ASUR TİCARET KOLONİLERİ DÖNEMİNDE TÜCCAR EŞLERİNİN SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK HAYATTAKİ YERİ

Author(s): İnan Yüksel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 32/2016

According to the Kültepe Tablets, there were intensive trades between the Assyrian merchants and the Anatolian kingdoms. In this period that lasted nearly for two centuries (BC. ca. 1950-1750), the merchants from Assyria began to live in the fields which were used as residence and market place founded near the cities and called as Karum. Assyrian merchants who spent almost all of his life in Anatolia, brought their wives with them, but some of them married women from the local communities of the region. The biggest supporters and assistants of the Assyrian merchants in the trade were their spouses. In many documents there was information about that women had a voice in trade life, helped their husbands, bought and sold goods and played active role in the production process. In this study, benefitting from the Kültepe tablets which have been published since today, the family relations of the Assyrian Merchants with their wives, their commercial partnerships, individual activities of the Assyrian women traders, how they help their husbands in trade are going to be clarified with the documents.

BÜYÜK UYGUR DEVLETİ DÖNEMİNDE “ARP ÇALGISI”

Author(s): Feyzan Göher Vural,Timur Vural / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 17/2013

Great Uighur State was one of the most prominent civilization of scientific and cultural features. Turkish music culture also demonstrated significant improvements in this state age. Numerous instruments emerged and old instruments developed in this state. The harp, which based on Hun State, also developed in Uighur State. However, there is little or no information about the harp’s Turkish origin in national and international literature.The research based on literature review, is provided Uighur Turk’s harps and it is determined that these harps’ features. Based on Uighur miniatures and documents, it is commented that how and where these instruments plays. In addition it has been argued that, Uighur didn’t adopt the harp from Chinese.

ŞEKİ TÜRBELERİ

Author(s): Cəmalə Arif Səfərova / Language(s): Azerbaijani Issue: 15/2012

The sacred places have the special and undeniable place in the history of Turkic peoples’ beliefs. The religious beliefs and faiths as a part of moral culture have been saved and preserved by people throughout the centuries until our time. One of the ancient cities of Azerbaijan, Shaki, is among those historical cities which are still linked to their religious roots and reflect their material and moral cultures nowadays. During ethnographic research in the city, religious affection drew our attention among its local characteristics, which differed it from many other cities of Azerbaijan. In general, during the Soviet times, not only there was no attention to researches of places for pilgrimages in Azerbaijan, called “hearths” and “pirs” (sacred places) among population, but also actions were taken to erase such values from history and the people’s memories. For this purpose, “Commission against religion” was set in 1924. The magazine named “Allahsiz” (Godless) was published and distributed to all regions and villages of Azerbaijan. Starting from 1920s and 1930s atheist ideology was widely propagated and numerous actions were taken to reduce the influence of Islam. People were, under compulsion, drifted apart from their ancient customs and traditions, hijabs and papakhs (male headdress) were forbidden, Koran and other religious books were burnt, mosques were converted into barns, warehouses and dance floors. Sayyids, mullahs, and other representatives of religion were persecuted, praying people were punished and those maintaining resistance were exiled. However, people were secretly following their faith and are currently free to practice all the values they had once preserved.

TÜRK ÜLKÜSÜ

Author(s): Ali Nazmi Çora,Hakan Çora / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 30/2016

Ülkü, carries the same meaning as the word of idealism in western languages. Ülkü (Idealism) is, as a nation, to imagine the most beautiful goals and achieve these goals and to work relentlessly with a great desire for this sacred goal. Turkish ideal is a thought of morality, spirituality, human sense and the highest level in the science and technology, justice, education and to have the world's advanced nations on human rights and economically developed, established modern agriculture and industry, society still to come in prosperity, to protect her national interests and sovereignty continuously by only her own power and is to be a to be a nation listened anywhere in the World. This ideal is freeing the all Turks from foreign rule, all becoming independent and eventually all being united and establishing the “Turkish Union”, to be superior to all nations and be advanced in all respects.

