(009) BEYOND DEPENDENCE: HOW TO DEAL WITH RUSSIAN GAS

Author(s): Pierre Noël / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2008

The gas relationship with Russia has become an extremely contentious issue among EU Member States. It is a major reason for the EU’s failure to develop the common policy approach towards Moscow it so badly needs. Yet the relationship is often misunderstood. Russia is the largest external gas supplier to the EU, but it is far from a monopoly provider. Since 1980, Europe’s diversification of its gas supply has seen Russia’s share of EU gas imports roughly halve, from 80% to 40%. Russian gas represents just 6.5% of the EU primary energy supply, a figure that has remained essentially unchanged over 20 years. And contrary to widely held belief, Russian gas exports to Europe are unlikely to increase significantly in the foreseeable future. So calls for Europe to diversify its energy supply even further miss the point. The problem is divisiveness, not dependence. Russian gas is divisive because Europe’s gas market is dysfunctional and segmented. Most of the EU’s imports of Russian gas go to a few countries in western Europe, where supply is diversified, while several Member States in central and eastern Europe consume relatively little Russian gas but have no other external suppliers. Only the emergence of a single competitive European gas market can create real solidarity between consumers and ‘Europeanise’ the current large bilateral contracts between European importers and Gazprom.To address the specific concerns of central and eastern European Member States, the EU should build on the 2004 directive on security of supply in natural gas, and help these Member States devise and implement national action plans for gas security.

11 Eylül ve Sonrası Terörizm, Petrol ve Nükleer Tehdit Ekseninde Ortadoğu

Author(s): Ramazan İzol,Samet ZENGİNOĞLU / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2014

Following the attacks on the World Trade Center in the US on September 11th 2001, three points draw attention. Firstly, these attacks revealed the obligation of evaluating the phenomenon of terrorism with a distinctive method and content when compared with the Cold War period. Secondly, the debates that the essential goal for US was the intervening with Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001 and 2003 respectively was to control the resources and routes for oil, and these attacks were used as the means of legitimacy are often brought to the agenda. And lastly, during and after the intervention, the issue of nuclear threat came under fire in the Middle East, especially on the Israel–Iran line. Within this general framework, the main goal of this study is to introduce the different perspectives, views, and debates on the Middle East on the axis of three factors about 9/11 and its aftermath.

2015 PARİS İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ KONFERANSI ÇERÇEVESİNDE NÜKLEER ENERJİ: BİR ÇÖZÜM MÜ, YOKSA BİR SORUN MU?

Author(s): F. Orçun Keçeci / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2017

Climate change is a global issue for not only developing countries but also advanced industrial societies. Consuming more fossil fuels by emitting carbon dioxide (CO2) results in climate change and this problem stems from human activities. Global warming caused by climate change threatens ecological balance and the whole humanity. Despite having divergences and problems among states, world countries have been trying to tackle climate change in the international arena in the recent years. One of the most crucial issues to mitigate climate change risks at the Paris Climate Conference on November 2015 is particularly on nuclear energy. In this context, this paper aims to analyse whether nuclear energy will contribute to climate change or not.

21. YÜZYILIN İDEOLOJİK GÜÇ MÜCADELESİ: ULUSLARARASI SİSTEMİN DEĞİŞEN DOĞASINI ANLAMAK

Author(s): Kaan Yiğenoğlu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2018

The basic ideological conflict of the 20th century was between capitalism and socialism. This conflict occurred between the supporters of the capitalist ideology and those opposing the capitalist ideology. In the 21st century, this ideological clash is witnessed to be evolved. The basic ideological conflict of the 21st century is between globalists and capitalists. The conflict between globalists and capitalists is developing between different factions of capitalist ideology, not between oppositionists of capitalist ideology and their opponents. These developments need to be evaluated in the context of this new ideological conflict. In this work, the development of the international system is evaluated within the framework of different ideologies, and then the analysis of change in the ideological power struggle is being conducted in the 21st century. Finally, the conflict of ideologies and the process of unification are explained.

