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Neo-liberalism and Welfare State

Author(s): Vlado Puljiz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Welfare State was historically preceded by the so called Night Watchman State (L’Etat protecteur). The Welfare State was laconically defined in Leviathan by Hobbes saying that the aim of the Republic is to protect the individual. Welfare State (L’Etat providence, Sozialstaat) is actually an extension of the “Night Watchman State” into the social sphere. Its origins can be traced back to the end of the 19th century when the industrial society developed in the West, the market intensified, when serious social problems emerged on the surface of society, which could no longer be solved by church charity, state control or even repression over beggars and vagrants. The Welfare State expresses the idea that the insecurity of church care should be replaced by state protection security.

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Neo-liberal globalization model and the welfare state: The question of equality

Author(s): Davorka Vidović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Neo-liberalism as a political-economic doctrine and an ideology promotes globalization as world economic integration based on unfettered free trade. In a more extensive discourse, neo-liberalism is often equated with globalization. However, some of the eminent globalization theoreticians, for instance J. A. Scholte, U. Beck or M. Steger, point out that a neo-liberal standpoint on globalization is only one of the possible viewpoints, but also the most dominant and the most widespread when understanding globalization. Therefore, as Scholte points out, neo-liberal ideas of globalization gained widespread acceptance as commonsense .

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CSD-Report 34 - Monitoring Radicalisation: A Framework for Risk Indicators

Author(s): Rositsa Dzhekova,Mila Mancheva,Nadya Stoynova,Dia Anagnostou / Language(s): English

Radicalisation processes impacting on disaffected and indoctrinated persons and the later involvement of some of them in acts of terrorism are of growing concern for European citizens, their governments and the wider international community. Addressing this threat requires effective prevention policies which some EU member states have been proactive in developing. Effective policies need reliable diagnostic tools designed to identify individuals and groups who might pose a threat. The publication provides a review of existing approaches and tools to identifying, monitoring and assessing radicalisation in Europe and beyond. It further offers a conceptual framework of radicalisation risk and vulnerability indicators and their interpretation as a basis for developing early-warning mechanisms for frontline practitioners in countries which are yet to develop specific prevention and counter-radicalisation policies. The target group of the guide are policymakers at national and EU levels, as well as practitioners directly involved in the prevention of radicalisation in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond.

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SECURITY DIMENSIONS IN GLOBALIZATION -WAR METAMORPHOSIS

Author(s): Mirela Atanasiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There are many scientific works in the specialty literature focusing their analysis on the bidirectional relation between security and globalization. It is a much debated topic but this does not lose from its importance for the actual security environment with increasingly multiplied and diversified threats as direct and indirect consequences of globalization spreading in the world.The paper will approach security – globalization relation from the perspective of war metamorphosis. In this respect the whole study is dedicated to show the vivid picture created by a parallel between the Barry Buzan’s national security dimensions and the new types of wars identified under the ongoing multi-dimensional globalization phenomenon.

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THE HYBRID WARFARE AND THE MILITARY OR BELIGEN NON MILITARY CONTEMPORARY ACTIONS’ CHARACTERISTICS

Author(s): viorel catalin mihalcea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Hybrid War is a system of social, military and non-military actions,carried out in a discreet operational area characterized by political and economic states driven by events. The final result of the actions is the dissolution of statehood.Starting with the Cold-War Era, the most effective strategy of defeating undesirable state sovereignty proved to be its destruction, peaceful or violent, by itself (from inside),through discrete social actions, followed, as appropriate, by events management and the restoration of social order through military action. Thus, the role of the military structures has gradually changed, involving the change of organization and training, from the role of the main force of destroying the opponent to the force specialized in post-conflict social status management.On the other hand, in the Age of Information, within the Knowledge-based Society,space and time have become discontinuous and asynchronous through the universalization of electronically mediated communication and the virtualization of human interactions. This development made possible this type of war, the hybrid, characterized by the physical absence of the external military opponent in the decisive action phase and its emergence, with a stabilizing role, in the phase of managing the results.

