CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

NON-KINETIC OPERATIONS – CONCEPTUAL DELIMITATION, CHARACTERISTICS AND ASPECTS

Author(s): Adina Pintea,Alexandru-Dumitru Pintili,Ion Mitulețu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

War has always been a contest between different actors, but the character of conflicts is changing over time. Technological progress, continuous changes in the geopolitical landscape as well as new operating concepts will permanently influence and change the international security environment. Nowadays, the most powerful actors in the international arena are concerned with identifying ways to exercise their supremacy without having to resort to force, destruction, etc. These methods are based on the use of tactics of deception, psychological actions, cyber attacks, economic actions, actions like SIGINT, HUMINT, GEOINT etc. All these actions can materialize in a non-kinetic operation that does not involve the physical strength of weapons, but determines where and when the opponent will act, or even more, can block him from using his weapons, or even turn them against him.

More...

THE PRACTICAL REALITY OF CYBERWAR

Author(s): Sorina Ana Manea,Gelu Alexandrescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Do we really fight a cyber war? To see if that is as a reality we took another type of actions that was considered to be war some thirty years back, namely propaganda and subversion, and compared them to cyber war and, to gain more insight, we compared all of them to the concept of war. The insight offered by this approach shows that even though we live in a rapidly changing society, this change is often superficial and, as in other branches, the security environment tends to recycle a good idea. Many times we hear that cyber war affects our life by disrupting the normal flow of it. But is really a war what is causing this effect or the political rhetoric is using this stance to draw an alarm signal to the potential disastrous consequence of an attack carried out against the cyber infrastructure of a nation.

More...

COMBAT POWER INDEX CALCULATION FOR AN ARMOURED BATTLEGROUP

Author(s): Florin-Ioan Cioancă,Gelu Alexandrescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The planning process of actions and operations requires to have sufficient and strong military forces on hand. These forces must be projected and formed to have a specific “value” of combat power. The “combat power” must be real, must last and obviously it must create effects on the enemy forces. The process of combat power index “evaluation” takes place through the integration of the values and weights of each component of the military force.

More...

THE ROMANIAN ARMY’S CONTROL AT THE TIME OF THE WARSAW PACT’S CREATION

Author(s): Dan-Laurentiu Mocanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

After World War II, at the initiative of the USSR, a military alliance was organized in the Eastern Communist bloc, in which the USSR took on the primary role of leadership and coordination. The so-called Warsaw Pact constituted, for the "armed forces" of the Romanian People's Republic, the end of the social transformations and the transition from the elitist royal army to the new soviet military establesment, purified and strongly ideologized on the basis of Stalinist principles.

More...

Economic Context of the Czech Army Military Deployments and Export

Author(s): Miroslav Krč / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper analyzes the influences of the military deployment on the export and the consequences of military spending on the public sector. The theory of the state defence economy deals with the impact of military spendings on economic variables. Several studies have confirmed the positive effects of the military spending. Using the quantitative analysis the paper is trying to evaluate the economic impact of the military deployments on the export between 2002 and 2009. Statistical data were used to identify interdependencies between Czech army spendings on the military deployement and the size of the export to Iraq destination.

More...

Resource Accounting and Budgeting for Managing Personnel Costs and the Amount of Capital Expenditures in the UK Armed Forces

Author(s): Miroslav Krč,Vladimír Golik / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper "Resource Accounting and Budgeting for Managing Personnel Costs and the Amount of Capital Expenditures in the UK Armed Forces" analyses the use of accrual accounting and the resulting consequences of the introduction of Resource Accounting and Budgeting in the UK Armed Forces. This paper examines statistically, whether growing costs of manpower causes that the amount of investment spending changes, or not. In the case of personnel expenses, this new approach to resource management using RAB system has led to improvement of utilization of the resources. The research is based on data for total staff numbers and unit personnel costs (in 2005 constant prices) that were spent on maintaining army manpower from 1980 to 2011.

More...

4.50 €

Social Rights of Refugees

Author(s): Özkan Gönül,Yunus KARAAĞAÇ / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As of the written history, it is seen that only 270 years of the last 3000 years did not experience war. This situation reveals the fact that human history is actually the history of wars. The mass wars that took place at the point of sharing lands and scarce resources have been one of the main causes of migration movements, one of the most painful realities of human history. Because the members of the state that lost the war or a society that was tried to be subjected to genocide had to take shelter in another state in the hope of surviving and being safe.

