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AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN POLICIES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY PATENTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS RELATED ISSUES

Author(s): Abul Bashar Mohammad Abu Noman,Ekram Uddin Khan Chowdhury / Language(s): / Issue: 17/2015

Intellectual Property (IP) has become one of the most important assets of knowledge-based economies in the present world. In this sense Patents can be seen as the outcome indicators of applied research and technological advancement. The nano-world is full of surprise and potential. Like other present technologies, nanotechnology is not merely a part of a distant future, but also a significant technology, and its patenting system is much more complex than any other objects in the area of science. As it is a nascent technology, it may pose problems and opportunities for IP regimes. Nanotechnology patents are not treated differently than other patents, but it is true that more complex technology usually creates more complex problems within the patent system. This article surveys the different application of nanotechnology and human rights issues and tries to address its complex patenting system and future challenges in the European context.

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An Analysis of the "Bio" / "Eco" Products Market, Referring to the EU and Romania

Author(s): Ionel Bostan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The EU and Canada represent the largest market in the world for the sale of ecological products attracting exports from many third countries and recording a total sale of 95% of the worldwide total market. The European market for ecological products – also known as “bio” / “eco” – in absolute figures – is somewhere around 20 billiards euro/year, and in the case of Romania, the market for those products varies around 200 million euro/year. According to European legislation, there are harmonized provisions and procedures for the import of ecological products which can be implemented in two ways: either by complying with the EU legislation on ecologic products, or based on the equivalence between the existent standards and control systems. In many European countries, the operators on such a market obey the rules established by Legislation for ecologic productions strictly. In Romania, a sanctioning system against those economic operators who fraudulently use product labels suggesting they are organic products has just recently been considered. Taking into consideration all these aspects, the present paper relies on the most recent bibliographic and statistical references in this field.

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An inexhaustible source of income? The significance of Belarusian refineries and the outlook for the future

Author(s): Kamil Kłysiński,Wojciech Konończuk / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2012

Belarus generated a surplus at US$1.9 billion in foreign trade in goods and services in the first four months of 2012 as compared to a deficit of US$2.8 billion for the same timeframe a year earlier. Minsk owes this, its highest positive trade balance since 1991, mainly to a significant increase in exports of petroleum products manufactured by the refineries in Navapolatsk and Mazyr.This is a consequence of the favourable contract for supplies of Russian oil until 2015 which Belarus signed in December last year. This contract has resulted in a de facto resumption of Russia subsidising Belarus. The favourable conditions of Russian oil supplies will allow the Belarusian refineries to remain the driving force of the country’s economy, and the Belarusian government will not allow them to be privatised, which Russia has been seeking for years. The two refineries initiated an ambitious modernisation programme, which is aimed at increasing their output and improving the quality of their production. Owing to this, their share in the market of petroleum products in the region, including on the Polish market, may grow within the next few years.

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ANADOLU’DAN KIBRIS’A BAĞLANAN SUYUN STRATEJİK ve POLİTİK ETKİLERİ

Author(s): Ata Atun,Yurdagül Atun / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 44/2019

The water supply Project by pipes from Anatolia to the island of Cyprus 250 m. below sea level through Mediterranean Sea is named “Peace Water” by the Republic of Turkey and TRNC governments. The water from Anatolia to Cyprus will overcome the millenniums long draught, scarcity of water and depressed agriculture and stock breeding in the island, together with a long lasting solution based on equal partnership, causing to end the dispute between Turkish and Greek communities of the island. The political effects of the “Peace Water” is quite negative on the Greek side, believing that the water supply from Anatolia with strengthen the hands of the Turkish Cypriots on the negotiation table, while will cause Greek side to lose a considerable amount of political superiority.

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ANALIZA STRATEGII ROZWOJU TRANSPORTU NA RZECZ REDUKCJI EMISJI CO2

Author(s): Urszula Motowidlak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2/2015

Transport is one of the most difficult sectors to control CO2 emissions. Increase in traffic and present trends in the automotive industry and individual driving style are an increasing source of CO2 emissions that cause climate change despite technological advances in the automotive field. Thanks to the integrated development plans, transport sector can clearly contribute to the decarbonisation of the economy. Development of transport, from the perspective of the objectives of the climate and energy policy, requires the use of a variety of policies and instruments that will lead to the reduction of CO2 emissions generated by this sector.