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THE USE OF SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY WARS: CONCEPTUAL, OPERATIONAL AND TACTICAL HIGHLIGHTS

Author(s): Octavian Dacin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Special operations forces (SOF) are considered highly capable, elite forces that are trained and maintained to address critical national security objectives. SOF’s versatility, speed of deployment, and capabilities make SOF ideally suited for today’s security environment, where significant dangers are created by regional conflicts, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and transnational threats. Thus, it is important for the Department of Defense to ensure that SOF are ready to perform their intended missions and are used in ways that capitalize on their unique capabilities.

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MILITARY MOBILITY – AN OPERATIONAL TARGET AS EFFECT OF THE HYBRID WAR BREAKDOWN OF THE BORDERS

Author(s): Dorin Ionita,Ion Anghel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The freedom of movement of forces and means became an operational target, as a result of the ever-widening hybrid warfare on the elimination of frontiers. In recent years, it has come to light that it is very difficult to transport military equipment and forces on national territory, but also on the European continent, as there are a multitude of restrictions. Therefore, ensuring effective military mobility raises wide-ranging debates at both national and EU / NATO levels, as it requires a systematic approach to several economic, military and political issues. The article presents a review of these concerns,which have the ultimate goal of ensuring that the freedom of movement of forces and mean scan be viewed as an investment process that involves, both military and economic, short-term costs and long-term benefits.

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RISKS AND THREATS TO THE SECURITY OF ROMANIA

Author(s): Ilie ANGIU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The diversification of threats to the international security environment has led to essential changes in their physiognomy and characteristics. Threats to Romania’s security in the current security context manifest and will manifest, both by conventional and non-conventional means, in the military and civilian spheres that makes them sometimes difficult to be predicted. The complexity and dynamics of the current international security environment has entailed Romania to take measures to defend and counteract new types of threats. This was made internally as well as in the framework of the alliances, coalitions,partnerships to which Romania is part. The main goal of these measures was to involve itself in providing the security of its own citizens as well as contributing to the achievement of regional stability, in order to integrate the Southeastern European space in the continental and Euro-Atlantic security architecture.

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„Současný systém říká rodičům: nedávejte děti do jeslí, ale určitě je dejte do školky“

Author(s): Jan Schneider,Lada Wichterlová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Prohlašuje Jan Schneider, ředitel Zdravotnického zařízení Podolí, které spravuje i jedny z pražských jeslí. O dnešní situaci jeslí si s ním povídala Lada Wichterlová.

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Izbeglice – žrtve etničkog inženjeringa

Author(s): Boris Delić,Safet Biševac,Drago Kovačević / Language(s): Serbian

I novi milenijum, nažalost, počinje sa ogromnim masovnim egzodusom stanovništva širom sveta; najnoviji slučajevi si Istočni Timor, Avganistan, Sudan i drugi. Izbeglištvo je uvek bolno i teško iskustvo, što su pokazali i ratovi na teritoriji bivše Jugoslavije. Osim toga, povratak nikad nije masovan, bez obzira na veliku želju izbeglica da se vrate. Intencija Dejtonskog sporazuma (Annex VII) da, pre svega, poništi rezulatate rata i obezbedi takav proces nije dao velike rezultate. Razlozi za to su brojni. Prvi je, svakako, to što su počinioci i kreatori ovog zločina još uvek nosioci vlasti na tim prostorima, a drugi, isto tako značajan, je to što su se brojne izbeglice već integrisale u nove sredine, mnoge u trećim zemljama. U odnosu na povratak, jugoslovensko iskustvo je pokazalo i neke izuzetke. To se prvenstveno odnosi na kosovske Albance, koji su se nakon povlačenja jugoslovenske armije, paravojski i policije masovno vraćali svojim kućama, uprkos činjenici da su njihova sela mahom bila spaljena i devastirana (srpske snage su spalile više od 100.000 albanskih kuća). Drugi primer su Srbi iz Hrvatske, koji su utočište našli u samoj Srbiji. Njihova želja za povratkom je opstruirana, kako sa hrvatske, tako i sa srpske strane. Uprkos tome, povratak Srba u Hrvatsku je proces koji još uvek traje, sa mogućnošću da se u budućnosti intenzivira. Sada su, naime, bezbednosni uslovi zadovoljavajući, i, što je još važnije, hrvatska vlast je promenila svoju politiku prema Srbima. Do ove promene je došlo nakon što se Hrvatska kandidovala za članstvo u EU, što je kao uslov nametalo, ne samo saradnju sa Hagom, već i povratak srpskih izbeglica.

