Around the Bloc: Chemical Attacks Target Russian Dissident Navalny and Memorial Rights Group
Nationalist organization admits its activists were at Memorial incident, denies links to Navalny attack.
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Nationalist organization admits its activists were at Memorial incident, denies links to Navalny attack.
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Even worse than the physical condition of the Enguri Bridge, which links Abkhazia and the rest of Georgia, are the restrictions that make travel across impossible for many ethnic Georgians.
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Russian intelligence services are the most active foreign intelligence service in the Czech Republic, a report by the Czech counterintelligence agency found.
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The article discusses the factors and features of the development strategy of foreign trade activities of Ukrainian enterprises. The main components of the mechanism of foreign trade development strategy of Ukrainian firms, its problems and prospects for improving the light of foreign experience. A scheme for the development strategy of foreign economic activity of the enterprise, which includes goals, motives and results
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An essential element for the functioning of the international system is idea forming the basis for creating rules and institutions ruling political and economic interactions of international actors. With the crisis of the position of the West since 20083, one can observe non-Western actors’ narrative pointing a need for a new international order in the twenty-first century. Behind that lies the idea of a “fair and reasonable international order” supported by the developing countries, and especially by the so called “emerging powers”. The most important role plays the People’s Republic of China (PRC), which reached the status of the second world’s well-developed economy, aiming at strengthening its political position and seeking adequate justification for this process.
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Globalization entails the increasing volume, velocity and importance of flows within and across borders of people, ideas, goods, money, and much else, thus challenging one of sovereignty’s basic principles: the ability to control what crosses borders in either direction. Sovereign States increasingly measure their vulnerability not to one another, but to forces beyond their control. Necessity may also lead to reducing or even eliminating sovereignty when a government, whether from a lack of capacity or conscious policy, is unable to provide for the basic needs of its citizens. This reflects a view that state failure and genocide can lead to destabilizing refugee flows and create openings for terrorists to take root. Globalization is frequently discussed as a counterpoint to national sovereignty. It is commonly asserted that globalization has eroded national sovereignty or that it has rendered borders obsolete. In particular, it is asserted that, in a globalized world economy, governments have no alternative but to adopt neoliberal economic policies of privatization, deregulation and reductions in public expenditure. However, in the contest between social democracy and neoliberal globalization, the nation—state per se is only marginally relevant. The crucial issue is whether policy will respond to the wishes of a democratic electorate, or be tightly constrained by the ‘Golden Straightjacket’ of international financial markets.
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The paper shows the evolution of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), going from the military to the economic form of interaction. It describes how the Russian‑Chinese cooperation has developed over the years that have passed since the collapse of the Soviet Union as well as how the relations have gradually been tightened. The author deals with the genesis of the SCO and the multidimensional nature of its activity. Further he describes the Republics of Central Asia as an important region for Chinese economic initiatives. Due to the specific nature of the SCO, as a forum for cooperation of the two regional powers, the author presents various aspects and effects of the Russian‑Chinese cooperation. He investigates the development of the economic co‑operation as well as economic integration of the associated states. The author shows future prospects for the SCO and foreseeable trends for the development of this organization. He presents a vision of a more and more close cooperation between the post‑Soviet area with the fast growing China.
