#mission2030: Austria’s Strategy for a Low-Carbon Transformation

Author(s): Łukasz Ogrodnik,Marek Wąsiński / Language(s): English

The Austrian government is implementing its energy and climate strategy to 2030, the aim of which is to stimulate the economy and achieve energy independence through the use of clean technologies. The strategy signals potential points of contention with Poland, including in nuclear and coal energy. At the same time, it indicates potential fields of cooperation regarding low-emission transport.

(Ne)vidljivi okoliši: problem klimatske (ne)pravde u klimatskoj fikciji

Author(s): Marijeta Bradić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This paper addresses the problem of representation of climate change in literature, through the prism of environmental and climate justice as movements emerging from certain limitations of climate sciences that are approaching climate change from a political and ethical perspective. The movements of environmental and climate justice are based on the assumption that world’s most politically and economically powerful nations function in a way that enables them to maintain their own high consumption levels while shifting the ecological burdens onto less developed countries. In other words, those who contribute the least to the pollution of the environment will be affected the most by the ecological crisis. In the context of climate change, injustice is manifested within marginalised groups, including women who are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of environmental pollution and ecological catastrophes. Although these movements are politically oriented, they can also be seen as cultural movements focused on the questions of ideology and representation, as shown in contemporary literature and literary criticism (Sze 2002). In this sense, the common place in contemporary theory is that literary texts could be useful for establishing communication between climate science and general public (Ghosh 2016; Mehnert 2016; Trexler 2015). Following this assumption, the text will analyze Helen Simpsons’ Diary of an Interesting Year as an example of how contemporary literary production can effectively present abstract and hardly visible climate issues and thus contribute to climate justice discussions.

(Obywatelskie) spółdzielnie energetyczne w Niemczech

Author(s): Eva-Maria Thierjung / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The subject of this article is the role of energy cooperatives, especially citizen-driven energy cooperatives, in the context of Germany’s energy transition (so-called Energiewende). In the first place, this article develops a precise definition of the term energy transition, followed by a short presentation of the current situation of energy cooperatives, embedded in the historical background of cooperatives. This is followed by an outline of the current legal framework for energy cooperatives in Germany as well as their internal operating structures, based on the so-called cooperative principles. Thereby, the author points out the direct link between these principles and the positive development of energy cooperatives in Germany, emphasizing their social dimension. What follows is a presentation of the possible ways to categorize energy cooperatives, and a more detailed description of the three forms of energy cooperatives most common in Germany. The article concludes with an evaluation of the socio-economic potential of these communities.

10% dzikiej ziemi

Author(s): Anna Mateja / Language(s): Polish Issue: 790/2021

11 Eylül ve Sonrası Terörizm, Petrol ve Nükleer Tehdit Ekseninde Ortadoğu

Author(s): Ramazan İzol,Samet Zengınoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2014

Following the attacks on the World Trade Center in the US on September 11th 2001, three points draw attention. Firstly, these attacks revealed the obligation of evaluating the phenomenon of terrorism with a distinctive method and content when compared with the Cold War period. Secondly, the debates that the essential goal for US was the intervening with Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001 and 2003 respectively was to control the resources and routes for oil, and these attacks were used as the means of legitimacy are often brought to the agenda. And lastly, during and after the intervention, the issue of nuclear threat came under fire in the Middle East, especially on the Israel–Iran line. Within this general framework, the main goal of this study is to introduce the different perspectives, views, and debates on the Middle East on the axis of three factors about 9/11 and its aftermath.

2015 PARİS İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ KONFERANSI ÇERÇEVESİNDE NÜKLEER ENERJİ: BİR ÇÖZÜM MÜ, YOKSA BİR SORUN MU?

Author(s): F. Orçun Keçeci / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2017

Climate change is a global issue for not only developing countries but also advanced industrial societies. Consuming more fossil fuels by emitting carbon dioxide (CO2) results in climate change and this problem stems from human activities. Global warming caused by climate change threatens ecological balance and the whole humanity. Despite having divergences and problems among states, world countries have been trying to tackle climate change in the international arena in the recent years. One of the most crucial issues to mitigate climate change risks at the Paris Climate Conference on November 2015 is particularly on nuclear energy. In this context, this paper aims to analyse whether nuclear energy will contribute to climate change or not.