More...

Demokracja, siły zbrojne i pandemia COVID-19 w Ameryce Łacińskiej

Author(s): Michał Stelmach / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to analyze civil-military relations in Latin America during theCOVID-19 pandemic. The priority is to show the role of the army in sanitary and orderactivities, as well as to examine the impact of the militarization of health policy on thecondition of democracy in the countries of the region. The author formulated two researchhypotheses: 1. the scope and intensity of the use of armed forces in the fight against thepandemic is correlated with the effectiveness of civilian state institutions and the type ofpolitical system; 2. the development of the pandemic in 2020 has significantly contributedto the change in the balance of power between civilian and military institutions, and whatis more, to the deepening of the processes of politization of the armed forces and the militarizationof politics in Latin America. The article consists of four parts. The first examinesthe changes in relations between civilian and military institutions and the role and positionof the armed forces in Latin American countries during the period of democratic transition.In the second, the author reviewed the evolution of civil-military relations in thefirst two decades of the 21st century, revealing new forms of militarism. The third partof the text examines the state of civil-military relations in the 21st century in the context ofthe crisis of democracy and the wave of social protests. In the fourth part, the author analyzedthe ways and scope of using the armed forces in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemicand the effects of the militarization of public policy on Latin American democracies.

More...

Działalność Państwa Islamskiego podczas wojny domowej w Syrii oraz w czasach pandemii COVID-19

Author(s): Bartosz Kurowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to analyze the two most volatile periods in Syria – both in thepolitical and social context – in the 21st century. The priority was placed on presentingthe problem in the perspective of the terrorist activities of the Islamic State. Therefore, thefirst period corresponds to the beginnings of the ISI (Islamic State of Iraq) in Syria after2011 (which was also the background to the bloody political events related to the civilwar), while the second part is an analysis of the political background in Syria during thepandemic COVID-19, when Islamic State was once again playing a key role as a significantthreat to the Bashar al-Assad government. Thus, it was necessary, above all, to indicate thechanges, goals and tactics of the jihadists in the years 2020–2022 in comparison with theirmost intense period of activity in Syria during the civil war (2011–2014).

More...

AI and IoT Mapping and the Transition to an Interconnected Cyber Defence and Intelligence Capabilities

Author(s): Joseph JONES,Angela Ioniță,Ioan-Cosmin MIHAI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper brings together authors from a diverse range of technical areas to discuss the evolving cyber threat landscape and how military forces, have transformed their capabilities to meet present-day operational challenges in cyberspace. The Internet of Things (IoT) is based on the premise that enough data can lead to new perspectives on processes and systems. With over 7 billion IoT devices connected today, experts expect that number to increase to 22 billion by 2025. They can be used to support decisions and new products and services, or they can lead to internal savings and new external revenue streams. Despite countless discussions and opinions on the definition of AI in its various facets, successful IoT implementation projects require major actors to play their part, but in conjunction with human experts to work with to make better decisions in cyberspace, improving the quality of human-machine team’s actions in asymmetric operations. The Defence domain already looking at ways to organize better human-machine teams, which promise to boost individual and team performance, reduce threats to humans, enable new operating concepts, and ultimately boost national power.

More...

Integrating and Shaping Military Cyber Defence in Operational and Intelligence Planning

Author(s): Joseph JONES / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The cyber threat landscape has undoubtedly evolved at an exponential rate. As such, NATO and EU forces have transformed their capabilities to meet present-day operational challenges in cyberspace. However, this paper will not only identify relative successes by NATO and EU forces with regards to their respective development of cyber defence capabilities, it will also indicate limitations with regards to the projection of power within cyberspace and the lack of national and international coordination concerning offensive cyber operations and the collection of intelligence from cyberspace.

More...

NATO JE EKSKLUZIVAN KLUB ZA BIH

Author(s): Zekerijah Osmić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Interview with Zekerijah Osmić

More...

