21. Yüzyılda Caydırma Teorisi ve Pratiğinin Değişimi

Author(s): Oktay Bingöl / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

Deterrence had developed in the Cold War period and was based on the use of nuclear and strategic conventional weapons. Realist security conception in international relations have resulted in the development of the classical deterrence theory in the context of the rational decision-making mechanism and the linear escalation model. The explanatory power of the theory was relatively higher in the Cold War period, but remained insufficient after the Cold War. The characteristics of 21. Century strategic environment which hybridized in terms of the actors, topics, means and strategies require new perspectives. In this article, the necessity of a non-linear deterrence is discussed and its main points are outlined.

21. YÜZYILDA ULUSLARARASI UZAY REJİMİNİN İNSANLIĞIN ORTAK MİRASI TEMELİNDE YENİDEN İNŞASI

Author(s): Aybüke İnan Şimşek,Senem Atvur / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2021

The successful launch of the satellite Sputnik I by the USSR into the Earth orbit in 1957 started the “Space Age”, and also triggered the discussions about states’ sovereignty in space and how they use space area. In this process, the space law was tried to be codified with the initiatives of the United Nations, but the official documents such as the Outer Space Treaty or the Moon Agreement could not clarify the status of space and whether the outer space is common heritage of (hu)mankind. Moreover, the legal ambiguity in space has become more controversial due to the space activities like the colonization of Mars which has been recently accelerated. The transformation of space activities towards a multi-actor structure has brought out the need for a new international space regime. Hence, this study aims to discuss why the international space regime should be reconstructed in the framework of common heritage of (hu)mankind. This normative discussion will be deepened through the transnational approach and the role of epistemic communities in the context of the Constructivist Theory of International Relations.

30 Years German Unity – 30 Years NATO Enlargement to the East

Author(s): Andreas von Gehlen / Language(s): English Issue: 39/2020

Germany’s unity was built upon trust between partners in the East and West that not long before had considered each other enemies. In 1990 no commitments in written form were made as to whether former Warsaw Pact member states other than the GDR would be allowed to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. An eastward enlargement of NATO has simply not been discussed within the organization itself or in the Warsaw Pact. NATO nevertheless did not permanently deploy troops to member states bordering Russia even after it strongly condemned the “aggressive actions against Ukraine” and the “illegal and illegitimate annexation of Crimea.”

30 years of integration in the Baltic Sea Region: security against the background of the current geopolitical situation

Author(s): Iwona Śmigerska-Belczak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The aim of the article is to attempt to assess the results achieved in the economic and political field from the perspective of past cooperation as well as to see whether the directions and forms of this cooperation remain adequate to the challenges expected to be faced in the near future. In the current situation, the process of sustainable development implemented, among others, through the introduction of the concept of circular economy seems to be a solution guaranteeing security in all areas as well as further development.

3rd Network Conference Adaptation and Implementation of the EU -Acquis: an Exchange of Experiences

Author(s): / Language(s): English

40 lat od reform Deng Xiaopinga: wyzwania i perspektywy chińskiej gospodarki

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): Polish

Po czterech dekadach stopniowego otwierania chińskiej gospodarki na świat i na początku drugiej kadencji Xi Jinpinga władze ChRL ogłaszają pogłębione reformy, w tym zwiększanie dostępu do rynku dla zagranicznych podmiotów. Pomimo umocnienia władzy Xi należy się spodziewać dalszego wybiórczego wprowadzania zmian, uzależnionego od siły chińskich przedsiębiorstw w konkretnych branżach i ich potrzeb rozwojowych. Zapowiedzi reform stwarzają okazję dla UE do wywarcia presji na polepszenie sytuacji firm z państw unijnych działających w ChRL.

40 Years Since Deng Xiaoping’s Reforms: The Chinese Economy’s Challenges and Prospects

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): English

After four decades of gradually opening the Chinese economy to the world and at the beginning of the Xi Jinping’s second term in office, China’s authorities are announcing deep reforms, including increasing market access for foreign entities. Despite strengthening Xi’s power, one should expect a further, selective opening of the market depending on the strength of Chinese enterprises in specific industries and their development needs. The announcements of the reforms provide an opportunity for the EU to put pressure on improving the situation of companies from Union countries operating in China.

