular and transnational educational delivery are two types of structures for theological schools that often are found together, especially in theological schools outside of the West. Many examples of positive and negative aspects of each of these have been presented in literature and research. Some of these examples have come from the experience of educators at non-Western schools, while others have approached the subject from a contextual and theoretical basis. This article seeks to show the need and usefulness of modular transnational education by analyzing the history and context of a theological school. To this end, the example of the Baptist Theological School in Serbia will be considered with the goal of evidencing the natural suitability and benefits of modular lay education as well as transnational instructors

More...

Учителят по рисуване в Априловската гимназия, Габрово – Иван Захариев и неговите ученици (1929 – 1957 г.)

Author(s): Nela Nedeva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This article showcases the author’s research on art teachers at the Gabrovo State Boys’ High School during the 19th and 20th centuries. The study focuses on the teachers who have received academic education in Russia and Western Europe. The aim is to show the high level of teaching and erudition of the teaching staff in the examined time period. As evidence, the author provides information about their students who have left permanent traces in the history of painting even beyond the borders of their country.

More...

16. Yüzyılda Çin’de Medrese Eğitimi

Author(s): Ertuğrul Ceylan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Issue/2023

In the middle of the 7th century, with the entry of Islam into China, the Muslim population began to increase rapidly in China. This process, which started in the Tang period, reached its peak during the Ming period. Muslims, who came to China for trade in the Tang Dynasty, had a place in every inch of China's social and economic life regarding the Ming Dynasty. The rapidly increasing Muslim population became an integral part of China's social and cultural structure over time. Especially with the formation of the Huizu ethnic group, there were disruptions in the education of Chinese Muslims. At the end of this process, there emerged a necessity to switch into a systematic education. Hu Dengzhou, a Muslim scholar living in the early 16th century, established the Chinese madrasa education system and contributed to the more systematic education of Chinese Muslims. With the Chinese madrasa system, it was aimed to increase the Islamic knowledge of Chinese Muslims by giving various religious courses, from primary education to higher education. A corpus called “Thirteen Classics” containing information about Islam was taught in madrasas. Arabic, Persian and Chinese were used as the language of the madrasa. In addition, with the combination of these three languages, the madrasa language called "xiaojing (小锦)" or "xiao'er jing (小儿锦)" was formed. In our study, the establishment of the Chinese madrasa system in the 16th century, its educational content, language, and its academic contribution to the Islamic understanding of Chinese will be discussed.

More...