Изкуственият интелект в НАТО

Author(s): Iliya Borisov Tabakov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report explains the security and defense challenges associated with the introduction of artificial intelligence into the social and economic life of NATO countries. The main strategic documents and conceptual lines for the development of AI in the Alliance are reviewed. The report has drawn attention to the existing gap between small and powerful countries, which cannot be overcomed. This is an opportunity for all opponents of NATO. Allies' understanding and commitment to technological superiority face many challenges that have the potential to hinder their ambitions for AI leadership.

More...

MILITARY TRAINING AREAS AND THEIR HINTERLAND IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC WITH FOCUS ON TOURISM

Author(s): Martina Jaňurová,Aneta Krajíčková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

After the fall of the Iron curtain and due to the deployment of Warsaw Pact army, the use of Military Training Areas (MTA) use significantly decreased. Since 1989, four out of the original eight MTAs have been canceled and it is probable that the territorial reductions will continue. The hinterlands of MTA and MTAs themselves are characterized by a low population density, a greater share of woods and agricultural areas and, thanks to a restricted entry, also by relatively untouched nature. These specific features can contribute to the development of tourism, hiking and cycling, bio agriculture, etc., in general to the sustainable forms of tourism and business. The aim of this paper is to point out the possible potential for tourism development in municipalities situated in the hinterland of MTA Boletice, Březina, Libavá, Hradiště and former MTA Brdy. Via selected tourism indicators (employment, tourism-recreational functions of municipalities, tourism-recreational load of municipalities…) and more general indicators of agriculture and business, the current development potential of the municipalities in designated areas is presented. Furthermore, the possibilities of future activities, not only in the near vicinity, but also with the envisaged further territorial reductions and MTAs themselves, are discussed with an emphasis on tourism.

More...

Consistency of Czech Foreign Policy and Export Tendencies towards States with Ongoing Conflict – Case Study Comparison

Author(s): Tadeáš PALA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In democratic countries, the relationships between the procedures in both foreign policy and economic exchange should resonate with each other. The opportunity to analyze this hypothesis is used in the case of the Czech Republic’s export to two countries. Although both of them find themselves in an armed conflict, the premise of the Czech Republic’s political approach towards each of them is extremely different. Ukraine is considered the state, which is supported by both the Czech Republic and the European Union, whereas the Al-Assad regime in Syria is often politically condemned and political sanctions are imposed on it. The analysis of the data carried out by The Czech Statistical Office on the statistical value of export confirms the following essential premise: the worsened political relationships have a strong impact on the reduction of exports. This trend is less visible in the case of Ukraine, which is politically supported. In the case of both countries, the factor expressing the development of the internal situation is visible. In the case of Syria, a certain minimum value of cooperative willingness has been identified which is not affected by political proclamations, but rather by an actual possibility to physically export.

More...

THE GROWTH OF ALERT CAPACITIES FOR TERRORIST RISKS

Author(s): Ciprian Chițac / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The problem of terrorism has become during the last few years a hot topic for military and governmental institutions involved with managing the security of civil society and not only. The latest events have emphasized the necessity of knowing the modes of action of terrorist attacks. Each of these incidents had as an effect the change of laws and regulations and the implementation of new sets of measures for preventing and countering this phenomenon. At the same time, each incident has allowed states to evaluate again the necessity of establishing, equipping and training specialized structures for intervention in these cases. All of these events have determined the publication of studies which would lead to a better understanding of problems and to the establishment of efficient measures for combating and countering this reality we are facing nowadays. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of alert capabilities for terrorist risks. Hence, in the first paper of the paper we will analyze the notion of terrorism, we will call to attention structures with a role in countering terrorism and we will present one identified means of fighting against terrorist risks and the importance of mass media in accomplishing this fight. Also, we will underline the necessity of creating a specialized structure for fighting this phenomenon, as well as the necessity of the capabilities which are at our disposal and of the present legislation.

More...