3rd Network Conference Adaptation and Implementation of the EU -Acquis: an Exchange of Experiences

Author(s): / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2009

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FINNISH AND NIGERIA BIOECONOMY: BIOENERGY AND TOURISM PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Chijioke Nwachukwu,Victoria Ogechukwu NWACHUKWU / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING ECONOMIES NEED TO EXPLOIT THEIR BIOECONOMY CAPABILITIES TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. THIS STUDY SEEK TO EXAMINE THE FINNISH AND NIGERIAN BIOECONOMY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF BIOENERGY AND TOURISM. WE USED SECONDARY DATA FROM FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO); INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA); UNITED NATION WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (UN WTO) AND WORLD BANK TO DRAW INSIGHTS ABOUT THE SUBJECT. BASED ON AVAILABLE DATA; DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS SUCH AS CHARTS AND FREQUENCIES WERE USED TO EVALUATE THE BIOECONOMY OF FINLAND AND NIGERIA. THIS STUDY REVEALS THAT BIOECONOMY IS DESIRABLE TO DEVELOPING NATIONS SUCH AS NIGERIA. FOLLOWING THE DIFFERENCES IN BIOECONOMIC ADVANCEMENT BETWEEN THE FOCUS COUNTRIES; OUR STUDY HAVE SHOWN THAT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND NIGERIA; IN PARTICULAR; WILL HAVE TREMENDOUS BENEFIT IF ITS PARADIGM SHIFT TOWARD BIO-BASED ECONOMY. IMPLEMENTING THE MEASURES AND POLICIES OF DEVELOPED ECONOMIES SUCH AS FINLAND WILL DRIVE NIGERIA TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE BIOECONOMY DEVELOPMENT.

A flashback: North Atlantic treaty organization in year 2000

Author(s): John D. Deville / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a framework agreement which requires a wide cooperation between the signatory countries. This agreement and its formation: NATO, not only prevents the attacks to the member countries or provides the efficiency to get rid of the attack when it appears, but also requires a work and solidarity in political, economical and social arena.This agreement’s signatory countries are obligated to defend the peace and international security to develop and protect the stability and wealth in the field of North Atlantic Treaty Organization with getting the necessary strength from the NATO laws. According to the agreement signatories are again obligated to solve the eco-political problems and to increase the cooperation between them.

A Model for the Operationalization and Implementation of the Precautionary Principle: Cyanide-Leach Technology and Gold Mining Development

Author(s): Nahide Konak / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2009

Mining development provides tremendous amount of long-term environmental and community degradation all over the world. Often, local communities bear the burden. This article demonstrates how the Bergama environmental network has utilized international environmental treaties with a focus on precautionary principle in order to halt the cyanide-leach Ovacik gold mine project in Turkey. The network has not only operated under the principle of precaution, but it has also defined and illustrated how the precautionary principle could be operationalized and implemented in practice in mining industry. By doing so, the Bergama environmental network developed a model for the operationalization and implementation of the precautionary principle in mining sector. In contrast to risk assessment that focus on the question of what level of contamination is safe, the precautionary approach focus on the question of how to reduce or eliminate the hazards and considers all the possible means of achieving that goal---including forgoing the proposed activity. This network has been promoting precautionary principle instead of risk assessment in mining nationwide. This model can be utilized by other communities dealing with mining developments in order to make the companies and their states to adopt and implement the precautionary principle. This article is based on a larger research project that has been taking place since 2002 on Ovacik gold mine development in Bergama. It relies on data that comes from interviews, focus group discussions with local community residents and field notes as well as books and documents prepared by the network and local newspapers that covered the case extensively.