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Trade enterprise specific activities are buying goods and merchandise, and reselling them to buyers unmodified or otherwise unchanged. Sells goods created by production enterprises to consumers with their own specific services. Retailing is the sale of goods or merchandise, directly to end-users for their own personal and household needs. Types of retailing may include: department stores, boutiques, vending machines. Forms of selling: mailing trade, electronic trade, direct trade. Retailing enterprises are divided by their merchandise assortment to: mixed merchandise, food products, non eatable, and specialty merchandise. One of the most responsible and complicated trade marketing decision is trade object placing. Trade object placing is geographical location, in witch, including all production factors (personnel, merchandise, production means and capital), retailing activities are taking place. This place selection is strategic, long term solution. Factors influencing this decision are: premises owned by enterprise, personal wishes, market research. Establishing a store includes a lot of decisions and factors which can be divided into groups: facade design, show-case mounting and design, retailing premise design and merchandise presentation, optimizing retailing equipment (shelves) placement, organizing repayment points. All these elements need to be coordinated with retailing enterprise concept. Merchandise can be defined as material and non material properties, including packaging, color, price, quality, enterprise sign, also rendered services and retailer reputation. Word “perfume” relatively recent and was started to be used in XVI century. According to a lot of sources the word perfume used today derives from the Latin "per fumus", meaning through smoke. Senses of smell in all times were considered one of the most important senses. In human body smell analyzing center is near the area of the brain that is responsible foe emotions, thus scents can remind of past emotions or ignite imagination. Composing perfumes science that includes chemistry, physics, physiology, psychology, aesthetics. Raw materials for perfumes are fragrant material, ethanol, cater and dye. Cosmetics are a general term to call all substances that are used to change (enhance) human’s body appearance and scent. Cosmetics in usual terms are skin, hair, nail, teeth care products. All cosmetics product consist of plant ingredients rich in healing properties. The first „KristiAna“ shop was opened in year 1994, Vilnius. Which started to retail in the products of the most famous cosmetics manufacturers in world - „Chanel“, „Cristian Dior“, „YSL“, „Givenchy“ and others. Successful trade activities influenced active expansion in the chain stores. Today „KristiAna“ is the biggest enterprise in Baltic countries, ruling over 43 stores in Lithuania and Latvia. In the questioning participated 128 people of various age and gender, filling out questionnaire with fourteen questions. First two questions intended to find out participants age, gender. Question three though six – to find out usual places, how often and what the participants look for when buying cosmetics. Questions from seventh to fourteenth intend to find out participants opinion about „KristiAna“ chain store product quality, assortment, costs, shop workers service and competence. Investigation aim is to research „KristiAna“ chain store end-users satisfaction.
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The article is focused on pricing policy and marketing pricing strategies applied in the branches of retail chains in the selected region of Slovakia. An important part of this article is a demonstration of the most commonly used marketing pricing strategies from the perspective of marketing managers of affiliates of retail chains operating in the examined region of Slovakia. The aim of this article is to detect and highlight the most utilized marketing pricing strategy within the surveyed branches of retail chains operating in the North East of Slovakia. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student two- sample test were used to detect differences of comparison.
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Protest against the Czechoslovak-Soviet Treaty Open Letter to the Czech National Unity in London by Anthony Eden of January 20, 1944
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In the period from 1998 to 2000, with Professor Divna Lakińska, we worked on the project for establishing a Social Development Training Center at the Institute for Social Work and Social Policy, which reviewed the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in Macedonia. The project was its original idea and aimed at creating a resource center where students, professionals and practitioners dealing with social work will be able to continually upgrade themselves so that they can adequately cope with the challenges of the new times.
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Establishment of an international center for social work as a strategic goal for the EU region puts the needs of people (civil society, the direct carriers of social work activities, experts, governmental and profitable sector) at the center of development and international cooperation between both developed countries and countries in transition. Through an integrated database (joint research, publications, lectures and practical experiences, multiculturalism, study tours, educational system, program accreditation, education, etc.) it relativizes the conflicting development goals, minimizes the uncertainty in terms of development goals planning, maximizes the social benefit, sets tasks and priorities of the strategic plans (from national to global), envisages measures and activities based on scientific expertise and elaborates. Concreteness and the principle of active participation follow the concept: “Are we on the right track?” The arena of social knowledge creates the conditions for a new definition of social work and the authenticity of the profession.
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In this article we attempt to present general view of Slovak-German relations in 15th – 18th century especially focused on the guild system in the area of former Upper Hungary. Also it deals with the important language element and both-sided influence of two different ethnic origins. This helps us corret to understand in this field as well as it proves the potencial of similar researches. Part of this paper is dedicated to our research of belonging dissertation in the State Archive of Trnava which contains documents from the city of Trnava and the nearby communities-Hlohovec, Chtelnica and Vrbové.