Периодика 2016

Author(s): Emiliya Voleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 33/2016

Content of the main Bulgarian scientific journals for the current year in linguistics, literature, history, folklore, ethnography, archaeology and art studies

Zrobić innym trochę miejsca koło siebie. Wyzwania uniwersyteckiej dydaktyki polonistycznej: między presją a misją

Author(s): Anna Janus-Sitarz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The education of teachers at university is a task that is being undertaken at a time of social and cultural changes, external unrest and political transformation that are affecting education itself. However, maintaining a humanistic approach to education is important. Therefore Polish language teachers at schools need to be responsible for educating young people who are sensitive to the welfare of the others, do not use the language of hate, but are critical thinkers; while at the same time university teachers are responsible for educating teachers who are resistant to political pressure. The author of the article presents a selection of literary works that refer to exclusion on grounds of nationality that can be read with students at different levels of education. Such a strategy proves that Polish language teachers can use literature to uphold humanistic values.

Музей и културен пейзаж

Author(s): Irena Bokova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2016

The text is an introduction into the main trends in the understanding of landscape with an emphasis on "cultural landscape". The article develops the idea of a museum which presents and interprets cultural landscapes connected to places and areas of social activities and perceptions. The aim is to analyze the relationship between the museum as a venue and setting for the presentation of lifestyles and audiences associated with the territory as a lived and experienced entity. The text reveals diverse readings of the relationships between people and their places of living, the historical changes in the relations of men and nature and its transformation into living environment. The re-evaluation and the re-valorization of important moments in the lives of citizens understood as active builders of a specific territory and ways of life are also discussed. The article presents the creation of the cultural landscape in the contemporary situation and analyzes the position of the museum as part of the landscape as well as the presentation of cultural landscape in expositions.

Едно нестандартно представяне: Jean-François Gossiaux. Les débris épars du pogrès. Évolutionnisme vs anthropologie. Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 2016

Author(s): Mila Santova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2016

Book Review

Влиянието на модерния национализъм върху формирането на представите за художествен стил

Author(s): Nikolay Papuchiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 101/2016

Focusing on the modern Bulgarian culture in the period between 1878 and 1944, this article explores the role of modern nationalism in forming the special attitudes in Bulgarian society towards values of traditional culture. The main accent is put on the place of National ethnographic museum as a key element of creating and spreading the knowledge about the romantic past of the nation and its significance as a cultural heritage in the present. The next topic in the analysis is closely connected to the question of how museum acted as a mediator in the field of culture in the examined period. Why the modern Bulgarian urban population decorated its homes with things that are similar to (or the same as) the traditional ones, what was accepted as original and where is the place of the aesthetic – these are amongst the principal questions in the article.

Uwarunkowania tworzenia 'Sieci najciekawszych wsi'. Wyniki oceny eksperckiej 50 polskich miejscowości

Author(s): Marcin Wójcik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

Transformations that occur in Polish rural areas also impact tourism and recreation enterprises. Starting the rural development programs successfully activates processes of modernisation in many fields of social and economic life, including material base (infrastructure), which is an essential element in the functioning of settlement systems. The aim of this study is to present selected results of the expert analysis of 50 Polish villages, which are characterised by a high concentration of cultural values – material, institutional and spiritual. The assessment of a group of rural settlements was meant to determine the potential for creating the Network of the Most Interesting Villages (SNW). The article presents the factual basis for such evaluation, the differentiation in group of villages according to selected traits, especially those describing the infrastructural plane for developing the tourism and recreational functions. The recipe for success includes many elements. The most important ones include attractive spatial configuration in which there is no shortage of central locations that are the focus of educational and recreational functions, the social awareness of the value of one’s own heritage and the ability to describe it (the purpose of stay), the existence of long-lasting institutions referring to the historical memory and communal activities, the ability to create the media for narration placed in the internal environment, somewhat-formed path of its own development based on own resources (developed tourism functions), as well as participation in local and regional network of town with varying functions, and natural and anthropogenic environmental values (tourist regions).

