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The reasons of changes in requirements for qualitative characteristics of the labor force are revealed, the main requirements of employers and directions of development of human capital in connection with accelerated technologicalization of all spheres of life activity are generalized.
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Abstract. The article analyses issues related to the transition of Ukraine to a balanced development model, revealing the essence and interrelation of categories of “sustainable development”, “economic development”, and “economic growth”. The author has ascertained the main obstacles and restrictions of a harmonic social progress in Ukraine. The author has proven the methodological role of a sustainable development concept in the unity of a human, economy, and nature regarding resolving contradictions “the increase of human needs – scarcity of natural resources” and determining priorities of a government economic policy.
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Razlikovanje proizvodnog i neproizvodnog rada zauzimalo je istaknuto mjesto u razvoju političke ekonomije od samih njezinih početaka. O njemu je ovisilo određenje proizvodnje i proizvoda, identificiranje izvora ekonomskog blagostanja, ekonomski i socijalni položaj različitih društvenih klasa, određenje predmeta političke ekonomije kao znanosti, itd.
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Kada je 1958. godine objavljeno da je Sovjetski savez postao druga industrijska velesila zauzevši drugo mesto u svetskoj indu¬strijskoj proizvodnji i prvo u domenu Kosmičkih naučnih istraži¬vanja i time ozbiljno ugrozio primat SAD, mnogi u to nisu poverovali. Oni bar koji su pratili privredni razvitak Sovjetskog saveza od oktobarske revolucije pa nadalje više su znali o problemima sa kojima se nosila politika privrednog razvitaka SSSR-a nego o njenim uspesima.
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Analizirajući pojavu nelikvidnosti u jugoslavenskoj privredi, koja posljednje 2—3 godine dolazi sve više do izražaja, a ovog ljeta je izgleda dosegla svoju kulminaciju, treba prvenstveno naglasiti da je ona posljedica mnogobrojnih uzroka i izraz dubljih problema naše privrede i društva, a uzročnike treba tražiti kod svih nosilaca ekonomsko-političke akcije u našem društvu, od federacije i ostalih društveno-političkih zajednica, preko banaka do radnih organizacija.
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The author sets forth some views of relevance for the evaluation of Marx as an economist in the light of the present situation in the economic sciences and contemporary economic problems. He analyzes different aspects of economics, and especially insists upon the difference between positive and normative aspects which imply different theoretical and methodological approaches to real problems. Besides he shows the existence of different trends in the development of political economy which trends do not exclude one another, but which, each from its side, contribute to better understanding of economic processes - the trend of economic dynamics and development, trend of general balance and institutionalist trend. Marx belongs to the trend of economic dynamic and development, together with the classical school.
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In this article the author analyzes some fundamental tendencies of the relations between agriculture and some other sectors of economy in the course of economic development. One of fundamental changes is the diminishing of the share of agriculture in total production. But the author warns about the change of the character of agriculture itself, separating many important functions from agriculture, as well as the growing dependence of agricultural productivity on non-agricultural inputs. Therefore he considers that, for the necessities of the analysis of the role of agriculture on different stages of economic development, it would be necessary to form functional comparative sectors.
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The author considers the genesis and construction of Marxist attitudes towards the place of agriculture in economic development. After his setting forth Marx’s attitude (working out in detail Marx’s views upon the nationalization of soil and the development of the peasants’ property), the author of the article proves, by analyzing, how the further development of economic thought was created in the course of turbulent theoretical discussion in the social-democratic parties of the 1st and 2nd Internationals.
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Using a scientifically based method of credit risk management it is possible to consistently apply the model of determining the prices of bank credit loans with risk premiums included in the price structure. This method allows a bank to use its revenue to cover the risk of non-payment of loans. At the same time, the bank can both retain its profit orientation and abide by the principles of liquidity and security, without activating collaterals. Furthermore, to ensure an aggregate protection of the bank against all kinds of risks, including credit risks, it is advisable to opt for capitalization of the bank as its permanent business orientation. This would involve a scientifically based method of permanent diversification of portfolios. Mostly, reserves policy refers to a strategic increase of capital reserves. Bank capitalization as means of long-term credit risk protection is therefore promoted as an antithesis to multiplying assets. Moreover, it would be important for the bank to implement a policy of accumulating reserves from the current revenue, which involves the method of dynamic accumulation. Using this method, it is possible to permanently assess the risk of a particular credit portfolio, and to evaluate it in relation to the current economic cycle.
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Da bismo uspješnije mogli analizirati suštinu Savjeta za uzajamnu ekonomsku pomoć socijalističkih zemalja (SEV), njegove zadatke i ciljeve, osvrnut ćemo se ukratko na privredni razvoj SSSR-a, jer je SSSR, sa svojim stavovima i shvaćanjima zakonitosti razvoja socijalističkih privreda i njihovih odnosa, imao odlučujući utjecaj na postavljanje zadataka i ciljeva SEV-a.
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The study aimed to focus on the developments regarding Qatar Crisis and reveal the connection of the crisis with economic reasons. In the study; firstly, leaders and their attitudes which played crucial role in the emergence of the crisis scrutinized.After that Qatar’s position in natural gas market and possible competition with USA were examined. Then investments of the Qatar National Fund are examined. Lastly,the impact of Chinese Silk Road projects and Qatar-China trade to the crisis were analyzed. The study does not ignore existence of the political causes that constituted crisis but argues that the main factor in the emergence of the crisis is economic one.