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The European Social Model in the Eurointegration of Romania and Bulgaria: Quality of Life in Terms of Policies and Outcomes

Author(s): Gabriela Motoi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

According to Eurostat statistics, more than 10 years after joining the European Union, Bulgaria and Romania "dispute" the last places in the rankings, which reveal the evolution of the main indicators of the quality of life. In addition, it seems that 12 years of European funds absorption, a large part of them being for the development of human capital, were not enough for the Romanian and Bulgarian societies to make progress in improving the quality of life of their citizens. Based on these considerations, this study aims to analyse, in a comparative manner, how social policies on several topics, such as, population, education or health have or have not produced positive effects on quality of life. Moreover, our study is relying on the fact that, although there are national social policy regulations and action lines conforming to the European Social Model, in the two societies (Romanian and Bulgarian), statistics confirm us that the effects are not similar in each of the 28 EU countries.

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Who takes part in a cross sectional survey on health care service utilisation among Turkish and German nationals in Germany?

Author(s): Ulrike Zier,Stephan Letzel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Socio-cultural aspects of health such as understanding of sickness and health, or symptom awareness are likely to influence health care utilisation as well as system knowledge or financial and communicational obstacles to health care access. In a multicultural society like Germany, health care services and policy regulation have to take this issue into account, in order to provide equal access. The share of inhabitants with foreign nationalities has risen from 1.2% (0.7 million) in 1961 to 9.5% (7.6 million) in 2013 (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2014a, p. 27-37). Most foreign nationals in Germany are Turkish citizens. They make up a share of 20.3% of all foreign nationals and 1.9% of all inhabitants. Even though health care utilisation is an important means of maintaining and restoring personal health, the question of whether different socio-cultural patterns exist has not been addressed comprehensively by previous research in Germany. Only a few studies on specific aspects of the topic exist and mention barriers in health care access (e.g. Bermejo, Hölzel, Kriston, & Härter, 2012; Robert Koch Institut, 2008). With our survey we cover a broad range of research questions on general health care utilisation practices in a representative population sample of Turkish and German nationals.

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Sığınmacı ve Göçmenlerle Sağlık Alanında Sosyal Hizmet

Author(s): Nuray Gökçek Karaca / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İnsan sağlığını bedensel, ruhsal ve sosyal açıdan olumlu veya olumsuz olarak etkileyen birçok etken olmakla birlikte, bu etkenlerin en önemlilerinden biri de göç sürecidir. Literatür incelendiğinde, göçmenlerin sağlık düzeyi ile ilgili araştırma bulgularının, “sağlıklı göçmen varsayımı” ile “kültürel etkileşim varsayımını” destekler nitelikte olduğu görülmektedir. Sağlıklı göçmen varsayımına göre, demografik özelliklerinden bağımsız, göçmenler özellikle de çalışma amaçlı göç edenler, hem kendi ülkelerindeki hem de göç ettikleri ülkelerdeki toplumun genelinden daha sağlıklıdır. Zira herhangi bir kişi için göç kararının verilebilmesi bile o kişinin bireysel sağlığı ile yakından ilişkilidir. Bu durum kısmen, göç başvurularında genellikle sağlık taramalarının istenmesi ve bu nedenle sağlıklı olma şartı ile de açıklanabilir. Yine hastalık riskleri ile ilgili yapılan bazı araştırmalarda da sağlıklı göçmen varsayımını destekler nitelikte göçmenlerin, göç edilen ülkede doğan benzer etnik gruplara göre daha az hastalandıkları bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır (Karadağ Çaman ve Bahar Özvarış, 2010: 6). Gerçekten yapılan araştırmalarla da ortaya konulduğu üzere, göçün, göçmen ailelerde yeni normları tetikleme; göçmen kadınlar açısından daha büyük yaşta evlilik, daha az doğurganlık, daha fazla iş gücüne katılım, kız çocukları için daha fazla eğitim umudu gibi olumlu etkileri olabilir.

