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African Response to Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes

Author(s): Jean Chrysostome Kanamugire / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017

Control or management of trans boundary movement of hazardous wastes is a global challenge. The industries in the developed states generate hazardous wastes in their activities. Developed states have stringent laws and regulations for the disposal of hazardous wastes. The industries have to dispose hazardous wastes in an environmentally sound manner. It is cost effective to dispose wastes in developed states. They target developing states mostly in Africa where they can dump their hazardous wastes. African states do not possess strict laws and policies for the protection of the environment and human lives. They also lack information to make an informed consent in the disposal of hazardous wastes. Basel convention regulates the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes on an international level. However, the African states want a total ban on the movement of hazardous wastes from developed states on their territories. Bamako convention precludes the movement of hazardous wastes on the African continent from the other countries. The paper opines that each state should dispose its hazardous wastes in an environmentally sound manner on its territory.

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AGAINST THE DESERT IN THE KARST. A PARADIGMSHIFT FROM RUINED LANDSCAPE TO CULTURAL SAVANNAH

Author(s): Aleksander Panjek / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2018

In questioning the traditional degradationist narrative about the history of the Classical Karst woodland, the article demonstrates the rationality of the forms of use by the peasant population. In the first chapter interpretations about the actors and factors of Karst »deforestation« are presented and discussed. Reducing the subjects responsible for the »destruction of forests« to Venice and the local peasants appears simplistic, since the factors of forest resources consumption were numerous in a pre-industrial economy. In the second chapter the early modern peasants’ woodland and pasture land-use system is presented, demonstrating how the Karst inhabitants did not destroy the woods and trees, but used them. Every single tree was there with a specific purpose. In determining their use peasants based on the characteristics of the karstic terrain, the climatic conditions and the experimented vegetative capacity of the species. According to their practical knowledge, they considered that a »real forest« was not economically justified in the Karst. Only the trees necessary to cover domestic and agricultural needs were allowed to grow, and coppice was the chosen form. The third chapter reconstructs a long-run historical parable of the Karst forests, connecting research results in historiography and archaeology. The barren landscape famous in the 19th c. was indeed the result of a process going on through the early modern period, but it had antecedents in earlier historical and prehistorical periods. Attention is drawn to the fact that the early-modern Karst landscape closely resembles the form of a manmade (cultural) savannah, as the expression of an agro-silvo-pastoral system. In the end, a so-far unknown statute of the village community of Rihemberk (mid-16th c.) certifies and dates intentional sustainable forestry practices by the rural population. At the end of the 19th c. the Karst ecosystem was still vital, demonstrating that local people knew how to exploit this vitality and preserve it over time, albeit in a modified environment. The traditional Karst landscape was the result of a rational use of its natural assets, based on the environmental potentials and deeply rooted local ecological knowledge, put into service of the local population’s economic and social system, values and goals.

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Aktualna sytuacja prawna gazociągu OPAL

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2017

W grudniu 2016 r. spółkom z grupy PGNiG udało się na drodze sądowej doprowadzić do zawieszenia stosowania decyzji Komisji Europejskiej i zmienionych przez niemieckiego regulatora – na korzyść Gazpromu – zasad eksploatacji gazociągu OPAL. Mimo to Gazprom zwiększył wykorzystanie gazociągu do maksimum. O ile jego postępowanie nie może zostać uznane za sprzeczne z prawem unijnym i niemieckim, o tyle działania niemieckich organów naruszają unijną zasadę lojalnej współpracy. Polska powinna skłonić Komisję Europejską do tego, by zagwarantowała, że do czasu zapadnięcia ostatecznych rozstrzygnięć sądowych nie będą stosowane nowe zasady korzystania z gazociągu.

