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The focus of the article lies on the interpretations of folklore elements in the Bulgarian animated cinema as well as on the rationalization of main features of the Bulgarian national character in the period from the late 1940s to the present days. In the 1960s, the process which has begun with the ideological censorship of the Bulgarian folklore tradition quickly transformed into satirical film model directing its criticism on the national character of the Bulgarian. This model was also based on the nontraditional visual representation of the folklore through the modern black and white drawing and caricature, through the grotesque and the decorative drawing. The next stage of the transformation of fairy and mythological subjects was related to the radical neo-vanguard practices in our animated cinema which compared our tradition to foreign cultures and ideas on a global scale and in wide range – from the direct parallels in art to the psychoanalytical interpretations visualized in surrealistic stylistics. The last 25 years marked a peculiar identity crisis of the Bulgarian artists. The changes after the fall of the Berlin Wall created certain fear in the artists to turn to the rationalization of the national origin and character.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of functioning of national museums of industrial heritage in various periods of history (the late 20th – the early 21st centuries). Appeal to the experience of European countries in this field enables us to explain the emergence of the new goals of museumification and the new paradigm at the turn of the century. There are two paradigms — the paradigm of "preservation" and the paradigm of "development". The former arises in the context of the Soviet culture and aims to preserve the memory of a particular industry — its history, manufacturing process, and architectural heritage. The latter is closely connected with city branding and is aimed at the development of the territory (city, region). It occurs in European countries, and is borrowed by the Russian urban practices in the early 21st century. The museumification has new goals — the improvement of expressiveness and the humanizationof urban environment, the formation of creative spaces and “human capital assets”.
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The article considers the problem of the cultural identity and heritage of the region preservation with the help of school museums. On the basis of local museums activity analysis the author comes to the conclusions about the discovery of the traditional symbolical components of village socio-cultural environment by their founders; they give the villagers the opportunity to know themselves and to assert their identity. The article shows the transition of nationally representative symbols from the scope of material of the ethnic group to the spiritual culture. The author assesses the effectiveness of the measures aimed at further 'museumification', video documentation and scientific data processing, promotion of the progressive experience. The author defines the ways of solution of ethnopedagogical problems identified in the principle of "belonging to the roots".
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The author of this article published her first article on the reception of Wisława Szymborska’s poetry in South Korea in “Pamiętnik Literacki” in 2014. The previous article aimed at analysing the reactions of writers, poets, artists, critics and readers to the volume “The End and the Beginning”, which was translated into Korean in 2007. In this article the author continues her research on the reception of Szymborska’s poetry in South Korea. This time she presents the reaction of the Korean media and selected critics on another poetic volume of the Polish Nobel Prize Winner translated into Korean: “Enough”.
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Resuming the threads that appeared in the book recently published Rethinking East-Central Europe: Family Systems and Co-Residence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Bern et al., Peter Lang, 2015) the author of this article presents the application of a computer micro-simulation of kin sets in the research on the demographic determinants of the structure of the residential family and the patterns of co-residence in the old-Polish era for the first time in the Polish literature. The first part of the article contains a review of the methods concerning the demographic determinants of the structure of the residential family and the patterns of co-habitation, and the essence of the experiment of demographic simulation, as well as some selected examples of its application in historical demography. For some time now this question has been widely discussed abroad (Laslett, Ruggles, Oeppen), but in the Polish literature there is no a single study dealing with that.The second part presents the source basis of the article; it is the database of the nominative censuses of 26,652 peasant households from the territories of the Crown, Lithuania and Ukraine from the end of the 18th century (CEURFAMFORM Database). The methodology of the applied micro-simulation model has also been discussed. A lot of space has been devoted to the question of the choice of outside parameters and the validation of the model, as a way to a better structuralisation of regional research on the old-Polish demography. It would be quite useful if the efforts of researchers might concentrate on fixing the necessary minimum programme for future analyses in microscale family reconstitution, so that their results would have a wider applicability in research of a higher rank (not only the one in which simulation modelling is used), and so that they would satisfy the basic requirements of comparative analysis.The third part deals with the applicability potential of the used methodology to analyse the influence of demographic factors on the co-residence patterns for old-Polish populations taken from the database CEURFAMFORM. The problem has been illustrated by presenting two current questions that are essential for historical demography of the family: the process of leaving the family house and co-habitation of various generations. The analysis shows how the combined impact of fertility, mortality and the generational overlap in their regional configurations, determining the number and category of the relatives in a given population, shaped the dominant patterns of co-habitation in the territories that have been researched. The conclusions should be treated as innovative, yet future investigations might verify that. For the time being they constitute a convenient map that indicates directions for further investigations, both quantitative and qualitative in nature.