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Attacked by Germany and its Allies, the USSR suffered heavy losses not only on land battlefield but also on naval front in 1941. Despite superiority in ships and aircraft Black Sea Fleet was defeated by Roman fleet and German coastal battery during the so-called Raid to Constanta on June 26, 1941. For instance, main loss of Black Sea Fleet was the leader of destroyers “Moskva” which was sunk by German coastal battery “Tirpitz”, or by Romanian destroyer “Regina Maria”, or maybe by sea mine. The sinking of leader of destroyers “Moskva” had negatively affected the combative morale state of the Black Sea Fleet and it had simultaneously raised the combative morale of Romanian Royal Navy.
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The aim of this paper is to bring a methodological and empirical contribution to the measurement of trade competition. Globalization and the emergence of new poles in the world economy brought changes to the global landscape and consequent increase in international trade. There is a debate in the literature with regard the indexes that are better fit to be applied in empirical examples for the acquirement of relevant results for measurement of trade competition. This measurement will be achieved by observing the levels of structural similarity in distinct areas and at different moments in time. A higher degree of similarity between the export structures implies a stronger competition in destination markets. The values obtained for this measurement are highly relevant for the trade competition topic. Through this study we further explore the measurement of trade competition and comparatively discuss several indexes used in this area of research.
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The aim of the article is to analyze the European Union’s cooperation with Iran in the context of a nuclear agreement, including opportunities and threats at the political, economic and security level resulting from its achievement. The article also addresses the assessment of the effectiveness and participation of EU diplomacy in the negotiation process and the Union’s negotiating position against the background of the most important international actors, as well as the implications of the suspension of the nuclear agreement by the US administration for the future of relations with Iran and the role of Europe in maintaining dialogue with that country. The article is divided into 4 parts. The first concerns the importance of Iran in Middle East and for the European Union. The second genesis of the nuclear program and the role of the European Union in reaching 2015 compromise. The third is devoted to the new opening of cooperation with Iran after 2015. The last part evaluates Union’s strategy and actions towards Iran in the context of suspension of the nuclear agreement by the American administration.
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This article examines Albanian contribution to international peacekeeping and explores the politics behind peacekeeping engagements. The article argues that the overarching rationale for Albanian contribution to peacekeeping derives from the desire to advance its national interest of Euro-Atlantic integration and regional security, and reconstruct state identity from a post-communist weak state to an exporter of security, vibrant democracy, and responsible state. In this realm of self-centred motivations, the discourse on international responsibility, solidarity, global peace, and security is rather more rhetorical than primary intentions of Albania for contributing to peacekeeping. Through this analysis, the article contributes to understanding ‘unintended peacekeepers’ as well as the politics of new and emerging troop-contributing countries and their practice of self-interested solidarity in international affairs. In disentangling the mixed motives for contributing to peacekeeping, the article hold that pluralist accounts are more reliable than individual strands of theories on peacekeeping.
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This article examines the changes in Turkey’s migration and refugee policies in the light of evolving Turkish Foreign Policy. The main argument of the paper is that while the purpose of the immigration and refugee policies between 2000-2011 was to motivated to comply with the EU standards to achieve the accession as quickly as possible, in the later period, between 2011-2017, Turkey instrumentally used migration/refugee policies to increase its manuvering power with respect to Europe and enhanced its leadership claims in the Middle East. Moreover, the paper approaches to the foreign policy of Turkey in this period as Europeanization and de-Europeanization. In the first period, which can be characterized as Europeanization, the EU encouraged Turkey to become more security-oriented in its border security and visa policies. Turkey sometimes tried to make the required adjustments and sometimes it resisted the EU reforms by protecting its ‘flexible’ migration regime, depending on its faith in Europe’s sincerity for Turkey’s EU membership. In the later period, with the increased influence of Ahmet Davutoğlu in Turkish Foreign Policy, de-Europeanization has affected the evolution of Turkey’s migration policy discourse. The final stroke in this period was the Syrian refugee crisis which has changed the balance of power in the international system and once again obliged Europe to engage with Turkey despite the tense relations.
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