21. YÜZYILIN İDEOLOJİK GÜÇ MÜCADELESİ: ULUSLARARASI SİSTEMİN DEĞİŞEN DOĞASINI ANLAMAK

Author(s): Kaan Yiğenoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2018

The basic ideological conflict of the 20th century was between capitalism and socialism. This conflict occurred between the supporters of the capitalist ideology and those opposing the capitalist ideology. In the 21st century, this ideological clash is witnessed to be evolved. The basic ideological conflict of the 21st century is between globalists and capitalists. The conflict between globalists and capitalists is developing between different factions of capitalist ideology, not between oppositionists of capitalist ideology and their opponents. These developments need to be evaluated in the context of this new ideological conflict. In this work, the development of the international system is evaluated within the framework of different ideologies, and then the analysis of change in the ideological power struggle is being conducted in the 21st century. Finally, the conflict of ideologies and the process of unification are explained.

3rd Network Conference Adaptation and Implementation of the EU -Acquis: an Exchange of Experiences

Author(s): / Language(s): English

7 Premize pentru Consolidarea Sectorului Energetic al Republicii Moldova în Anul 2011

Author(s): Ion Muntean / Language(s): Romanian

The year 2011 has all the chances to become a fruitful one for the energy sector of the Republic of Moldova by the fact that this year a very favorable situation is created for building the theme of a sustainable development of the energy sector in the Republic of Moldova. In the form of a new government, it offers the Republic of Moldova a new status and a new motivation to contribute to the increase of the country's energy security and to participate in an energy market based on principles of equity and mutual benefits. Through a consistent approach to the problems in the energy sector, an efficient cooperation between the responsible and targeted structures in this sector and the capitalization of all the opportunities that are created in 2011, the achievements can be truly solid.

A CGE analysis of the impact of climate change on sustainable development: the case of High Plateaux region, Algeria

Author(s): Mohammed Touitou / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The paper aims to assess the impact of climate change on sustainable development in the case of the High Plateaux region of Algeria. A baseline “climate change” scenario and an “adaptation” scenario were assessed as part of our work. The methodological approach implemented is broken down into three interconnected evaluation phases, pre-modelling phase, modelling phase and post-modelling phase. The work has shown that these complex ex-ante evaluation approaches are adaptable and applicable in the context of Algeria. Our findings indicate that climate change would have a significant impact on economic aggregates on a regional scale. It also highlighted that the calculation of a single index of the impact of environmental policies on the sustainability of arid regions confirms the hypothesis of gaining sustainability by working towards a strategy of adaptation to climate change.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FINNISH AND NIGERIA BIOECONOMY: BIOENERGY AND TOURISM PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Chijioke Nwachukwu,Victoria Ogechukwu NWACHUKWU / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING ECONOMIES NEED TO EXPLOIT THEIR BIOECONOMY CAPABILITIES TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. THIS STUDY SEEK TO EXAMINE THE FINNISH AND NIGERIAN BIOECONOMY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF BIOENERGY AND TOURISM. WE USED SECONDARY DATA FROM FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO); INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA); UNITED NATION WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (UN WTO) AND WORLD BANK TO DRAW INSIGHTS ABOUT THE SUBJECT. BASED ON AVAILABLE DATA; DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS SUCH AS CHARTS AND FREQUENCIES WERE USED TO EVALUATE THE BIOECONOMY OF FINLAND AND NIGERIA. THIS STUDY REVEALS THAT BIOECONOMY IS DESIRABLE TO DEVELOPING NATIONS SUCH AS NIGERIA. FOLLOWING THE DIFFERENCES IN BIOECONOMIC ADVANCEMENT BETWEEN THE FOCUS COUNTRIES; OUR STUDY HAVE SHOWN THAT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND NIGERIA; IN PARTICULAR; WILL HAVE TREMENDOUS BENEFIT IF ITS PARADIGM SHIFT TOWARD BIO-BASED ECONOMY. IMPLEMENTING THE MEASURES AND POLICIES OF DEVELOPED ECONOMIES SUCH AS FINLAND WILL DRIVE NIGERIA TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE BIOECONOMY DEVELOPMENT.

A Comparison of China and the Other BRICS Countries: How Did China Surpass the Others?

Author(s): Halil Dincer Kaya,Engku Ngah S. Engkuchik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

We compare China’s performance to the performances of Brazil, India, and South Africa over the 1985-2011 period. We look into several areas including patent applications by residents, scientific and technical journal articles, final consumption expenditure, exports, household consumption, government consumption, gross capital formation, gross domestic savings, age dependency ratio, foreign direct investment, energy production, and domestic credit to private sector. We find that, out of the twelve measures that we examine, China’s annual percentage improvement was significantly better than the other three BRICS countries in only three measures. These are patent applications by residents, scientific and technical journal articles, and energy production. These findings indicate that science and innovation had been very important for China’s development. Also, the country’s efforts in energy production including its partnerships in other countries had been key to its economic development.