Социологическият анализ на икономическите неравенства: проблеми на методологията

Author(s): Alexander Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

The paper outlines basic elements of the sociological analysis of economic inequalities. The baseline argument of the paper is that economic inequalities are a sociological concept which carries different content in comparison with economic differentiation and heterogeneity of incomes, which in turn are most often perceived as direct proxies of economic inequalities. The theoretical analysis of the concepts of economic differentiation and economic inequality made is focused on their specific interpretation schemes and measurement strategies and methods. The main problematic areas of classic measures of economic differentiation and are outlined including an analysis of most common research findings. The focus on the sociological analysis of economic inequalities (interpreted as status distances between economic roles and resources associated with these roles) includes the principle aspects of this analysis and a comprehensive research program (including concepts and indicators). Some methodological conclusions regarding the interpretations of economic inequalities are made, based on three ISSP surveys (1992, 1999, and 2009). Also based on empirical data some of elements of the outlined research program with regards to Bulgaria are explored: economic differentiation (Gini and extraction ratio), status identification its relationship to subjective social class, etc.

Доверие, социален капитал и неформални мрежи. Културни специфики на постсоциалистическите общества в рамките на Европейския съюз

Author(s): Ivanka Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

The gradual joining of the post-socialist states to the European Union turned out to be a long and comparatively difficult process. The inclusion of these states in the structures of the Union is not just a political, economic and juridical act, but also an act containing cultural dimensions. It is important to know the historically determined social and cultural specifics of these states and to evaluate the possible impact resulting from them in order to understand and analyze the specific route of development of the post-socialist societies within the European Union. The present article aims at the revealing of some of these peculiarities present at the level of the everyday culture and stemming from the social logic of everyday life. They are integral elements of the cultural system and of the identity, being at the same time not constant and, as the practice shows, liable to change under certain conditions. The text analyzes the apprehension and the attitudes to the private and public sphere, the ways to build trust and social capital, as well as the role and the meaning of the informal nets of relations in the post-socialist societies. It also follows the changes in the mentioned above cultural characteristics after 1989 and studies the reasons for the dissimilarities in the processes of change in the different states.

Татарски образи в българския национален наратив през XIX век

Author(s): Veneta Yankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

The article discusses the morphology of Otherness in the Bulgarian meta-narrative in regards to the empirical case connected to the concept of the Tatars in the minds of Bulgarians in the late 18th and in the 19th century. Тhe text analyses the Tatar topoi in the Bulgarian folk songs, in historiography and in 19th century Bulgarian literature. The Bulgarian national narrative enriches the morphology of Otherness by incorporating heterogeneous Tatar images as variants of stereotypical notions of the abductor. Some mythologems associated with archaic layers of human culture and forming a folklore-mythological matrix of understanding foreignness are recreated. According to the the data from the Bulgarian folk songs, there is no independent Tatar subject, the Tatar topoi are incorporated secondarily into the song motifs, connected with abduction. These are heterogeneous elements, whose primary objective is to maintain a “sense of history”. Such mythologized images were present in written texts in the late 18th and in 19th century thus supporting the Bulgarian “great narrative” that legitimized the preliminary design for the creation of the nation. Since the middle of the 19th century due to the empirical experience of direct communication Tatar emigrants have gradually been discovered in their natural human form while their activities have left durable traces in the local memory and heritage of the region.