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Ambient Air Pollution as a Human Security Challenge in Poland

Author(s): Anna Sakson-Boulet / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

The aim of this paper is to identify the scale of ambient air pollution in Poland and to assess the threats it poses to human security. Answering the research questions posed: (1) the concentrations of which pollutants pose the greatest threat to the life and health of Poles, and what are the sources of their emissions?; (2) what acts of law have been introduced by the national authorities in order to ensure that air quality conforms to European standards as concerns the pollutants posing the greatest threat to the life and health of Poles?; (3) are the solutions adopted sufficient, and if not – what course of action should be taken into account to ensure human safety in terms of clean air? leads to the conclusion that low quality air is among the major environmental threats to Polish people. Admittedly, the constitutional duty of the public authorities to take adequate measures aimed at limiting the level of air pollution and its negative effect on human life has not fulfilled at a sufficient level yet.

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America and Energy Domination Plan – A New Way of Regime Change?

Author(s): Jerzy Zarzycki-Siek / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2019

In December of 2017 the U.S. administration under President Donald Trump announced a fundamental change in the U.S. energy policy. Capitalizing on the rapid changes in oil and gas extraction technologies called the shale revolution, the U.S. will attempt to dominate the world market of hydrocarbons. The plan calls for regulatory changes, building new infrastructure and creating trade agreements that will allow the U.S. to export oil and gas abroad on a much bigger scale than previously.This article examines the possible impact of this decision on the geopolitics of oil-exporting countries, with a particular focus on Russia and Saudi Arabia. Both of those countries have economies heavily dependent on oil and gas exports. Without them, their budgets may have difficulty in financing state operations and economies – staying afloat. At the same time, they both present the type of foreign policy that is ﬁ nanced from the sale of hydrocarbons. Without those proﬁ ts, it may be challenging for them to continue this approach. In the case of Russia, it may result in problems with maintaining its aggressive stance towards the U.S. In the case of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh may not be able to guarantee the balance of powers in the region vis-a-vis hostile Iran, growing Turkey, assertive Israel and active jihadist rebels of various kind in neighbouring countries.Paper concludes that a combination of the U.S. energy dominance plan together with radical shifts in the automobile industry – which is transitioning from gasoline engines to electrical ones – will significantly decrease the ability of Russia, Saudi Arabia and others using similar policy combinations to transform their oil and gas revenues into international influence. The United States will be in a unique position to use tools of selective pressure on their economies to alter their behaviour. Both Moscow and Riyadh without the hydrocarbon profits will lose their ability to: maintain support for the regime, pacify dissent as well as projecting power outside. As a result, Washington’s position in the world will increase, despite the growing role of China and despite the world that is becoming more assertive towards the U.S. power.

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AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN POLICIES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY PATENTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS RELATED ISSUES

Author(s): Abul Bashar Mohammad Abu Noman,Ekram Uddin Khan Chowdhury / Language(s): / Issue: 17/2015

Intellectual Property (IP) has become one of the most important assets of knowledge-based economies in the present world. In this sense Patents can be seen as the outcome indicators of applied research and technological advancement. The nano-world is full of surprise and potential. Like other present technologies, nanotechnology is not merely a part of a distant future, but also a significant technology, and its patenting system is much more complex than any other objects in the area of science. As it is a nascent technology, it may pose problems and opportunities for IP regimes. Nanotechnology patents are not treated differently than other patents, but it is true that more complex technology usually creates more complex problems within the patent system. This article surveys the different application of nanotechnology and human rights issues and tries to address its complex patenting system and future challenges in the European context.

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An Analysis of the "Bio" / "Eco" Products Market, Referring to the EU and Romania

Author(s): Ionel Bostan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The EU and Canada represent the largest market in the world for the sale of ecological products attracting exports from many third countries and recording a total sale of 95% of the worldwide total market. The European market for ecological products – also known as “bio” / “eco” – in absolute figures – is somewhere around 20 billiards euro/year, and in the case of Romania, the market for those products varies around 200 million euro/year. According to European legislation, there are harmonized provisions and procedures for the import of ecological products which can be implemented in two ways: either by complying with the EU legislation on ecologic products, or based on the equivalence between the existent standards and control systems. In many European countries, the operators on such a market obey the rules established by Legislation for ecologic productions strictly. In Romania, a sanctioning system against those economic operators who fraudulently use product labels suggesting they are organic products has just recently been considered. Taking into consideration all these aspects, the present paper relies on the most recent bibliographic and statistical references in this field.