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The paper substantiates various legal approaches to systemic stimulation of innovations created not only to expand the scope of economic turnover, but also to improve academic science and its relationship with business entities. Based on this approach, the importance and timeliness of the systematization of all “patent information”, which is in various sources and does not fully provide an idea of the economic effectiveness of the results of intellectual activity, have been demonstrated. Having touched upon these problems, the essential role played by the fairness of competitive relations when introducing any innovations or their improvements to the market by business entities has been revealed. In particular, it has been noted that unscrupulous subjects of the economic turnover artificially register new objects of intellectual activity with the aim of creating unfair competition in the market and its monopoly seizure. The obtained results have a significant legal significance for elimination of the above-mentioned problems of the systemic nature by creating a holistic concept of legal regulation of objects, entities, contractual structures, and antimonopoly legislation.
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While the ancient civilizations of Asia, China and India are similar countries; historical disagreements have polarized the two nations. However, due to the fact that both decision makers and India are economically dependent on China, relations have softened recently and have had the chance to progress. These good relations were also reflected in the regional integration movements, and India joined the Shanghai Cooperation Organization under the leadership of China. The current economic relations have made it easier for the two countries to become strategic partners rather than polarities. Nevertheless, China's strategic partnership in bilateral relations has continued with various competitiveness trends. In this study, India's economic dependence on bilateral relations and China's support for India as a strategic partner are examined. In this respect, the reality of bilateral relations has given signs that it will continue as a strategic partner in the near future.
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The article analyses domestic and foreign practice of assessing the regional government’s efficiency. It also examines the legislative framework that regulates such assessment. Based on the analysis’ results we propose measures to improve the regulatory framework. The research hypothesis is that the current methodology for assessing the regional government’s efficiency cannot comprehensively reflect the real situation. Considering additional factors of social and innovative development, which mostly impact the gross domestic product as the main performance indicator of a region, will increase the effectiveness of the regional government. Using regression analysis, we determined, how much the indicators used for calculating the regional government’s efficiency in accordance with the legislative framework, influence the gross regional product. We also analysed additional factors that significantly impact the gross regional product. In addition, we built a comprehensive model for assessing the regional government’s efficiency based on the linear regression method. The research has shown that the current legislative framework does not include a complete list of factors that affect the region’s development. Furthermore, the criteria for defining the most efficient regions (that receive additional grant support based on the assessment) do not allow implementing the stimulating function for these measures. The current procedure for grant support allocation to the most efficient regions leads to the increase of the regional development’s differentiation. We provide a number of proposals for supplementing and improving the methodology for the regional government’s efficiency, which are based on including additional factors that allow a comprehensive assessment of the regional management’s efficiency. The study’s results can be used for justifying the changes and amendments to the current legislative acts.Keywords:
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An investigation of issues of constitutional law often requires an interdisciplinary analysis. Constitutional law is also related to the economy, with constitutional stability depending on economic stability. Emerging economies face difficulties in remaining constitutionally stable. The Brazilian economic crisis generated a constitutional instability whose consequences are still unpredictable. The fragility of democracy in the country promotes the fragility of institutions and the Constitution itself. A purely normative discourse of the Constitution is insufficient, and it is necessary to rescue the politics and reorder the country politically.
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Is there a relation between wealth and human nature? Can the Delphic maxim "know thyself” (γνῶθι σεαυτὸν) help us decide whether or not to be affluent and wealthy? And if so: how rich? Human beings, says Aristotle, can only use and benefit from a limited amount of goods and services. The very rich have more than they need; the poor are in need because they have the minimum required to live, or even less. Only in the ‘middle’ do we find those who enjoy ‘true wealth’. Any society should search to increase the number of persons who possess enough and therefore are ‘truly wealthy’. Every human being should have what one needs. To achieve a ‘truly rich’ ‘middle class’ (Aristotle) rather than aspiring to increase its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), per capita GDP or income equality in terms of a normal distribution a country must solve the welfare problem of its population. That means it must end with the food, health, education, employment, and other such gaps. This paper argues that the hierarchical stratification of the contemporary Mexican society that favors an outrageously rich minority could renew its social order with the understanding of two Aristotelian categories: attainment of ‘real wealth’ for large ‘middle class’. This would allow Mexico to become a member of the developed world by turning into a mostly middle class country.
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Estonia’s financial watchdog has ordered Danske Bank to close its operations in the country as allegations mount over a giant money laundering operation.
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Despite rapid growth, Armenia’s economy remains puny compared to even the poorest EU countries.
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In this study, we investigate the theory of technological development of David Ricardo, who handled techological development shaped like using machinery, with Joseph Alois Schumpeter, who considered in the process of invention, innovation, clustering of innovation and creative destruction, by using of comparative methodologies. The scope of this study involves the several differences between Ricardo and Schumpeter in terms of technological development perceptions and determined theoretical purposes. Notwithstanding, being several similarities between theory of technological development of these writers have been detected. Although concepts of invention and innovation ivere used by Schumpeter, traces of these conceptions have been seen in Ricardo before Schumpeter. Ricardo had noticed invention and innovation, different conceptions, before Schumpeter had.
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Data analysis based on Gini index proves that income inequalities were growing in the 1980s and 1990s and next, mixed trends prevailed, with the exception of fast growth in the incomes of 1% top richest households. In spite of the fact that the expansion of knowledge-based economy has begun in the same time as income inequality growth, there are no direct connection between these two phenomena. The intermediary factor is financial capitalism. Innovations created in new economy (ICT) encourage the development of financial capitalism and quick growth of 1% of the highest incomes. The social importance of inequality growth is very low. The growth of income inequalities very slightly changes the evaluation of the existing income inequalities. The increase of salary inequality has not diminished work motivation in European enterprises. The growth of financial capitalism has encouraged growth of venture capital investment in sectors of knowledge-based economy.
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