A flashback: North Atlantic treaty organization in year 2000

Author(s): John D. Deville / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a framework agreement which requires a wide cooperation between the signatory countries. This agreement and its formation: NATO, not only prevents the attacks to the member countries or provides the efficiency to get rid of the attack when it appears, but also requires a work and solidarity in political, economical and social arena.This agreement’s signatory countries are obligated to defend the peace and international security to develop and protect the stability and wealth in the field of North Atlantic Treaty Organization with getting the necessary strength from the NATO laws. According to the agreement signatories are again obligated to solve the eco-political problems and to increase the cooperation between them.

A Model for the Operationalization and Implementation of the Precautionary Principle: Cyanide-Leach Technology and Gold Mining Development

Author(s): Nahide Konak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2009

Mining development provides tremendous amount of long-term environmental and community degradation all over the world. Often, local communities bear the burden. This article demonstrates how the Bergama environmental network has utilized international environmental treaties with a focus on precautionary principle in order to halt the cyanide-leach Ovacik gold mine project in Turkey. The network has not only operated under the principle of precaution, but it has also defined and illustrated how the precautionary principle could be operationalized and implemented in practice in mining industry. By doing so, the Bergama environmental network developed a model for the operationalization and implementation of the precautionary principle in mining sector. In contrast to risk assessment that focus on the question of what level of contamination is safe, the precautionary approach focus on the question of how to reduce or eliminate the hazards and considers all the possible means of achieving that goal---including forgoing the proposed activity. This network has been promoting precautionary principle instead of risk assessment in mining nationwide. This model can be utilized by other communities dealing with mining developments in order to make the companies and their states to adopt and implement the precautionary principle. This article is based on a larger research project that has been taking place since 2002 on Ovacik gold mine development in Bergama. It relies on data that comes from interviews, focus group discussions with local community residents and field notes as well as books and documents prepared by the network and local newspapers that covered the case extensively.

A PROPOSAL CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTERNATIONAL ENERGY LAW

Author(s): Mădălina Virginia Antonescu / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2009

Within this article, we are trying to establish the necessary legal premises for the creation of a legal body of regulations concerning exclusively the realm of energy and the energy activities, from the perspective of the public international law. The public international law is here regarded as a general framework for the future international energy law. At present, there are some special international regulations with compulsory legal force, applicable to energy activities, especially the treaty of Energy Charter. There are also, international regulations with general incidence for the international energy law, such as the UN Charter, the Charter of the Economic Rights and Obligations of the States, the UNGA resolution no. 1803 from 1962 concerning permanent sovereignty of the state over its natural resources, the International Pacts from 1966, the 1958 Convention regarding the continental shelf, the UN Convention regarding the Sea Law, from 1982, and other international treaties, conventions or UNGA resolutions incident in this field. Therefore, it cannot be asserted that there are not legal regulations regarding international energy law. A process must be started at international legal level, in order to crystallize the specific IEL regulations, by starting with those regulations of public international law already in force. In this article, we prefer to connect fundamentally the international energy law with public international law, as a body inspiring the scholars in developing the energy regulations already in force and also, in elaborating some specific regulations regarding interstate relations as relations between sovereign entities (where states are not acting de iure gestionis, as a legal quality interesting the international commercial law and not IEL as a part of public international law). On the other hand, we cannot conceive a conflict between principles of public international law (applicable, in our opinion, de iure in the international energy law case) and the principles of international commercial law, because we do not consider IEL in this article, as a domestic law, and also, due to the sovereign quality (de iure imperii) of the state when entering into a legal relation on the public international law field (and consequently, on the IEL field).

A renewed focus on Ukraine’s nuclear power sector

Author(s): Mykola Voytiv / Language(s): English Issue: 01+02 (45)/2021

Nuclear energy began to develop actively and significantly in the second half of the 20th century. This boom was primarily due to the dynamism felt in all sectors of industry which was based on large numbers of labour and massive electricity demands. Yet, the beginning of the 21st century started to see a decline in this sector. Today competition in the energy sector contributes to the fact that energy markets are developing very rapidly and energy resources are becoming more affordable. According to the World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2020, for the first time in history (in 2019), non-hydro renewables such as solar, wind and biomass generated more electricity than nuclear power plants – 2.4 gigawatts of new nuclear plants installed compared to 98 gigawatts of solar and 59.2 gigawatts of wind. The world’s operational nuclear power capacity has declined by 2.1 per cent by the middle of 2020. The stagnation of the sector continues.