A STUDY ON ADVANTAGES AND VIEW OF HYDROGEN ECONOMY

Author(s): Sharan BURAK / Language(s): English / Issue: 44/2019

This study was carried out to provide an overview of hydrogen energy, which is increasingly used in the world. While environmental problems require the use of hydrogen, the limited availability of fossil fuel reserves makes this development compulsory. There are ready-made technologies developed for the production, transportation, storage and usage of hydrogen, which is the product of contemporary technology, and the first applications have been made. In the long term, the problems in the hydrogen production area should be solved and it should be determined which hydrogen will be an appropriate energy source in the future. The development, advantages and production methods of hydrogen energy are examined, the amount of energy required for the production and distribution of hydrogen by various methods and the reviews for 1995 and 2020 are given. In addition, fuel costs of hydrogen-supply systems and internal combustion cars for fuel cell cars were given considering external costs and compared with other fuels.

A view from the region

Author(s): Nargis Kassenova / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The German Presidency of the EU in the first half of 2007 inspired great hopes regarding the development of relations between the European Union and the states of Central Asia. In Brussels and other European capitals, it was expected that Germany, as an EU political and economic heavyweight and one of the key promoters of the Common Foreign and Security Policy, would be able to foster a coordinated Central Asian policy giving direction and coherence to European engagement in the region.

Acidita zrážok a jej dynamika vo vŕbovom ekosystéme

Author(s): Ján Machava,Jaroslav Demko,Gabriela Hrkľová,Eduard Bublinec / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2018

The work was aimed at monitoring the chemistry of precipitation after passing through the willow ecosystem. Precipitation samples were evaluated for 2 years. Most of the observed rainfall was acidic. The highest acidity of precipitation was recorded in an open area in continuous open collector (pH = 5.51). The lowest acidity was measured at throughfall willow ecosystem (pH = 5.77). Chemical analyzes of atmospheric precipitation have shown a slight increase in acidity. The great extremity of values (3.72 to 7.04) was found in pH results collected over the course of two years. According to the precipitation scale, the lower extreme pH falls to very acidic and the upper value to a neutral range. The lowest bottom pH was recorded in December in the open collector and the highest upper value in November in the same colletor. Except for actual acidity, the extremity of values has certainly a negative impact on the stability of forest and soil ecosystems. As for the individual annual periods, most acidic precipitation fell in the winter to the part-covering collector. In other seasons, precipitation were less acidic. The average pH values in individual seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) have occurred in the interval from 5.22 to 5.83 in the part-covering collector (K1), 5,01 – 5.81 in the opened collector (K2) and 5,32 – 6.00 in the collector in the willow ecosystem (K3). At assessing the resulting pH in the individual collectors, it can be concluded that the acidity of precipitation has not changed significantly. This natural relation is also confirmed by the average figures for the whole period. All average pH values lie in a slightly acidic region.

Adapting to climate change in New York City and regulatory background

Author(s): Elif Çolakoğlu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The catastrophic effects of climate change can be seen in New York City (“NYC”) today. As of now, the NYC as a coastal city has faced different climate risks such as heat waves and storm surges, which affect everyday life citywide, and, if current trends continue, they will become more frequent and severe. Hurricane Sandy which has devastated the East Coast is just the latest example. To strengthen its resilience, the NYC Administration comes forward particularly in this regard to commissioning expert scientific advice, formulating policy goals, setting standards and developing new institutions for environmental governance and sustainability. Locally, through PlaNYC, the City’s sustainability plan, the NYC Administration has pursued several initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with mostly 30 percent below current levels by 2030. Since 2002, the Administration stands out challenging climate change and its initiatives which are the examples of best practices at the municipal level. In this framework, this study describes the comprehensive effort to reduce GHG emissions, as well as provides NYC’s climate change projections and some of the potential risks to the NYC’s critical infrastructure posed by climate change. Also local legal documents determining the City’s climate policy and offering significant opportunities for implementation is examined.