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The article presents the causes and spatial differences of infant mortality in eastern Prussia densely populated by the Polish, and the changes that phenomenon was subject to. The research has been carried out mainly on the numeric data juxtaposed and published by Dr Behr-Pinnow, on official statistical material (Preußische Statistik, Statistikdes Deutschen Reichs, Veröffentlichungen des Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamts) and on unpublished archival material, first of all reports of Regierungsbezirk presidents. Infant mortality has been analysed at three levels of data aggregation: provinces, Regierungsbezirke, counties (Kreise). In the research the following devices have been used: coefficients, averaging of several years, (dis)similarity rates of structures (the reference standard – Regierungsbezirk Aurich), weighted linear regression, cartograms (grouping based on median absolute deviation). The article depicts the tendency for infant mortality in the ‘Polish’ Regierungsbezirke of Prussia, which deteriorated at the beginning of the 20th century, and a significant spatial diversification of the phenomenon in question, which was related to the way of farming (especially in the region of Żuławy Wiślane and the Vistula valley); however, the research has not provided any conclusive evidence of a link between a high infant mortality rate in the area in question and the socio-professional structure, the level of affluence or the infrastructure. On the other hand, thanks to linear regression models it has been proved that the intensity of infant mortality in counties depended on the ethnic composition to a significant degree (the faith did notplay any role). Parallel to an increase of the Polish- and Kashubian-speaking populations (those populations – it is worth mentioning – usually enjoyed lower socio-economic status compared to their German-speaking neighbours) the infant mortality rate was generally decreasing. It was at the lowest level in Greater Poland, in the counties of Kościan, Gostyn and Śmigiel (where the dominant population was Polish, Catholic and rural). All in all, it is justified to say that the Polish- and Kashubian-speaking populations that were less advanced in demographic transformation compared to their German-speaking neighbours, even before institutionalising social welfare, provided better care for babies and guaranteed a lower infant mortality rate, first of all thanks to the general and longer breastfeeding.
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Kronenberg examines literary works by Polish women in the UK and Ireland after 2004. Her critical perspective highlights the cultural, broadly socio-political context, including the question of gender, as modelled by Inga Iwasiów, Maria Janion, Agnieszka Mrozik, Przemysław Czapliński and Ursula Chowaniec; Kronenberg also draws on studies on subjectivity in women’s autobiographical practices by Sidonie Smith, Julia Watson and others. She presents emigre women writers’ strategies of regaining their voice and body by isolating the characteristic traits of this type of writing, such as social engagement, awareness of discriminatory mechanisms, or the potential for transgression and revendication.
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The article examines the ambivalent attitude and reactions to technology as exemplified by the female robot in Fritz Lang’s Metropolis and analyzes the functions and mechanisms of mythological reenactment of the witch figure in the culture of modernity. It discusses the movie’s symbolic representations of technological progress and its perils, as well as its ethics and gender politics.
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In this article, I analyzed the discourses devoted to the Macedonian national hero, Todor "Toše" Proeski. This twenty-six-year-old singer and star of the Macedonian pop scene with the day of his death became the greatest national good of the Macedonians. The social image of Proeski is constructed at every level of public discourse (from popular culture to high culture) and by almost all its participants, both those privileged (clerics, journalists, intellectuals and politicians), as well as "ordinary" citizens. In the methodological concept used by me, Proeska was treated as an example of the "emblem of nationality", in other words as „national form of representation". These "emblems" or "forms" allow individuals and groups to identify with the "imagined community" and legitimize the concept of the nation.