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Analiza uchwałodawstwa rad gmin wprowadzającego strefy wolne od dymu tytoniowego, pary z papierosów elektronicznych i substancji uwalnianych za pomocą nowatorskich wyrobów tytoniowych

Author(s): Łukasz Balwicki,Małgorzata Balwicka-Szczyrba / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2018

The study analyzes the resolutions of communal councils regarding the introduction of zones free from tobacco smoke, electronic cigarettes vapor and substances released by means of an innovative tobacco product use, enacted between September 2016 and August 2018. The activity of commune councils in creating local anti-tobacco legislation has been very low, despite the resolution of the municipal council issued on the basis of art. 5 par. 4 of the Act on Health Protection Against the Consequences of Using Tobacco and Tobacco Products is an act of high importance to health. At the same time, it was pointed out that the analyzed resolutions of municipal councils do not fully fulfill the competences granted in art. 5 par. 4 acts or are imprecise in their content. It was also found that these acts repeatedly banned ex lege bans. Due to the importance of pro-health action, the activity of municipal councils in the studied area is strongly advocated.

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Analysis of Competition on the European Natural Gas Market

Author(s): Mihaela Ionescu Sas / Language(s): English / Issue: 18/2018

This article addresses aspects of competition in the European gas market and more precisely analyzes the abuse of Gazprom's dominant position by preventing the free flow of gas among the Member States of the European Union and by its unfair prices. In line with the European principle of freedom of movement for goods, services, persons and capital, the European Commission adopted three directives, approved in 1998, 2003 and 2009, by introducing competition on a market which had been closed down until then. From a macroeconomic perspective, there has been significant theoretical and empirical evidence suggesting that the liberalization of the European gas market has positive effects on the energy industry in terms of lower prices and security of supply. But the competition law in the European energy sector is not always properly applied and consumers are discouraged in terms of implementing the legislative and regulatory framework. In accordance with art. 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), EU countries importing natural gas must benefit from transparent, fair pricing contracts. However, in some cases, abusive practices have been used for gas importers in central and Eastern Europe.

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Analysis of Legal and Theoretical Framework Creating the Methodology of Visual Pollution Assessment for Natural Landscapes

Author(s): Jūratė Kamičaityte-Virbašienė,Giedrė Godienė / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

Fulfilling the requirements of European Landscape Convention and following the statements of the National Landscape Policy of the Republic of Lithuania in 2014 the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania intitiated the creation of Methodology of the Assessment of Visual Pollution to Natural Landscape Complexes and Objects. In order to prepare the Methodology legal and theoretical framework of visual impact assessment (VIA) was analyzed and evaluated. Summarizing the analysis of the legal framework it can be said that national legislation requires the avoidance of visual pollution, but there are no recommendations how to evaluate visual impact. Foreign countries in the field of VIA, unlike Lithuania, have validated concepts of landscape visual quality and planned activity or object visual impact assessment; methodological recommendations of VIA, based as much as possible on principles of objectivity and systematicity, which are used in practical activities of planning and design. Methodologies used by Lithuanian authors are well developed theoretically and intended for the overall evaluation of landscape visual quality or VIA, designation of landscape visual quality classes, evaluation of visual spaces (VS) indicators, establishment of VS visual resistance and sensitivity. Parts of some works can be used for creation of methodology of visual pollution (negative visual impact) assessment.

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Analysis of the Correlation Between Energy Consumption and Industrial Competitiveness in the European Union

Author(s): Mihaela Ionescu Sas / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2016

In this paper the author analyzes the dependence between energy and industrial competitiveness before and after the 2008 economic crisis in the European Union. The Europe 2020 strategy aims energy major industrial competitiveness and increasing energy efficiency. But the economic crisis of 2008 led to reduced energy consumption and prices have increased considerably, so prices in the European Union in the energy industry are estimated to be twice higher than in the United States and Russia and 20% higher than those in China. According to the 2020 European Strategy for Sustainable Growth proposed increasing share of renewables to 20% increasing 20% energy efficiency and 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions greenhouse (or even 30 %, in favorable conditions) compared to 1990. The economic analysis in this paper are based on statistical quantitative method. Indicators used in this analysis are available on major platforms Eurostat data.

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Analýza ochrany ovzdušia pri výrobe obaľovaných asfaltových zmesí

Author(s): Miroslav Vanek,Jozef Salva / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2018

One of the main building materials used in road construction is asphalt. In particular, coated asphalt (bitumen) mixtures are used on the surface cover layer. Their production requires considerable energy resources and raw materials. The paper deals with the analysis of air protection during operation of the model asphalt hot mix plant. The basic description of the technology and parameters of the model plant is followed by the analysis of the operation as a source of air pollution. The legislative requirements in the area of air protection are detailed and, in conclusion, the main aspects of the operation that affect air quality are analyzed.