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Ekonomi ve Çalışma Yaşamı Bağlamında Sığınmacı ve Göçmenlerle Sosyal Hizmet

Author(s): Sayra Lotfi,Gizem Çelik Gümüş / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İnsanın; değişken, farklı ihtiyaçlarına ve sorunlarına neden olan olgulardan birisi de göçtür. Çeşitli sebeplerden dolayı göç eden, göçmen, sığınmacı ve mültecilerin sahip oldukları haklar ile sosyo-ekonomik sorunlarının giderilmesine ve ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasına yönelik uygulamalar, günümüz dünyasının önemli çalışma alanlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Özellikle Türkiye gibi önemli göç yolları üzerinde bulunan ülkeler için bu olgu, son derece ciddi yasal düzenlemelerin ve uygulamaların oluşturulması gerektiğini göstermiştir.

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Sığınmacı - Göçmen LGBTİ’ler ve Sosyal Hizmet

Author(s): Türken Çağlar / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Bu bölümün temel amacı, farklı yol veya araçlarla Türkiye’ye gelmiş ve “göçmen”, “sığınmacı”, “mülteci” veya farklı kavramlarla tanımlanmaya çalışılan, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti uyruklu olmayan ve başka ülkelerden ülkemize gelmiş bulunan insanlardan, cinsiyet kimliği ve cinsel yönelimleri nedeniyle LGBTİ’ler olarak anılanların; ülkemizdeki durumları, yaşadıkları belli başlı sorunlar, ilgili kurumlara başvuruları, uygulanan süreçleri vb. incelemek, açıklamak ve tartışmaktır . Bütün bu noktalardan hareketle konu, “sosyal hizmet perspektifi”nden ele alınarak; göçmen LGBTİ’ler ile sosyal hizmet mesleki uygulamaları değerlendirilmiştir.

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Some Results of Irregular Migration in Turkey

Author(s): Melek Zubaroğlu Yanardağ,Umut Yanardağ / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The issue of irregular migration in Turkey is gaining an increasingly important dimension. In the context of irregular migration, it is known that many foreigners use Turkey as a target or transit country for economic and political reasons. Only in 2016, 174,466 irregular migrants were apprehended in various regions of Turkey. This number has been increasing, especially in recent years. The current irregular migration movements in Turkey affect not only Turkey but also the European countries around it. In 2014, 280 thousand people illegally reached Europe by sea and land. In 2015, this number increased to 1,046,600. It is known that irregular migration concentrates on the Aegean, Mediterranean, and Marmara coasts. According to the Turkish Coast Guard Command, a total of 490 irregular migrants lost their lives while illegally trying to cross into European countries in 2015, 2016, and the first months of 2017. This picture makes it necessary to address the human dimension of irregular migration from a broader perspective. While coping with irregular migration, policies should be developed by keeping the human dimension of the subject in mind through investigating the causes that drive migrants to irregular migration. In parallel with this, fighting against human smugglers is indispensable. At this point, social work profession, which has to take an active role in the field of migration, must be maintained by improving its practices on the basis of human rights. While working with irregular migrants, social workers must stay away from stigmatizing and judicial attitudes and advocate for the protection of the human rights of these migrants.

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Mapping Shipwrecks of Refugees and Immigrants in the Mediterranean Sea Since 2015

Author(s): Artemis Tsiopa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the recent years, the continuous political tensions and the multiple civil wars in many countries have caused a dramatic increase of people emigrating. Most of these people are trying to reach a European country. Since 2015, the number of immigrants and refugees is so high that this is considered a migration crisis. Most immigrants enter the EU by sea. They use boats to reach the shores of Greece, Italy and Spain. These boats very often sink due to a great variety of reasons, such as the dangerous weather conditions. These shipwrecks cause the death of thousands of immigrants and refugees. This paper aims to record and present the shipwrecks that have occurred during the period 2015-2017 in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as, the number of the dead and the missing persons from each shipwreck. For this purpose, data from the International Organization for Migration (IOM) are being used. From the produced maps it is evident that the majority of the shipwrecks occur in the Central Mediterranean Sea, as well as the majority of the dead and the missing. In the same context, the missing from the recorded shipwrecks appear to be more than the dead.