A Review of the Monograph by T. Pimonenko, O. Lyulyov, N. Letunovska "Circular and Carbon-Free Economy: The Roadmap for Harmonizing National and European Standards for Energy Market"

Author(s): Jelena Titko / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

Circular and carbon-neutral economic development are the topical areas of implementing the climate strategy in many countries. According to these concepts, the main basis for economic development is the growth of the renewable energy share in the structure of energy consumption. The fact that Ukraine has announced that in the future its evolution will be determined by the European integration vector of development means that a prerequisite for the transition to the next steps of development is the synchronization of the national energy policy in accordance with the strategic guidelines of the European region. To develop an effective roadmap for harmonising Ukrainian and European standards of energy market regulation, it is advisable to analyse the experience of implementing energy efficiency practices in the policies of other countries in the European region. The authors forecast the structure of energy production from renewable sources, based on empirical calculations. The development and implementation of modernized mechanisms for regulating the energy market in European countries is a prerequisite for the successful adaptation of the Ukrainian energy sector and the introduction of effective approaches to the management of local businesses and all industries that depend on energy resources.

A Review of the Monograph by T. Pimonenko, O. Lyulyov, N. Letunovska "Stochastic Modeling of the Roadmap for Harmonizing Domestic and European Standards of Energy Market Regulation: Transformational Shifts to a Circular and Carbon-neutral Economy”

Author(s): Aleksy Kwilinski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The European Green Deal is a new European climate strategy presented by the European Commission in 2019. The central postulate of this strategy is the growth of renewable energy sources share in the energy balance of the European countries. The Pro-European integration vector of Ukraine envisages the country to synchronize the national energy policy with the EU strategic guidelines for transition to a circular and carbon-free economy. This monograph aims to explore the experience in implementing the principles of the European Green Deal and the best practices in improving energy policy among the EU countries. Therefore, the findings would be instrumental in developing a balanced and structured roadmap for Ukrainian energy policy synchronization with the EU requirements. The European Commission poses significant challenges to European producers. In turn, transition to the principles of the European Green Deal is particularly relevant for Ukrainian exporters competing with European producers within the European Union and abroad. The comprehensible implementation mechanism of the new European Green Deal tools is a prerequisite for the successful adaptation of national energy policy and the modernization of approaches to managing local businesses and industries that depend on energy resources.

A Review of the Monograph by T. Pimonenko, O. Lyulyov, N. Letunovska “Circular and Carbon-Free Economy: The Roadmap for Harmonizing National and European Standards for Energy Market"

Author(s): Tatjana Tambovceva / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The monograph examines the essence of a circular and carbon-neutral economy and the mechanisms of their implementation to accelerate the development of the European society according to these approaches. The authors analysed the energy market of Ukraine and calculated the degree of convergence of national energy policy and the European climate strategy. The experience of the European Union member states in compliance with the standards of energy market regulation and the implementation of transformational changes in this area is studied. There have been examined the bottlenecks and attractors, which determine the dynamics of an increase or decrease of the country's energy efficiency in the forecast periods. The complex material will help to make rational management decisions in the field of energy production and energy saving. The works of the authors can be used in developing a roadmap for harmonization of Ukrainian and European standards of energy market regulation.

A Review of the Monograph by Yu. Bilan, O. Chygryn, S. Kolosok “Environmental and Economic Impacts of Energy Transformation: Concepts Innovation and Business Models”

Author(s): Radosław Miśkiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

In recent decades, there have been dramatic changes in the energy sector, which significantly influence other areas of activity. It is widely believed that traditional energy sources are the leading cause of air pollution, although they play the most prominent role in electricity generation. Such dependence on fossil energy sources is a significant challenge on the path to sustainable development. The introduction of sustainable business models and innovative concepts in the energy sector is a tool for transitioning from traditional to "green" energy to reduce the negative impact on the environment. Therefore, it is essential to estimate the effects of energy transformations and identify the environmental and economic effects of the deployment of such solutions. Sustainable business models can solve environmental problems associated with harmful emissions from the energy sector. These models are more environmentally friendly and are part of "green" growth. They ensure the creation and maintenance of the organizations’ values and provide competitive advantages in the industry. Although moving to sustainable business models is quite complex, they contain alternative solutions to avoid a global collapse due to energy shortages and climate change. In this regard, the priorities are to improve regulatory policy in the energy sector, the formation of environmentally friendly competitive advantages of energy companies, the description of opportunities to deploy smart energy networks, development of sustainable business models for energy sector transformation, optimization of energy financing.