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After the year 1989 many presumed that “the end of history” came about, after the end of cold war no international security risks would arise. Nowadays we see that everything is different. Risks and threats are an inseparable component of humane existence. A working state must be prepared for those risks, which covers even the field of training citizens. The reviewed publication will certainly contribute to better understanding the complexity of present-day world and its security. The book has two independent parts; the first one is politological by Peter Rožňák, the second part deals with professional arms by Ludvík Juříček.
More...Koncepční rámec a praktické závěry, eseje o strategickém myšlení
Redakce Vojenských rozhledů představuje zkrácenou verzi zamýšlení Gudruna Perssona ze Swedish Defence Research Agency nad knihou autorů Igora Popova, a Musa Kharmazatova které bylo zveřejněno na stránkách NATO Defence College v Římě. Plná verze textu je k dispozici na adrese http://www.ndc.nato.int/news/news.php?icode=1078
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The topic of economic security of the region is relevant, given the current economic and social instability, it is necessary at the regional and federal levels to ensure equal opportunities for the development of regions, so that the economic situation in each of them meets the security requirements, as much as possible excludes problems associated with negative social and economic development. The main component of the economic security of the country is the economic security of the regions, which is characterized by the specifics of economic development. The purpose of the article is to develop the directions of the decision for improving the economic development of the region in order to stabilize its economic security. The dialectical materialistic method of cognition and the general scientific, special and private-scientific methods based on it are used in the work. In particular, the work uses logical, comparative, methods of analysis (namely statistical, etc.), synthesis. The article examines the main approaches to the concept of economic security in general, as well as the economic security of the region, financial security, also examines approaches to the methodology for assessing the economic security of regions, analyzed statistical data and compared them with other regions.
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This study has been dedicated to counter-terrorism forces which form part of the Police Force. Its officers deal with physical neutralisation of terror threats and they take part in fighting against organised crimes on the Slovak Republic territory. The material also addresses the issue of special use of firearms by operators and police sharpshooters who perform their daily duty in specialized counter-terrorism units. The study has been prepared within the framework of the realization of international scientific and research project implemented under the Horizon 2020-FCT-2015 operational programme, No: 700688, entitled: Understand the Dimensions of Organized Crime and Terrorist. Networks for Developing Effective and Efficient Security Solutions for First-Line-Practitioners and Professionals.
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The region of Middle East has been for centuries space of interweaving of interests of power holders, both within the countries of the region and major world powers. The favorable geographical position and significant reserves of natural resources, principally oil, make the Middle East, in terms of security, very sensitive. Clash of civilizations and religions in the region and the locations of the most important holy places for both Christianity and Islam were historically a stumbling rock and a great obstacle to peace and prosperity. The aim of this article is to point out and to attempt to answer the question how Islamic State can influence on a global security. Considering the complexity of the security reality in the Middle East, it can be said that the importance is reflected in the fact that it provides a contribution to its knowing the aspect that arises from the problem issues.
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The Western Balkans region has always been an area of great geopolitical and geostrategic importance both to the state and non-state actors. Following the civil wars which profoundly marked the last years of the 20th century, the countries in question entered the phase of transition, characterised by profound socio-political paralysis, economic crisis and hampered consolidation of the rule of law. The inadequacy of the social environment and inefficiency of the systems were crucial in creating the necessary prerequisites for the growing importance of religion, and nowadays for the success of Islamist propaganda in the region. As well as the neighbouring European countries, the region did not stay immune to the influence of the extremist narrative of the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq, resulting into a growing trend of departures towards the conflict zones in the Middle East. Despite the efforts made in relation to harmonization of — legal and operative frameworks according to internationally accepted instruments and standards entailed by the UN and EU strategies, the counter-terrorism response remains still inadequately due to the lack of knowledge and experience of the states when it comes to dealing with violent extremism. The transnational character and effects of the threat posed by returning fighters and “-Unaccomplished émigrés”, and as well as the fact that no country is immune to it, make the reinforcement of information-sharing platform and cooperation on European and international level as being imperative prerequisites for the creation of a stable counterterrorism response.