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The article is focused on a very interesting pottery vessel called “podnitsa“ (flat earthen baking dish). On its surface it is written the year of its producing, 1866. The aim of the research is to publish the artefact, to study the rare rite connected to it, to describe the date and its deposition in the pit. The presence of an ornate pot, called podnitsa, marked with a specific year, as well as of other similar dishes without decoration bears record of a preserved old tradition of fertility and harvesting or of reminiscence of one practiced by a limited group of people (several families or a family) which is not a subject of mass tendency. This would probably mean that the personal life cycle of the people who created the podnitsa is deeply marked by sensitive events culminating perhaps on May 1, 1866, on the day of the Jeremiah holiday. The material projection of these processes is a ceramic vessel whose features characterize it as the only one studied so far. This artefact as well as the large set of findings during the archaeological excavations at the site in the region of the village of Velikan add a yet-unknown nuance to the ritual of the Jeremiah feast.
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The topic of analysis in this paper are lullabies. The idea is to compare and contrast some of the themes, imagery, and motifs of this specific genre within different folk traditions, as well as their inclusion and development in the Bulgarian lullaby. This paper is split into several small chapters: Growth and prosperity – Death; Forest – Crib in a Tree; Who Rocks the Crib? (motif “Everyone is at work”) and Animals (motif “Your mother is a fox,//your father is a wolf…“).
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With their well organized economic and social life, mentality, and particular system of values, the Saxons have played a distinguished role in the nation-building process of Romanians in Transylvania. While until the middle of the 19th century the relationship had been dominated by antagonism and the struggle of the Romanians living on the Saxon territory for political emancipation, the emergence of modern, bourgeois Hungary brought about a positive turn in this respect. The Romanian elite recognized and tried to adopt the organization of Saxon cooperatives, schools and scientific life, and to use their experience, generally showing up the Saxons’ solidarity and democratic way of thinking as a model to be followed, especially as they identified as one of the main sources of such virtues the public activities of the Lutheran pastors. They were convinced that the Romanian priests would not emerge as the effective leaders of their own communities unless they were elevated to the social status and prestige of Saxon pastors (or Hungarian and German Roman Catholic priests, for that matter), and, last but not least, equal them in modern and comprehensive education.
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Kosovska bitka bila je i ostala u narodnoj svesti centralni događaj čitave srpske istorije. „Tu je po opštem, ali neopravdanom, uverenju propala srpska država, tu je pokopana njena samostalnost, tu je počelo robovanje Turcima”. Datum bitke je neosporan, dan Svetog Vida 15. jun (28. jun, po novom kalendaru) 1389. godine. Na srpskoj strani, uz kneza Lazara Hrebeljanovića, borili su se njegov zet Vuk Branković (koji će, u znatno kasnije nastalom predanju, biti optužen za izdaju) i bosanski vojvoda Vlatko Vuković, a na turskoj sultan (emir) Murat sa sinovima Bajazitom i Jakub Čelebijom. Ukoliko je Muratovo turbe (koje postoji i danas) nastalo na mestu pogibije turskog sultana, onda bi pozornica bitke bila deo kosovske ravnice kod sastava Laba i Sitnice, nedaleko od Prištine. Izvesna je, takođe, i pogibija oba vladara - kneza Lazara i sultana Murata-na samom bojnom polju. Ovog drugog nožem je rasporio neki srpski feudalac, kojeg će kasniji izvori identifikovati kao Miloša (K)obilića i kneževog zeta.