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Analyze of the Air Quality in Belgrade City During the Period September 2010 - September 2011

Author(s): Tatjana Đekic / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2013

In this paper are in detail analyzed values for air quality that have been extracted in monitoring sites in Belgrade since September first in 2010 until September first in 2011. Values extracted in the stations Square Slavija and Despot Stefan Boulevard was analyzed. The main task of this paper is to present the inferred air quality, while the main aim represents the checking of obtained data in respect to limit pollution values. Analyses were done for annual, seasonal, monthly and daily values.

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Analyzing the Performance Criteria of ARMA Model for Air Quality Forecasting in Jakarta

Author(s): Christina ALEXANDRA,Tiffany TANTR,Fergyanto E. GUNAWAN / Language(s): English / Issue: 08 (39)/2019

Air pollution has been receiving global attention because of its effects on human health and the environment. The ability to predict the level of a pollutant concentration is important for various purposes such as for prevention and mitigation. Some papers had implemented various forecasting techniques to predict air pollution in Mexico, Spain, Malaysia. This research intends to investigate the forecasting accuracy of some air pollutants (PM10, SO2, CO, O3, and NO2) in Jakarta, Indonesia. The data are acquired daily for five measurement sites across the city, namely, Bundaran HI, Kelapa Gading, Jagakarsa, Lubang Buaya, and Kebon Jeruk during January-October of 2018. The data are fitted with Auto-Regressive Moving-Average (ARMA) models. The best model is obtained by comparing the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) with the relative error. The best and the most accurate model is the model with the lowest value of AIC or BIC.

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Anthropogenic Impacts on the Stability of the Forest Ecosystems in Belgrade – Comparative Analysis of Košutnjak Forest and Zvezdarska Forest

Author(s): Dragana Rašković / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2015

In this paper will be analyzed the environmental status of the two recently protected forest areas in Belgrade – Košutnjak forest and Zvezdarska forest. Due to their specific position inside the urban structure, these park forests are exposed to the high level of pollution and degradation originating from anthropogenic sources. This paper will include all present forms of threats to the stability of these ecosystems, both in their immediate surroundings, as well as within their borders. For clear presentation of the devastating anthropogenic impact on the protected forest ecosystems remote sensing – NDVI analysis of the appropriate satelite image segments will be performed in order to detect the differences of the state of vegetation covers registrated in 1986 and 2010. According to the need for efficient management system for the affected natural areas in the urban structure, in the end will be presented concrete protection measures, whose continuous application can bring to the progradation of their state.

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Aplinkos apsaugos politikos formavimas ir jos įgyvendinimas Lietuvoje

Author(s): Pranas Mierauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2019

This article focuses on formation of environmental policy in different periods in Lithuania. The purpose of the article is to analyze main steps of development environmental policy. Some researchers keep opinion that the beginning of environmental policy started in the interwar period. Meanwhile more environmental specialists are following position that in this period had been not founded any specialized environmental institution and the roots of environmental policy cannot be in the interwar years. Actually development of environmental policy started after Second World War in the soviet period when Nature Conservation Act has been adopted and State Nature Protection Committee, and some environmental protection agencies had been founded. The beginning of modern environmental policy started in the beginning of re – establishing of the Independent Republic when Sate Environmental Protection Department has been founded and Environmental Protection Act has been adopted. The adoption of the State Environmental Protection Strategy and the National Environmental Protection Strategy are main current strategic instruments to develop modern environmental policy in Lithuania.

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APLINKOS APSAUGOS SISTEMOS VALDYMO TRANSFORMACIJŲ APŽVALGA LIETUVOJE

Author(s): Oksana Tomaševičienė,Julija Staroselskaja / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2018

This article analyses the governance system for environmental protection in different periods in Lithuania. It has been stated that during the first period of Lithuanian independence, any specialised environmental protection institution has been established. The use and protection of natural resources has been under the responsibility of agricultural and forestry institutions. Development of the governance system for environmental protection began in the Soviet period after the Second World War, when the State Nature Protection Committee was established and the Nature Conservation Act adopted. The committee focused on the protection of biological diversity, natural resources and the landscape, with the conservation of non-living components of the environment under the responsibility of other institutions. There was a move towards comprehensive environmental preservation when the Environmental Protection Department was established under the Parliament of the Lithuanian Republic during the first year of the restoration of independence. A more widespread approach to preservation was put in place with the establishment of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and its later reorganisation as the Ministry of Environment, as well as the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency. This article analyses the country’s frequent reorganisations of environmental protection institutions and argues that these create a governance system in this area that is not stable or effective.