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The basic need of a human being is a sense of security. Co-operation with external entities have an enormous influence on implementation of the statutory tasks of the Police Forces in the field of ensuring security and public order of the State. At present, the Polish Police has noticed the importance of society in preventing and fighting crime. The example is a National Safety Risk Map interactive tool where residents can anonymously report information about threats appearing in their neighborhood forcing appropriate service to react as also radical change of a constable’s work by bringing it closer to citizens. The article is devoted to pedagogical and educational role of the National Safety Risk Map.
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The article is based on the neorealist theory and is aimed to the analysis of the military doctrines of the USA published between 2012 – 2018. It evaluates them as the consequence of important changes after the end of the Cold War, namely the process of the enlargement of NATO. The article explains the US doctrines as a manifestation of a reinforced military self – esteem of the USA and warns that these doctrines should lead to an increase of the military tension at the Eastern frontier of the enlarged NATO.
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The multifaceted heterogeneity of the countries of Asia-Pacific as well as strong ties with economies worldwide constitute a considerable source of threats to security, in particular, from the economic and ecological perspective, and, at the same time, are a challenge for individual countries, as well as international organizations. Therefore, all activities undertaken to mitigate potential threats are becoming critical. In this context, the key role is played by international organizations functioning in the region. Among them, one that merits particular attention is the Asian Development Bank (ADB), which constitutes the premier forum that caters for undertaking joint efforts and harmonizing cooperation among the countries in the region. Initiatives financed by ADB focus on such issues as infrastructure, reinforcing regional economic cooperation, preservation of the natural environment and ensuring food security. Through implementation of numerous projects (e.g. Strategy 2030), activities of this organization greatly contribute to improving the regional security. ADB provides added value to processes strengthening the stability of the region, which, owing to its significance, may also have a positive impact on the entire world economy
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The notion of Human Security entered the most prominent international agenda in 1994. The moment could not be more conducive to the debate on human issues to broadly shift the debate towards security issues, and to include another safety approach. Admittedly, the early 1990s were largely marked by the end of the Cold War, which put a stop to the high level of insecurity between the states. At that time, although there were still tensions between states and intra-state units, there were populations in distress that had been neglected for a long time. The primary goal of this paper is to scrutinise a variety of official documents issued by the United Nations regarding human security, and, as part of the overriding objective of the research conducted, to look at the concept of Human Security and its applicability.
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Both human security and public diplomacy have been openly criticised for their lack of precision. They also both belong to the area of foreign policy. This paper deals with the interplay between public diplomacy and human security in the field of foreign policy. First, definitions of human security are reviewed, and three main groups of definitions of this term are provided. Second, the concept of public diplomacy is explained, emphasising the evolution of “classic” diplomacy and its functions. The final part of the paper looks at the relevance of public diplomacy to the promotion of human security. To do so, case studies of policies of the two main human security supporters, Japan and Canada, have been scrutinised. The main research question posed is whether public diplomacy, and its modern tools such as digital technologies, is used to spread human security values abroad. The key point is that human security – an official policy of the states that affirm it – is promoted through public diplomacy abroad. To verify this claim, the author has looked at the positions of Japan and Canada in this respect.
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The demise of the Cold War and the fading risk of a global military conflict caused researchers to extend the notion of security to subjects other than the states. One of the alternative concepts that emerged in the 1990s was Human Security, which put individual human beings at the heart of analysis. In its narrow approach, called the “Canadian school”, human security seeks to provide all people with the basic political rights and ensure “Freedom from Fear”. The broad approach, advocated by the “Japanese school”, encompasses social and economic rights, as well as the need to offer people the ability to survive and develop. Thus, it has been labelled as the “Freedom from Want” concept. The broad approach to individual human security is closely linked to the concept of sustainable development. This paper looks at the approach taken by the Visegrad Group countries – Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, and Hungary – to the broad concept of Human Security. It presents the analysis of the main strategic documents that deal with social and economic rights of people, the internal security system, and the implementation of the concept of sustainable development.
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The 26 years of civil war in Sri Lanka had left destructive outcomes in the spheres of physical, economic as well as the social sectors of the country. Among them millions of land mines buried in former war zones is one of the biggest issue, because it could cause land mine accidents to the civilians. Therefore, it is an urgent task to implement a proper de-mining programme before resettling the Internally Displaced Persons (IDP). The aim of this paper is to look for the government initiatives on demining in the areas affected by the wars waged in the years 2009-2015. The pri- mary data was collected from the interviews of resettled people in de-mining areas and other related officers who involved in resettling displaced persons. The secondary data was collected from the published reports by the related authorities. The government could successfully implement the demining programme with help of the Sri Lankan Army and other non-governmental organizations by covering 95% of the hazardous areas. A successful de-mining programme had facilitated the resettling of displaced persons while other economic initiatives had been set in motion in the former war zones.