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE MILITARY ENGINEERING STRUCTURES IN THE ROMANIAN ARMY COMMANDS, WITH THOSE IN THE NATO COMMANDS OR WITHIN THE ARMIES OF SOME NATO MEMBER STATES

Author(s): Cristian Gabriel Cîrjău / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

After joining the North Atlantic Alliance, the Romanian Army began a process of doctrinal alignment, followed by the reorganization of command-control and force structures. By default, the military engineering staff structures were transformed. As I consider that these staff structures have not been adequately reorganized, I set out to make a comparative analysis of them with the military engineering structures in the organization of the commands of armies belonging to NATO member states and with those within NATO commands, at strategic, operational and tactical levels. Subsequently, I will use the data of the analysis, corroborated with other conclusions resulting from previous research, to propose to the military leadership factors the reorganization of the military engineering command structures. We believe that after a new reorganization, these military engineering structures in the composition of our commands must be able to ensure, on the one hand, the correspondence of duties with those of similar structures within the Alliance's commands and, on the other hand, the possibility of exercising on behalf of the commander, command and control over all capabilities.

More...

PERSPECTIVES ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF NATIONAL MILITARY STRUCTURES SO AS TO ADAPT TO THE ALLIED CONTEXT

Author(s): Niculai-Tudorel LEHACI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The complexity of the security situation at international and especially regional level, generated by Russia's aggression against Ukraine, accentuates the need to develop and strengthen the North Atlantic Alliance's collective deterrence and defence posture. The collective defence system is and will remain an effective element in geopolitical equations, especially in the current context, when the threat spectrum is unprecedentedly diverse, and the system is NATO's main objective. Against the backdrop of these challenges, following the financial crisis and in particular since 2014, with the NATO Summit in the UK (4-5 September 2014), there has been a demand at Allied level for a robust set of defence capabilities capable of responding effectively to the full spectrum of threats and supporting NATO's political and strategic objectives in the coming phases. Initiatives such as the 'Defence Capability Building', the 'Interoperability Platform' or the 'ConnectedForces Initiative', together with the gradual increase of defence budgets to reach the 2% of GDP target, have been aspirations adopted by Member States and largely imposed at national level. Subsequent Summits since 2014 have made significant progress in strengthening NATO capabilities and adapting the Alliance to the current geopolitical reality. Therefore, as the types of threats confronted seem to evolve and acquire increasingly diverse features, states and their instruments, in turn, must undergo a process of transformation and adaptation, both individually, at state level, and in the allied context. Transformation is a constant challenge and requirement for the Alliance and its members, which will have to be faced continuously.

More...

SNAKE ISLAND – BLACK SEA STRATEGIC AREA

Author(s): Lavinia Elena Tănase (Măxineanu),Roxana MANEA (ALEXANDRU) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this article, we will analyze the strategic importance of the Snake Island for the entire Black Sea area and even the European and NATO countries, which are non-riparian states. Utilizing historical analysis as a research method, we will objectively state the importance of the island throughout history while also pointing out some contemporary elements. In addition, we will focus on the political, military, and economic factors that motivated Russian forces' decision to launch an attack on the first day that hostilities broke out between Ukraine and Russia. For this reason, after Ukraine had already lost both control of the Crimean Peninsula and free access to the Azov Sea, the seizure of Snake Island by Russian forces was most likely planned well in advance, as a tactical operation with strategic implications, for the purpose of cutting off Ukraine’s maritime routes and denying access to all of its sea lines of communication. Another factor of great importance is the island's location, which presents the possibility of basing military assets on the island in order to conduct intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) operations and even pose a threat on the eastern frontier of NATO with the probable deployment of mobile multi-layered missile systems.

More...

TARGETING IMPLICATION IN A JOINT FORCE OPERATION FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE

Author(s): Adrian Mirea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this paper, I wanted to highlight the importance of the targeting process in planning and conducting an eventual joint force operation for the purpose of armed national defense. Even though Romania is an active member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), for national defense purposes Romanian armed forces must be capable to plan and conduct operations with existent armed structures until allied forces would intervene in case of an armed aggression under Article 5 specifications. Having participated with forces and structures in various multinational operations and exercises alongside current national contributions underNATO partnership, Romanian armed forces continuously improve their level of training and over time implemented in our standing doctrines and field manuals many of our partner’s procedures. One such procedure is the target management process. National joint force headquarters including those functioning at component and division levels should permanently consider, plan and conduct target management training for responsible personnel, especially with those working in information and operation modules, as they will be part of targeting working committees, groups or cells that activate at their respective structures both in peacetime or combat operations. One other significant factor influencing the target management process in a national defense operation is the application of Laws of Armed Conflict and rules of engagement in an eventual armed aggression.

More...