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An Approach to the Analysis of Current Municipal Waste Expenditures Efficiency Based on the Determination of „Minimal Value“

Author(s): Michal Struk,Jana SOUKOPOVÁ / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The paper presents results of research into municipal waste treatment expenditures efficiency in the Czech Republic. In this paper we construct a method for current municipal waste expenditures efficiency analysis which, based on inputted variables, calculates “minimal value” of expenditures per municipal waste ton that municipality should spend.

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An inexhaustible source of income? The significance of Belarusian refineries and the outlook for the future

Author(s): Kamil Kłysiński,Wojciech Konończuk / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2012

Belarus generated a surplus at US$1.9 billion in foreign trade in goods and services in the first four months of 2012 as compared to a deficit of US$2.8 billion for the same timeframe a year earlier. Minsk owes this, its highest positive trade balance since 1991, mainly to a significant increase in exports of petroleum products manufactured by the refineries in Navapolatsk and Mazyr.This is a consequence of the favourable contract for supplies of Russian oil until 2015 which Belarus signed in December last year. This contract has resulted in a de facto resumption of Russia subsidising Belarus. The favourable conditions of Russian oil supplies will allow the Belarusian refineries to remain the driving force of the country’s economy, and the Belarusian government will not allow them to be privatised, which Russia has been seeking for years. The two refineries initiated an ambitious modernisation programme, which is aimed at increasing their output and improving the quality of their production. Owing to this, their share in the market of petroleum products in the region, including on the Polish market, may grow within the next few years.

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ANADOLU’DAN KIBRIS’A BAĞLANAN SUYUN STRATEJİK ve POLİTİK ETKİLERİ

Author(s): Ata Atun,Yurdagül Atun / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 44/2019

The water supply Project by pipes from Anatolia to the island of Cyprus 250 m. below sea level through Mediterranean Sea is named “Peace Water” by the Republic of Turkey and TRNC governments. The water from Anatolia to Cyprus will overcome the millenniums long draught, scarcity of water and depressed agriculture and stock breeding in the island, together with a long lasting solution based on equal partnership, causing to end the dispute between Turkish and Greek communities of the island. The political effects of the “Peace Water” is quite negative on the Greek side, believing that the water supply from Anatolia with strengthen the hands of the Turkish Cypriots on the negotiation table, while will cause Greek side to lose a considerable amount of political superiority.

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ANALIZA STRATEGII ROZWOJU TRANSPORTU NA RZECZ REDUKCJI EMISJI CO2

Author(s): Urszula Motowidlak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2/2015

Transport is one of the most difficult sectors to control CO2 emissions. Increase in traffic and present trends in the automotive industry and individual driving style are an increasing source of CO2 emissions that cause climate change despite technological advances in the automotive field. Thanks to the integrated development plans, transport sector can clearly contribute to the decarbonisation of the economy. Development of transport, from the perspective of the objectives of the climate and energy policy, requires the use of a variety of policies and instruments that will lead to the reduction of CO2 emissions generated by this sector.

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Analiza uchwałodawstwa rad gmin wprowadzającego strefy wolne od dymu tytoniowego, pary z papierosów elektronicznych i substancji uwalnianych za pomocą nowatorskich wyrobów tytoniowych

Author(s): Łukasz Balwicki,Małgorzata Balwicka-Szczyrba / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2018

The study analyzes the resolutions of communal councils regarding the introduction of zones free from tobacco smoke, electronic cigarettes vapor and substances released by means of an innovative tobacco product use, enacted between September 2016 and August 2018. The activity of commune councils in creating local anti-tobacco legislation has been very low, despite the resolution of the municipal council issued on the basis of art. 5 par. 4 of the Act on Health Protection Against the Consequences of Using Tobacco and Tobacco Products is an act of high importance to health. At the same time, it was pointed out that the analyzed resolutions of municipal councils do not fully fulfill the competences granted in art. 5 par. 4 acts or are imprecise in their content. It was also found that these acts repeatedly banned ex lege bans. Due to the importance of pro-health action, the activity of municipal councils in the studied area is strongly advocated.