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The position of the non-state armed groups in the conflict management process has been neglected due to the provisions of International Humanitarian Law despite their significant role in the conflict. Therefore, the UN has been responding and dealing with these actors in a limited way. In case of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which is characterized by various dynamics involvement of various armed groups of state, as well as non-state actors operating from within the country and as a spill-over from the bordering countries. Over the years, as a response, two UN missions - MONUC and MONUSCO were deployed. Even though the MONUSCO mission has been better equipped for responding to crises and unexpected situations, the unrest and political violence persisted. Through quantitative document analysis the article evaluates the flexibility and adaptation of the UN to recognize the non-state armed groups as legitimate parties to the conflict by referring to their nature, character and categories by measuring the frequency and density of pre-defined terms that fall into the definition of non-state armed groups. The aim is to summarize the lessons learned from both missions and explain why the MONUSCO mission has tackled the conflict more successfully. The analysis shows that lessons have been learned from the MONUC mission only partially as the mandate’s capability has been improved in MONUSCO. However, the UNSC may utilize the naming and shaming strategies more in order to become more prepared for adaptation to diverse situations.
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This article analyses emergence and development of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union and the role of key countries (Berlin-Paris-London axis) in that process. The aim of the paper is to detect the internal and external obstacles and challenges to the integration of this policy with specific focus on the Brexit and “new” transatlantic relations. In this regard, the authors aim to explore how withdrawal of the United Kingdom of the Great Britain and Northern Ireland, as Europe`s strongest military country, from the European Union will reflect on the future development and integration of the Common Security and Defence Policy of European Union and “new” transatlantic partnership that had begun by Donald Trump`s election for the President of the United States of America. Authors hold that these two challenges set the future integration of the Common Security and Defence Policy into the limbo and further consider that French-German partnership and relationships with the countries of the “New Europe” will be crucial to the new strategic positioning of this policy and in eliminating negative implications of the aforementioned challenges.
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Internet may be the most relevant development of our times, but together withits many benefits it has brought new challenges. One of them is disinformation or the so-called“fake news”. This challenge should be approached both from an ethical and tchnological perspective. Internet gives us access to a big amount of data but not all ofit is true or valid, neither knowing the data is the same as understanding. Citizens areeager for information, but lies are more attractive than truths – generally considered asoverrated – and whistle-blowers and social networks seem to be the only trustworthysources. As a result, citizens – mainly the younger – are critically exposed todisinformation agents that sometimes even participate in disinformation networksorganized at a State level in the battle for information; which poses a great risk for ourdemocracies. A great problem to tackle this is the confrontation of legal measures tocontrol profit-guided Social Networks and the persistence of basic principles for the EUsuch as the freedom of expression. The most effective way to face disinformation notfalling under censorship must therefore be educating in critical thinking, and this meanseducating citizens in Intelligence Analysis.
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Intelligence makes errors because it does not know their meaning of words (DB psyops). Using words and understanding their meaning allows seeing the reality and distinguishing it from what is not real. As the terrorists who have committed the last terrorist attacks in Europe that, nowadays, we all called “radicalised” (extremist) but that cannot be radicalised. It is scientifically impossible to define as “radicalized” a subject that becomes interested and gets close to religion practices all dogmas in a couple of months. The cognitive process -that allows to encode the information- needs time in order to permit the writing of neural cells in the brain (for instance, choosing to start the elementary school at five/six years it is not a random choice as at this age the areas of the child’s brain are formed and ready to learn). Numerous studies have proven that for a radicalised individual to actually change his/her behaviour and mind-set requires no less than 7-8 years, so that s/he can interiorise content, ways of thinking and elaborations. These individuals can be defined as “infatuated” and have different characteristics from those that a real radicalised individual would have, therefore also the security algorithms used to identify these individuals need to be based on different criteria otherwise they won’t be able to early detect and identify the threat.
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