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In the article the authors define the three stages in the genesis of a proto-bourgeoisie: 1917 — 1920s, 1930s — early 1960s, mid-1960s — 1991. The first stage was characterized by the initial formation of a new class, a key role for which was nomenklatura system that outlined professional contours of the new elite. The second stage was latent aging of this class, characterized by consolidation and corporatism. The restructuring of the Party apparatus according to the production-branch principle in the 1930s required professionalization and Prty management. In the second stage, this class staked out its share in society, main groups emerged, and the logic of its action developed in a system of state capitalism with divided rights of ownership. In the third stage, the developing proto-bourgeoisie gained strength in awareness and realization of its class interests. A special role in this process was played by the economic reform of 1965, which increased the role of the block of organizational managers. The third stage was marked by a crisis of proto-bourgeois class interests associated with the desire for full possession of property. This conflict was resolved by the revolution of 1991, which made it possible to privatize state property, leading to the completion of the formation of a new upper class and its transformation from proto-class to real bourgeoisie.
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The article deals with problems of preserving the national identity and national survival in the modern world, which are topical issues for present-day Lithuania as well. Attempts at safeguarding and consolidating the country’s independence in terms of culture and world-view, undertaken by the erudite intellectual Stasys Šalkauskis (1886-1941) were typical of many Lithuanian philosophers of the interwar period. The philosopher envisaged the political and cultural independence of his native country, as well as the future of Lithuania, as exclusively linked with Christianity, and more precisely with Catholicism. In his works, Šalkauskis expressed his ultimate hope that Lithuania would not experience another setback into “a new kind of paganism” (by this he meant the authoritarian and nationalist orientations of President Smetona, and the triumphal march of both fascism and communism across Europe J. B.), instead remaining faithful to the Catholic tradition, both culturally and politically. A very significant aspect of the work by Šalkauskis, analyzed in the present article, is his extremely positive response to and evaluation of the role that international political organizations, such as the UN, could play globally both in his times and in the future, especially in terms of securing the safety of small nations, their political survival and cultural autonomy, etc.
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Na sklonku doby kamennej sa populácie sídliace v západnom vnútrokarpatskom priestore (zhruba územie dnešného Slovenska) dostali do kultúrneho kontaktu s východným eurázijským svetom. Štúdia analyzuje rozsah eurázijského kultúrneho prúdenia a jeho prejav na sledovanom území. Nositelia nových civilizačných ohlasov z východu sa prezentovali ako výnimočná inokrajinná kultúrna zložka, symbolizovaná svojským výzdobným dekórom (šnúrový ornament), aplikovaným na keramike miestnych kultúr od mladšej doby kamennej až po mladšiu dobu bronzovú. Šnúrová identita tak pretrvala v prehistorickom kultúrnom vývoji severozápadného vnútrokarpatského teritória takmer celé jedno tisícročie.
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Reviews of: 1. LADISLAV LENOVSKÝ: Naši vo svete – Slováci južne od hranice Slovenska I.–III. [Our People in the World – Slovaks South of Slovakia’s Border I–III] Vydavateľstvo – Editura Ivan Krasko, Nadlak (Rumunsko), 2016, 166 s.; 2017, 147 s. 2018, 201 s. Review by: MICHAL BABIAK; 2. JÁN BOTÍK: Slováci vo Vojvodine: premeny svojbytnosti enklávneho spoločenstva [Slovaks in Vojvodina: The Transformations of the Enclave Community’s Autonomy] Nový Sad: Ústav pre kultúru vojvodinských Slovákov, 2016, 272 s. Review by: NATÁLIA BLAHOVÁ; 3. ADÉLA SOURALOVÁ a kolektiv: Péče na prodej: Jak se práce z lásky stává placenou službou [Care for Sale: How Work out of Love Turns into Paid Service] Brno: Munipress, 2017, 249 s. Review by: ZUZANA SEKERÁKOVÁ BÚRIKOVÁ; 4. Nielen obete, aj páchatelia majú potomkov... (Úvaha inšpirovaná knihou Bolestivé mlčanie) Not Only Victims, Criminals Also Have Offspring... (An Essay Inspired by the Book Painful Silence) ALEXANDRA SENFFT: Bolestivé mlčanie [Painful Silence] Premedia, 2019, 272 s. Review by: PETER SALNER
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