Истанбул в представите на туристите от България

Author(s): Magdalena Elchinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The author discusses the results from a fieldwork study of the knowledge and views of Istanbul among tourists from Bulgaria. The study is based on interviews with people between the ages of 21 and 50, university graduates or students, representatives of the so-called mass-tourists. Several factors that have determined the formation of the perceptions of the Turkish megalopolis are pointed out – historical and ideological influences, media, the Internet, advertisement, soap operas, accounts by friends and relatives, personal experience. Despite the individual variations, there are many similarities in these perceptions, determined by the shared tourist experience from the standardized organized trips, as well as by the shared stereotypes about Turkey and the Turks, shaped by national myths, historiographies and dominant ideologies and circulating in everyday life. It has been found out that immediate experience takes prevalence over the stereotypical notions, often leading to their fading-away or rejection by individuals. What immediately stands out in Bulgarian tourists’ opinions of Istanbul is the relation with the present-day, the modern and dynamic nature of the megacity, the culture contrasts and the amalgamation between the familiar and the unfamiliar.

„Много такива хора са, трудно се разбираме с тях”. За границите в трансграничното сътрудничество

Author(s): Petar Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The difficulties in the joined actions of Bulgarian and Turkish partners on projects within the Trans-border Cooperation Program are the result of the influence of framework factors, rather than being due to cultural differences. Asymmetries, mainly economic in nature, influence the aptitudes and actions of both sides. In the prolonged situation of limited financial resources for the Bulgarian side, the projects turn to be of a key importance for it. Thus the Bulgarian partners try to perform their tasks strictly according to the requirements of EU. At the same time, for the Turkish partners the projects seem to be less attractive and thus failing to create motivation for adhering to the formal rules as well as for the timely fulfillment of the engagements which they have undertaken. In order to cope with the problems in their current and future projects, the Bulgarian actors, using experience and knowledge from previous projects, apply action oriented strategies including creation of generalized images of the Turkish partners together with narratives about meetings and conflicts with them.

Юджийн Гарфийлд – гигантът на научната информация (1925 – 2017)

Author(s): Svetla Baykoucheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

Les Slaves: cours inaugural au Collège de France

Author(s): Adam Mickiewicz / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

Периодика 2016–2017

Author(s): Emiliya Voleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 34/2017

Content of the main Bulgarian scientific journals for the current year in linguistics, literature, history, folklore, ethnography, archaeology and art studies

Парадигмата за дара: поглед към научните концепции, направления и школи в етнологията и културната антропология

Author(s): Galin Georgiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2016

The topic of the gift in its various cultural, socio -economic, religious and so forth dimensions is for a long time in the focus of the scientific attention and has been a permanent research object in the field of humanities; the topic constantly excites and provokes. To review such a world-wide topic in humanities and from the point of view of its century-old presence and the engagement of scientific huminaries and thinkers such as Claude Levi-Strauss, Jacques Derrida, Emile Benveniste, Vyacheslav Ivanov or Aron Gurevich rather than of its specific aspect or data from personal, „unknown“ field, is the challenge before this paper. The natural motive of such review (no matter how much distant it is from the orderly and consistent final result) is to trace the development and outline the fulcrums of the main theories dedicated to the gift and the exchange of gifts in ethnology and cultural anthropology. On the one hand, although more sketchily, this review is necessary in relation to their place and role for the formation of more general postulates and trends in these disciplines. On the other hand, they are examined as a separate aradigm departing from the field of study of these two disciplines but also drawing them near (together with topics such as magic, totem, taboo) a broad circle of ideas and imaginations intrinsic to man in general.

Ценността на дара или стойността на подаръка

Author(s): Petia Bankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2016

The article presents and discusses a widely spread in the past and practiced inpresent day rite associated with the birth of the child. On one hand it draws its datafrom ethnographic sources (archival, literary and personally collected field material),presenting the custom in its traditional version, and on the other – on research conductedthrough the method of participant observation and semi-structured interviewsduring contemporary manifestations of this custom. Analyzing specific ritual elementsand focusing on gifts/presents received by the child, the author develops theidea that this custom gradually loses its characteristics as a rite of passage. Furthermore,the lack of information or its laic presentation and interpretation has resultedin the development and approbation of a „scenario“ of the custom, which leads to aprocess of deritualization and transformation so this custom becomes primarily a festivemoment, a party, a visit, an occasion for gatherings of people who, through theirpresence and especially through their gifts, support the new-born and his/her family.