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This article examines whether the implementation of the EU's Mediterranean policies has been unsuccessful due to the incoherence of these policies. Termed as incompatibility of goals among the EMP, the ENP and the UFM, incoherence is analysed in various subfields of the EU's external action, namely in the functional external dimensions of internal policies (Justice and Home Affairs/JHA, Energy, Transport, Environment and Education) and external relations (Trade) on one side, and in Foreign Policy on the other. Functional subfields prove to retain more coherence and higher implementation success, with Education being exemplary. Conversely, political subfields (democratization and respect for human rights) expose incoherence and consequently about 50% failure of implementation. Nevertheless, in JHA (the fight against irregular immigration and terrorism), where the former functional cooperation became highly politically burdened, results show even higher non-implementation, which bears more general relevance for EU external action policy-making.
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The paper analyses the implementation of the environmental dimension of Agenda 2030 in the EU. The introductory section on UN Agenda 2030 - Environmental and Climate Change offers a detailed overview of the objectives, covering the environmental dimension of Agenda 2030 in a narrower sense, while the next section focuses on analysing the implementation of these goals in the EU through documents, strategies and indicators within Eurostat annual reports. The paper concludes that, despite the EU's commitment to environmental policies, especially in the context of climate change, further attention needs to be focused to implementing two elements: the climate change adaptation process and the proactive role of the EU in global climate action.
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European Union (EU) is fostering the quintuple helix approach as it recognizes sustainable development and innovation as important development priorities. The quintuple helix represents a new framework which includes new knowledge, more stakeholders with sustainable development at its center. The EU has put in place different policy measures, regulations and funds to support designing and implementation of innovation strategies and sustainable development in all Member States. The objective of this paper is twofold as it includes identifying key features of helix innovation model and its evolution over time, and exploring EU efforts to transform to the quintuple helix system. The purpose of this paper is to explain the new context of development where innovation and sustainability should be considered as key elements. Using the example of the European Union, this paper studies policies and measures that the EU has put in place in order to support innovations as well as inclusive, smart and sustainable development, which are significant parts of the quintuple helix approach.
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Dana 31. svibnja ove godine završio je znanstveno-istraživački projekt naše Podružnice „Od prašuma do oranica: povijest antropizacije šuma u Slavoniji od srednjeg vijeka do početka 20. stoljeća“ (1. lipnja 2015. – 31. svibnja 2019.). Četverogodišnji istraživački projekt financirala je Hrvatska zaklada za znanost, nositelj projekta bila je Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje Hrvatskog instituta za povijest, a voditelj projekta bio je dr. Robert Skenderović. Kada je prije četiri godine odobreno financiranje ovog projekta, za Podružnicu je to bio važan trenutak jer je to prvi projekt Podružnice financiran po novom modelu financiranja znanstveno-istraživačkih projekata u Hrvatskoj, tj. financiran od strane Hrvatske zaklade za znanost.
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In December of 2017 the U.S. administration under President Donald Trump announced a fundamental change in the U.S. energy policy. Capitalizing on the rapid changes in oil and gas extraction technologies called the shale revolution, the U.S. will attempt to dominate the world market of hydrocarbons. The plan calls for regulatory changes, building new infrastructure and creating trade agreements that will allow the U.S. to export oil and gas abroad on a much bigger scale than previously.This article examines the possible impact of this decision on the geopolitics of oil-exporting countries, with a particular focus on Russia and Saudi Arabia. Both of those countries have economies heavily dependent on oil and gas exports. Without them, their budgets may have difficulty in financing state operations and economies – staying afloat. At the same time, they both present the type of foreign policy that is fi nanced from the sale of hydrocarbons. Without those profi ts, it may be challenging for them to continue this approach. In the case of Russia, it may result in problems with maintaining its aggressive stance towards the U.S. In the case of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh may not be able to guarantee the balance of powers in the region vis-a-vis hostile Iran, growing Turkey, assertive Israel and active jihadist rebels of various kind in neighbouring countries.Paper concludes that a combination of the U.S. energy dominance plan together with radical shifts in the automobile industry – which is transitioning from gasoline engines to electrical ones – will significantly decrease the ability of Russia, Saudi Arabia and others using similar policy combinations to transform their oil and gas revenues into international influence. The United States will be in a unique position to use tools of selective pressure on their economies to alter their behaviour. Both Moscow and Riyadh without the hydrocarbon profits will lose their ability to: maintain support for the regime, pacify dissent as well as projecting power outside. As a result, Washington’s position in the world will increase, despite the growing role of China and despite the world that is becoming more assertive towards the U.S. power.