43rd Session of World Heritage Committee

Author(s): Magdalena Marcinkowska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

43rd Session of World Heritage Committee; Baku, 30 June-10 July 2019

45 години катедра „Международни отношения” в УНСС: приемственост и развитие в изучаването на международните отношения и процесите в Европа

Сборник доклади

Author(s): Georgy Genov,Dinko Dinkov,Yurii Tarkalanov,Antonina Habova,Veselina Uzunova,Ralitsa Vasileva,Michael Kozarski,Jivko Valkov,Svetoslav Velkov,Ivsun Chan,Kaloyan Simeonov,Elisabeth Yoneva,Monika Panayotova,Aglika Kaneva,Hristo Pantaleev,Izabela Lazova,Vladimir Slavenski,Iliyan Krumov / Language(s): Bulgarian

This collection of papers includes papers presented at the scientific conference 45 YEARS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AT UNWE: SUCCESSION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND PROCESSES IN EUROPE, organized by the Department of International Relations at UNWE and held in Sofia on October 29, 2021. More than eighty scholars and researchers from different universities and research institutions participated in the scientific forum. The present volume includes the texts of those of the conference participants who sent their presentations in written form. The volume is structured in four parts. The first one contains the keynote speeches delivered at the conference. The second one includes research papers that address the following question: After the US withdrawal from Afghanistan - are the contours of the new global order clearer? The third part is focused on European collisions, centrifugal forces and prospects for development. The papers in the fourth part deals with problems and projects in Southest Europe and the role of Bulgaria.

50-lecie ASEAN-u: szansa na nowe otwarcie w relacjach gospodarczych z Polską

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): Polish

W tym roku ASEAN obchodzi 50. rocznicę powstania. Założone w 1967 r. stowarzyszenie przyczyniło się do utrzymania pokoju w regionie i do jego dynamicznego rozwoju gospodarczego w ostatnich dekadach. Dlatego uznawane jest za jeden z najbardziej udanych projektów integracyjnych w Azji. Jednak pomimo rosnącego znaczenia ekonomicznego organizacji jej obecne relacje gospodarcze z Polską są niesatysfakcjonujące i nie wykorzystują w pełni swojego potencjału. Sposobem na poprawę sytuacji jest m.in. postępująca integracja w ramach Wspólnoty Gospodarczej ASEAN-u oraz intensyfikacja działań promujących Polskę w regionie.

5G-TEEMALISED SÜÜNARRATIIVID VENEMAA STRATEEGILISES KOMMUNIKATSIOONIS: RT, SPUTNIKU, PERVÕI KANALI, NTV, ITAR-TASSi MEEDIAKAJASTUSE VÕRDLEV ANALÜÜS

Author(s): Andreas Ventsel,Mari-Liis Madisson,Sten Hansson / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 17/2021

In this paper, we analysed the ways in which Russian state-funded news portals have used certain articulations of blame regarding the adoption of the 5G cellular technology for strategic purposes. In the Kremlin-backed Russophone and Anglophone media, the coverage of 5G technology has revealed a multilayered blame discourse. In this discourse, the US is depicted as a distributor of false information on the 5G technology, groundlessly slandering China and forcefully pressuring its allies; China has also accused the US for its pressuring politics. Both the Russophone and Anglophone coverages were characterised by the following: even though the US accusations against China originated mainly from American politicians, the stories and their tone were framed by comments (both by experts and journalists), highlighting the groundless nature of these accusations. The main differences between Russophone and Anglophone media are the following. Firstly, the Russophone media over-emphasised the pressure that the US put on its allies. Secondly, at the end of the analysed period, the Russophone media explicitly presented, for the first time, Russian position in the global confrontation between the US and China. Evidently, Russia supports the technological alliance with China because they “trust them more than the USA”. Strategic narratives can be interpreted on three levels: on a policy, identity, and system level. On the level of a strategic policy narrative, the blaming devices used in both Russophone and Anglophone media outlets concerned two aspects. Firstly, it was stressed that the US government has not presented any clear evidence to the public about the security risks accompanying the use of Chinese 5G technologies; thus, the US accusations against China are, in fact, slander. The other aspect concerns a depiction of the confrontation between the US and China in terms of a trade war policy narrative: by smearing China, the US is, in fact, covering up its actual concern about coming off as the second-best from the economic and technological progress race with China.