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Analysis of Competition on the European Natural Gas Market

Author(s): Mihaela Ionescu Sas / Language(s): English / Issue: 18/2018

This article addresses aspects of competition in the European gas market and more precisely analyzes the abuse of Gazprom's dominant position by preventing the free flow of gas among the Member States of the European Union and by its unfair prices. In line with the European principle of freedom of movement for goods, services, persons and capital, the European Commission adopted three directives, approved in 1998, 2003 and 2009, by introducing competition on a market which had been closed down until then. From a macroeconomic perspective, there has been significant theoretical and empirical evidence suggesting that the liberalization of the European gas market has positive effects on the energy industry in terms of lower prices and security of supply. But the competition law in the European energy sector is not always properly applied and consumers are discouraged in terms of implementing the legislative and regulatory framework. In accordance with art. 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), EU countries importing natural gas must benefit from transparent, fair pricing contracts. However, in some cases, abusive practices have been used for gas importers in central and Eastern Europe.

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Analysis of Legal and Theoretical Framework Creating the Methodology of Visual Pollution Assessment for Natural Landscapes

Author(s): Jūratė Kamičaityte-Virbašienė,Giedrė Godienė / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

Fulfilling the requirements of European Landscape Convention and following the statements of the National Landscape Policy of the Republic of Lithuania in 2014 the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania intitiated the creation of Methodology of the Assessment of Visual Pollution to Natural Landscape Complexes and Objects. In order to prepare the Methodology legal and theoretical framework of visual impact assessment (VIA) was analyzed and evaluated. Summarizing the analysis of the legal framework it can be said that national legislation requires the avoidance of visual pollution, but there are no recommendations how to evaluate visual impact. Foreign countries in the field of VIA, unlike Lithuania, have validated concepts of landscape visual quality and planned activity or object visual impact assessment; methodological recommendations of VIA, based as much as possible on principles of objectivity and systematicity, which are used in practical activities of planning and design. Methodologies used by Lithuanian authors are well developed theoretically and intended for the overall evaluation of landscape visual quality or VIA, designation of landscape visual quality classes, evaluation of visual spaces (VS) indicators, establishment of VS visual resistance and sensitivity. Parts of some works can be used for creation of methodology of visual pollution (negative visual impact) assessment.

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Analysis of the Correlation Between Energy Consumption and Industrial Competitiveness in the European Union

Author(s): Mihaela Ionescu Sas / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2016

In this paper the author analyzes the dependence between energy and industrial competitiveness before and after the 2008 economic crisis in the European Union. The Europe 2020 strategy aims energy major industrial competitiveness and increasing energy efficiency. But the economic crisis of 2008 led to reduced energy consumption and prices have increased considerably, so prices in the European Union in the energy industry are estimated to be twice higher than in the United States and Russia and 20% higher than those in China. According to the 2020 European Strategy for Sustainable Growth proposed increasing share of renewables to 20% increasing 20% energy efficiency and 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions greenhouse (or even 30 %, in favorable conditions) compared to 1990. The economic analysis in this paper are based on statistical quantitative method. Indicators used in this analysis are available on major platforms Eurostat data.