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After the gas crisis in 2009 Slovakia tried to diversify the sources and directions of gas supply. The Slovak authorities are aware that its position as a transit country grows less and less; this country is particularly important for transit of Russian gas, passing over Ukraine. Therefore, it is important to expand the infrastructural connections linking Slovakia with other Central European countries, also as part of the North-South Corridor project. According to the analysis neither now nor in the foreseeable future there is a country that could replace Russia as the most important gas importer. If the volumes of natural gas sent through Slovakia are significantly reduced this may lead to instability of gas supply to this country.
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The endangered big cat has many defenders, from hunters to rugby players, but its survival on the Balkan peninsula remains touch and go.
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This paper addresses the possibility of using the realist paradigm of international relations to look at climate security. The challenges related to global climate change have become an inspiration to indicate the features of ecological security, and to distinguish climate security within it. The explanatory relevance of the realist paradigm in the research conducted on climate security has been presented in issues such as the state-centred picture of international relations, the primacy of individual interests over collective, or the importance of power and domination. These categories are scrutinised not only in light of the achievements of traditional realism, but also of neo-realism, or structural realism. The possibility of applying the game theory to look at international climate negotiations has also been raised as a potential research tool.
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The aim of this paper is to identify the scale of ambient air pollution in Poland and to assess the threats it poses to human security. Answering the research questions posed: (1) the concentrations of which pollutants pose the greatest threat to the life and health of Poles, and what are the sources of their emissions?; (2) what acts of law have been introduced by the national authorities in order to ensure that air quality conforms to European standards as concerns the pollutants posing the greatest threat to the life and health of Poles?; (3) are the solutions adopted sufficient, and if not – what course of action should be taken into account to ensure human safety in terms of clean air? leads to the conclusion that low quality air is among the major environmental threats to Polish people. Admittedly, the constitutional duty of the public authorities to take adequate measures aimed at limiting the level of air pollution and its negative effect on human life has not fulfilled at a sufficient level yet.
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The article presents the results of own research concerningattitudes toward the four selected dilemmas of environmental ethics. Theempirical data was collected by means of a questionnaire in 2014 and2015 on a representative sample of 1000 inhabitants of the Kuyavian andPomeranian province. The respondents were asked to address 16 statementsthat related to some of the issues of environmental ethics including:value of human life in the face of the threat of overpopulation andan ensuing need to reduce the population, validity of human interestsin view of nature’s needs, priorities in environmental protection, as wellas the principle of redress that specifies the extent of compensation ofhuman induced damage to the environment. Each of the mentionedproblems was presented for assessment in the form of four statements adapted in axiological terms to the division accepted in environmentalethics into anthropocentric and biocentric positions.
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This article presents the results of the empirical research on the relationship between political preferences and environmental awareness among the inhabitants of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. The author’s aim was to answer whether respondents’ political preferences transfer to their environmental attitudes - how they perceive the hierarchy of beings and the moral meaning of nature in particular, but also, their willingness to pro-ecological attitude and their readiness to sacrifi ce their own business for the interest of the environment.
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The biggest part of the energy needed in the World is ensured through fossil sources. Particularly developed countries with renewable sources exploit hydraulics, wind, geothermal, sun, biomass, wave, hydrogen etc. in many forms predominantly to produce electricity. Turkey is highly dependent on export for oil and gas. Fossil energy sources have little space in Turkey’s energy potential. The sun is the most important energy source of the world. As a root of energy sources of the world, the sun is used for many purposes from generating electricity to heating. Turkey has no capacity to refine boron perfectly. For that reason, Turkey throws away a good opportunity to have great currency income by selling unrefined or semi-refined boron. Turkey couldn’t take off in targeted economic development in lieu of great burden of energy bills. In this respect, Turkey should reassess her strategic environment and find the ways to access the gas reserves in cheap and secure ways. If the Turkey better assesses and uses her geographical, political, and geopolitical position, opportunities and advantages provided by her position will ensure great benefits to her.
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