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Jednoroditeljske porodice. Mapiranje prava i potreba samostalnih roditelja/ki na području općine Centar Sarajevo

Author(s): Sanela Šadić,Amila Ždralović,Mirza Emirhafizović / Language(s): Bosnian

Država Bosna i Hercegovini je potpisnica brojnih međunarodnih konvencija koje postavljaju standarde koji se tiču zaštite ljudskih prava i sloboda i kojima se insistira na uvažavanju dostojanstva svih pojedinki i pojedinaca. Pored toga, Bosna i Hercegovina je na državnom nivou usvojila, između ostalog, Zakon o ravnopravnosti spolova i Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije. Kroz različite sociološko-pravne analize ona se može prepoznati kao školski primjer diskrepancija između de iurei de facto stanja ravnopravnosti svih osoba. Ipak, čak i onda kada se u analizama (pre)naglašava dobro de iure stanje, oblast porodičnog zakonodavstva se može izdvojiti kao ona oblast koja nužno traži određene korekcije. Čak i međunarodni standardi koji se tiču unaprjeđenja porodičnog života otvoreni su za dalju debatu. Naime, ovo je oblast u kojoj dolaze do izražaja sve diskrepancije različitih ideoloških pozicija što može biti predmet posebne rasprave. Ostavljajući po strani ove sporove, a imajući u vidu dosadašnja istraživanja, ovdje je potrebno ukazati na nekoliko bitnih uvida koji su rezultat dosadašnjih istraživanja u Bosni i Hercegovini.

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Lebanon And The Lack Of Refugee Protection: From The Absence Of A National Refugee And Asylum Policy Over Increasing Unemployment And Poverty Rates To The Threat Of More And More Statelessness

Author(s): Laura El Chemali / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In March 2020, the Syrian conflict entered its ninth consecutive year, meanwhile continuing to trigger unprecedented humanitarian, demographic and geographical problems with far reaching consequences for Syria and its neighbouring countries. With 6.5 million internally displaced persons and at least 4.8 million Syrian refugees who have fled the country since 2011, Syrians have become the largest refugee community in the Middle East . Over the course of the conflict, Lebanon, which has a population of approximately 4 million, has received more than 1 million Syrian refugees . In 2018, this number declined for the first time under 1 Million. However, unofficial number are said to be much higher than those published by the UN Refugee Agency in Lebanon. While Lebanon turned into the most important refugee reception state worldwide, Lebanese state authorities have neither been able to mitigate nor to respond to this high-impact and vigorous influx of (Syrian) refugees, acting as a weak host state. Despite the fact that prior to the Syrian refugee crisis, Lebanon had received millions of refugees from Palestine, Lebanese state authorities have failed to implement a coherent national strategy for the management of the Syrian refugee crisis in their country . Considering the highly elevated needs in combination with a persistent underfunding, as well as, the absence of sustainability in the various sectors, such as electricity, health care, education, waste management or water, poverty and unemployment rates in Lebanon have risen to worrisome levels. Consequently, this article is driven by the interest to explore the various dynamics behind the mismanagement of the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon and the reasons why Lebanon has attained in the last quarter of 2019 nearly the stadium of state collapse.

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Активното стареене – здравни, социални и икономически детерминанти

Author(s): Veselka Pavlova,Ekaterina Tosheva,Mariana Mourgova,Ralitza Pandurska,Anastas Dimov / Language(s): Bulgarian

The publication focuses on pressing issues related to the health status and access to healthcare for elderly people in Bulgaria, their social life, and their participation in the labor market. A comparative analysis of demographic trends in Bulgaria and the European Union indicates that by 2050, population aging processes will deepen, with the rate in Bulgaria exceeding the EU average. A comparison of the Active Aging Index demonstrates that Bulgaria's low position is due to the very limited participation of elderly people in social and political life. Based on data from the SHARE study, an analysis was conducted on the health status and access to medical care and services for individuals aged 55 and over. The findings conclude that a significant portion of elderly people in Bulgaria suffer from chronic illnesses and overweight, do not visit dentists, or consult medical professionals. The study highlights the extremely limited involvement of elderly people in political and social life. Significant differences in quality of life and life satisfaction were identified across various socio-demographic groups. Conclusions were drawn regarding the advantages and risks of flexible retirement and its connection to active aging. An analysis of the dynamics of working retirees from 2009 to 2019 reveals a growing participation of elderly individuals in the labor market. A key conclusion of the study is that elderly people with poorer health, unfavorable financial conditions, and lower levels of education are more inclined toward early retirement.

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