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Analýza ochrany ovzdušia pri výrobe obaľovaných asfaltových zmesí

Author(s): Miroslav Vanek,Jozef Salva / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2018

One of the main building materials used in road construction is asphalt. In particular, coated asphalt (bitumen) mixtures are used on the surface cover layer. Their production requires considerable energy resources and raw materials. The paper deals with the analysis of air protection during operation of the model asphalt hot mix plant. The basic description of the technology and parameters of the model plant is followed by the analysis of the operation as a source of air pollution. The legislative requirements in the area of air protection are detailed and, in conclusion, the main aspects of the operation that affect air quality are analyzed.

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Analyze of the Air Quality in Belgrade City During the Period September 2010 - September 2011

Author(s): Tatjana Đekic / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2013

In this paper are in detail analyzed values for air quality that have been extracted in monitoring sites in Belgrade since September first in 2010 until September first in 2011. Values extracted in the stations Square Slavija and Despot Stefan Boulevard was analyzed. The main task of this paper is to present the inferred air quality, while the main aim represents the checking of obtained data in respect to limit pollution values. Analyses were done for annual, seasonal, monthly and daily values.

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Analyzing the Performance Criteria of ARMA Model for Air Quality Forecasting in Jakarta

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Analyzing the Performance Criteria of ARMA Model for Air Quality Forecasting in Jakarta

Author(s): Christina ALEXANDRA,Tiffany TANTR,Fergyanto E. GUNAWAN / Language(s): English / Issue: 07 (39)/2019

Air pollution has been receiving global attention because of its effects on human health and the environment. The ability to predict the level of a pollutant concentration is important for various purposes such as for prevention and mitigation. Some papers had implemented various forecasting techniques to predict air pollution in Mexico, Spain, Malaysia. This research intends to investigate the forecasting accuracy of some air pollutants (PM10, SO2, CO, O3, and NO2) in Jakarta, Indonesia. The data are acquired daily for five measurement sites across the city, namely, Bundaran HI, Kelapa Gading, Jagakarsa, Lubang Buaya, and Kebon Jeruk during January-October of 2018. The data are fitted with Auto-Regressive Moving-Average (ARMA) models. The best model is obtained by comparing the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) with the relative error. The best and the most accurate model is the model with the lowest value of AIC or BIC.

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Anthropocentrism and Biocentrism in Human Attitudes toward Some Selected Dilemmas of Environmental Ethics – Case of Kuyavian and Pomeranian Province Citizens

Author(s): Wojciech TREMPAŁA,Andrzej Papuziński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

The article presents the results of own research concerningattitudes toward the four selected dilemmas of environmental ethics. Theempirical data was collected by means of a questionnaire in 2014 and2015 on a representative sample of 1000 inhabitants of the Kuyavian andPomeranian province. The respondents were asked to address 16 statementsthat related to some of the issues of environmental ethics including:value of human life in the face of the threat of overpopulation andan ensuing need to reduce the population, validity of human interestsin view of nature’s needs, priorities in environmental protection, as wellas the principle of redress that specifies the extent of compensation ofhuman induced damage to the environment. Each of the mentionedproblems was presented for assessment in the form of four statements adapted in axiological terms to the division accepted in environmentalethics into anthropocentric and biocentric positions.

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Anthropogenic Impacts on the Stability of the Forest Ecosystems in Belgrade – Comparative Analysis of Košutnjak Forest and Zvezdarska Forest

Author(s): Dragana Rašković / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2015

In this paper will be analyzed the environmental status of the two recently protected forest areas in Belgrade – Košutnjak forest and Zvezdarska forest. Due to their specific position inside the urban structure, these park forests are exposed to the high level of pollution and degradation originating from anthropogenic sources. This paper will include all present forms of threats to the stability of these ecosystems, both in their immediate surroundings, as well as within their borders. For clear presentation of the devastating anthropogenic impact on the protected forest ecosystems remote sensing – NDVI analysis of the appropriate satelite image segments will be performed in order to detect the differences of the state of vegetation covers registrated in 1986 and 2010. According to the need for efficient management system for the affected natural areas in the urban structure, in the end will be presented concrete protection measures, whose continuous application can bring to the progradation of their state.

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