A Belarusian clash of civilizations

Author(s): Maxim Rust / Language(s): English Issue: 06 (44)/2020

The protests that have been taking place in Belarus for over three months have now become widely covered by international media. Unfortunately, western media reports, in many cases, are not very specific and somewhat biased. Their publishers may opt for nice photographs of demonstrators carrying banners praising freedom and democracy, but do they capture the real changes taking place within Belarusian society? While the attention of many in the West is now directed towards the protests, as well as their inspiring leaders, very few reflect on the values that have been driving Belarusians to protest against the authorities in this unusual time.

A captive island: Kaliningrad between Moscow and the EU

Author(s): Jadwiga Rogoża,Agata Wierzbowska-Miazga,Iwona Wiśniewska / Language(s): English

The Kaliningrad region can be called a 'captive island', because of its specific geopolitical location - it is part of the Russian legal, political and economic space, yet it is geographically separated from the rest of the Russian Federation, and it is particularly open to co-operation with its neighbours in the European Union. Moscow is trying to compensate the region for its separation, offering it financial support and economic privileges.At the same time, it is sensitive to any potential challenges to Russia's territorial integrity - and the centre's desire for control over the region often limits the latter's potential for cooperation and internal development. This report presents the situation in the region, and is intended to help develop a model for its effective regional co-operation with its EU neighbours.

A CASE STUDY FOR THE CRM SOFTWARE SELECTION PROCESS IN A TRANSPORTATION COMPANY USING AN INTEGRATED AHP AND QFD APPROACH

Author(s): Hasan Al Jafa / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

Various CRM software programmes have been introduced by big companies to create reliable solutions to provide the best service for customers and to receive customer feedback which helps to develop the company's products. However, one of the hardest decisions for a company is choosing the best software that fits its needs. In modern customer relationship management, the software candidates for CRM ticketing systems are evaluated based on multiple criteria rather than only considering the cost factor. This article will adopt an integrated MCDM model, a combined AHP "Analytic Hierarchy Process" with the QFD method. Sixteen technical parameters and fifteen customer support department requirements were collected, analyzed, evaluated, and then ranked using this model. This reliable model considers the stakeholders when making decisions, and measures their decision consistency in order to choose the best CRM software. This research analyzes a sample of the CRM software technical parameters used in a case study conducted on a transportation-rental company focused on its IT customer support department requirements.

A Change or Continuation of the Status Quo in the Black Sea Region: The Case of Crimea’s Annexation

Author(s): Mustafa Gökcan Kösen,Sabri Deniz Tığlı / Language(s): English Issue: 01 (23)/2021

Although armed conflicts in the Middle East, which have engulfed the Mediterranean region since the outbreak of the uprisings in Arab countries, came to the fore, armed conflicts in the Black Sea region have the potential of initiating a wide range of crises. The crises in Moldova, Georgia, Kosovo, and Ukraine have already been on the agenda of policymakers. Several political changes have been introduced in the Black Sea region in order to cope with the changing security environment. Relations between Turkey and the Russian Federation have played a vital role. The annexation of Crimea has brought the question regarding the relations in the region into focus.

A Charming German in the Jaws of American Politics. US Influence on Willy Brandt’s Political Profiling and Eastern Politics

Author(s): Slavojka Beštić-Bronza / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2020

The aim of this paper is to show to what extent and by what mechanisms the United States influenced the political formation of the personality and activities of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt. Special emphasis was placed on American influences during the implementation of Brandt’s most famous political concept, ‘Eastern Politics’, which provides the chronological context of the development of relations in line with pan-European and world political movements and their correlation with Brandt’s political path in exile and later in occupied Germany, and, finally, in the newly created independent Federal Republic of Germany. Circumstances, personal (dis)inclinations, and mutual influences gave birth to a rather ambivalent relationship, created mainly due to the interests of both parties, which overlapped in certain periods of time, while later they moved away and became cold, even often hostile.