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Application LCA for eco-efficiency assessment of investments projects

Author(s): Joanna Kulczycka,Marzena Smol / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2015

Eco-efficiency which takes into account the life cycle idea is a relatively new concept described by ISO International Standard 14045:2012. It can be used in environmental management by integration environmental considerations with economic analysis to improve products and technologies. Nowadays, eco-efficiency is a strategic tool and it is one of the key factors of it sustainable development. In the investment decision-making process, to assess new technology solutions and to choose the best options, the eco-efficiency account should be introduced. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a method used to assess environmental aspects and quantified impacts of investment project is proposed. Life cycle cost analysis being the combination of Net present value (NPV) with life cycle cost (LCC) was chosen for quantifying their financial effects. The eco-efficiency analysis based on LCA can be recommended not only as a decision support tool for individual investors, but also for ranking of investment projects when applying of financial support from structural or other national funds, as well in sustainable public procurement.

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Application Of Eu Comparative Tourism Sustainability Indicators — The City Of Užice Case Study (Serbia)

Author(s): Maja Mijatov,Marija Perić,Slobodanka Marković / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

Continuous and mass tourism development resulted in the need of putting this activity under sustainable development, in order to provide adequate usage of tourist potentials for meeting the current and future travel needs. Sustainable tourism is a form of tourism that contributes economic development of local communities with taking care of permanent environment protection. The subject of this research is tourism on the territory of the City of Užice, analyzed through the application of EU five group comparative indicators, in order to determine the current position of sustainability. The research also covered the following tourist places: Mokra Gora and Užice in Southwestern Serbia. Method of analysis and synthesis, mathematical-statistical method and comparative method were used. The collected data were analyzed by using the method of descriptive statistics. The research results show unequal tourism development in the City of Užice, precisely to the fact that tourism sustainability in tourist places (Mokra Gora and Užice) is different compared to the destination itself. Beside the contribution to the theory of sustainable tourism development, the results can also have a practical application within Užice tourist organizations, which may have a significant impact on destination sustainability in the future

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ARCTIC NARRATIVES AND POLITICAL VALUES – RUSSIA, CHINA AND CANADA IN THE HIGH NORTH

Author(s): Iona Allan / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2019

With almost 30% of the world’s remaining natural gas supply and 13% of oil located under the Northern Polar ice, the Arctic represents a place of great untapped potential.1) After the record-breaking summer ice melts of 2007 and 2012, previously impassable stretches of Arctic waters became ice-free and navigable for the first time. This allowed oil companies to send drilling ships northward and begin the first phases of oil and gas extraction. The decline of Arctic sea ice also significantly impacts the global shipping trade, opening up shorter and more lucrative trade routes between Asia and Europe, and cutting nearly 4000 nautical miles from the route in the process. 2) For Russia and Canada, countries with extensive Arctic shorelines, the receding ice has also exposed significant vulnerabilities in their collective defense and security. Unrestricted passage through their internal Arctic waters means access to Russian and Canadian territory has increased exponentially. For some governments, however, the security risks and grim long-term environmental costs of the melting Arctic ice are dwarfed by the enormity of the short-term economic opportunities on offer. Commercial interests in the Circumpolar North have never been greater. And with such high economic stakes, efforts to secure political influence and regional access to the Arctic have increased dramatically.

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Are hydroelectric power plants really renewable? A comparative study in Turkey, UNFCCC and European law

Author(s): Gonca Yılmaz / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

In international environmental literature, hydroelectric power plants (HEPs) are considered as renewable or green energy for a long time. As it can be observed in Turkey, since some countries give “green/renewable energy credits” for HEPs and subsidize them, it will be valuable to evaluate this matter in detail, analyzing legal shortcomings and making proposals to avoid environmental harm caused by HEPs. This paper assesses the misuse of the “green/renewable energy” term for HEPs in Turkey, in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and in some other countries. It proposes that the renewable energy category should be amended and HEPs should not be considered as renewable energy automatically.

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Arealogical Features of Essential Oil Plants of the Natural Flora of the Foothill Semi-Desert Zone of the Turkestan Region According to the Seasons

Author(s): Talgat S. IBRAGIMOV,Askhat T. KUATBAYEV,Gulmira K. SATYBALDIYEVA,Zhaxylyk M. ALTYBAYEV,Adilkhan Yе. ORAZBAYEV / Language(s): English / Issue: 08 (39)/2019

The article presents the features of the distribution of essential oil plants of the flora of the foothill semi-desert zone of the Turkestan region, the results of scientific research on the area logical features of the types of essential oil plants in the spring, their stocks are estimated, their scientific and practical value is determined. The leading approach to the study of this problem is the route reconnaissance method, which made it possible to identify 34 contours of the distribution areas of essential oil plants during spring field surveys. The floristic list based on field survey data for the period April-May is 155 species belonging to 106 genera and 34 families. By the number of species in the families prevail: Asterаceae, Fabаceae, Lamiаceae and Brassicаceae. The materials of the article suggest practical significance for university professors of biological specialties and biology students.

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