A Chronology of Important Events in Slovak Foreign Policy in 2019

Author(s): Lucia Hanusinová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A Closer Look to the ‘Ever Ending’ Democratic Deficit Discussions in the European Union

Author(s): Buket ÖKTEN SİPAHİOĞLU / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2021

Discussions on the authority and responsibility of the European Union (EU) institutions are more than as it seems. As a supranational organization, democratization of the EU has long been discussed. Some researchers have argued that the EU's democracy deficit stems from its structural state. Opposing ideas claim that the EU is democratic enough. In this sense, both the inequality between the institutions and the difference between the structures of the institutions are the subject matter of the discussion. Decision making process is made through European Parliament (EP) in which the members are chosen by the EU states’ public. Despite the limited authorization of EP, this parliament is expected to be the voice of public. Recent Eurozone crisis and the results of the 2019 EP elections flared up the debate. This paper argues that there cannot be direct democracy in the union i.e. citizens cannot participate directly in the Community-decision making process and this does not cause a democratic deficit. The EU is not and cannot be- by nature- a state, therefore its democratization is unquestionable.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MUTUAL DEFENCE AND COLLECTIVE DEFENCE CLAUSES

Author(s): Stan Anton,Cristina Bogzeanu / Language(s): English Issue: 58/2015

The present paper constitutes a comparative analysis of Article 42(7) of Treaty of Lisbon (mutual defence clause) and of Article 5 of the North-Atlantic Treaty (common defence), from the perspective of the consequences their invocation triggers. It approaches the implications entailed by the above mentioned articles concerning the type of measures they can determine, taking into account the nature of the organisations within which they were designed, the decision-making procedure, the operational planning and the use of force. The present demarche was motivated by the necessity of identifying the possible repercussions of France’s invocation of mutual defence clause in the context of the terrorist attacks of November, 13th, 2015. The hypothesis of this study is that the respective articles are substantially different as far as their force and effects are concerned, the gap between them emerging from the nature of the organisations having developed and adopted them, from the institutional framework characteristic to NATO and EU, from the decision-making process, from the available forces, as well as from the significance of the security concepts they enshrine.

A Comparative Analysis of the Trade and Industrial Policies of Ukraine and China in the Context of the Obor Initiative

Author(s): Tamara Ostashko,Volodymyr Olefir,Vitalii Venger,Olena Boiko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The world economy is evolving towards multipolar globalization, and China has become a new pole of economic development. Ukraine, like other countries, is looking for ways to cooperate with China in the field of trade and investment. China, for its part, offers a model of cooperation within the framework of the OBOR (One Belt, One Road) initiative. Along with Chinese investment in transport and logistics infrastructure, OBOR aims to conclude FTAs with the countries participating in the initiative; thus, the article focuses on the issues of trade, and Ukraine’s industrial and innovation policy in the context of the OBOR initiative. A comparative analysis of both countries’ trade and industrial policies was conducted to provide a basis for evaluation. The terms of trade between Ukraine and China are not symmetrical due to the difference in the scale of the economy and trade. Additionally, Ukraine’s trade regime is relatively liberal, while the Chinese market is protected by higher tariff and non‑tariff barriers. Furthermore, the current situation in mutual trade is asymmetric. Ukraine exports mainly raw materials to China, while exports from China to Ukraine are dominated by investment and consumer goods. The import dependence of the Ukrainian economy, in general, is high without any noticeable signs of decline. In 2014–2018, the share of imports of goods and services in GDP in Ukraine averaged 54% (for comparison, in China, this parameter was 19%). In 2018, 55% of Ukraine’s negative balance in trade in goods was due to trade with China. China seeks to conclude FTAs under the OBOR initiative, but in the current context, the liberalization of trade regimes with China will result in Ukraine growing its raw material exports to China and increasing its dependence on Chinese imports. On the other hand, China’s investment, production, research, and technological opportunities can become an important resource for Ukraine to modernize its economy. Promising areas of Chinese investment include high technology, in particular, aviation, shipbuilding, bioengineering, the development of new materials, and more. Ukraine is interested in China’s experience in implementing a number of state programs in the field of innovation development of Chinese industrial enterprises. The support system for clusters, industrial parks, Free Economic Zones (FEZs), and technology parks can be recommended for introduction into Ukrainian legislation in the sphere of developing an innovation structure in Ukraine.