Administrative and Legal Conditions for the Development of Wind Power Generation Industry in Poland

Author(s): Anna Ostrowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

On July 15, 2016, a legal act entered into force, which electrified the business community, especially the unconventional energy industry, local government authorities, and all those who saw the development of the alternative energy sector as the only solution for the global energy crisis. This is about the Act of 20 May 2016 on Investments in Wind Power Plants, which set out the conditions, rules and procedures for the location and operation of wind farms with a power greater than the power of a micro installation, as well as the conditions for the location of housing developments (residential buildings and mixed-use buildings) in the vicinity of wind farms. This Act has been named, both by scholars of law and the media, “another special legislation”, although it is not a typical special legislation. Although it is a lex specialis in relation to the Act of 7 July 1994 – Construction Law, as well as the Act of 27 March 2003 on Spatial Planning and Land Development, its provisions, unlike any “special legislation”, do not introduce preferential conditions for investors with regard to identifying location and authorization for the project covered by it. On the contrary, they introduce a number of significant constraints in the process. The legislature’s goal of increasing the transparency of the wind farm building permit process has come at too high a cost; at the expense of violating basic constitutional standards, notably the principle of proportionality and the principle of protection of property.

AFIRMIRANJE I ZAGOVARANJE ENERGETSKE POLITIKE U FUNKCIJI EKONOMSKOG RASTA I RAZVOJA

Author(s): Emir Tahirović / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 2/2019

One of the most crucials and most important sectors in contemporary countrys is energetic sector. Development of energetic sectors and energetic potencials deeply depends on one countrys position on the global scale. Countrys with well developed energy sector are key players and global actors of all events in the world. Countrys as such clearly and precisly formulated and implemented energetic politics into practice realising in the right way their importance for future growth. However, energetic politics althou crucial and important for countrys developments, especially those less or non developed in new times find themself in front of constant obsticles. External effects that take place when energetic potencial is activated got into global policys eye. Advocates of enviormental protection are strongly against growth and developments of energetic sector because of external effects that sector produces. This problem is only posible to solve by adequately harmonising energetic politicsand enviormentl protection politics,since both of those public sector policys are important to one country. Conclusion is that how by adovacy of energetic public policys should be present, but with requierd respect for other public policys, mainly enviromental protection policy. Adequete implementing depends on theyr synchronisation of sustainable life.

African Response to Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes

Author(s): Jean Chrysostome Kanamugire / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017

Control or management of trans boundary movement of hazardous wastes is a global challenge. The industries in the developed states generate hazardous wastes in their activities. Developed states have stringent laws and regulations for the disposal of hazardous wastes. The industries have to dispose hazardous wastes in an environmentally sound manner. It is cost effective to dispose wastes in developed states. They target developing states mostly in Africa where they can dump their hazardous wastes. African states do not possess strict laws and policies for the protection of the environment and human lives. They also lack information to make an informed consent in the disposal of hazardous wastes. Basel convention regulates the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes on an international level. However, the African states want a total ban on the movement of hazardous wastes from developed states on their territories. Bamako convention precludes the movement of hazardous wastes on the African continent from the other countries. The paper opines that each state should dispose its hazardous wastes in an environmentally sound manner on its territory.

AGAINST THE DESERT IN THE KARST. A PARADIGMSHIFT FROM RUINED LANDSCAPE TO CULTURAL SAVANNAH

Author(s): Aleksander Panjek / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2018

In questioning the traditional degradationist narrative about the history of the Classical Karst woodland, the article demonstrates the rationality of the forms of use by the peasant population. In the first chapter interpretations about the actors and factors of Karst »deforestation« are presented and discussed. Reducing the subjects responsible for the »destruction of forests« to Venice and the local peasants appears simplistic, since the factors of forest resources consumption were numerous in a pre-industrial economy. In the second chapter the early modern peasants’ woodland and pasture land-use system is presented, demonstrating how the Karst inhabitants did not destroy the woods and trees, but used them. Every single tree was there with a specific purpose. In determining their use peasants based on the characteristics of the karstic terrain, the climatic conditions and the experimented vegetative capacity of the species. According to their practical knowledge, they considered that a »real forest« was not economically justified in the Karst. Only the trees necessary to cover domestic and agricultural needs were allowed to grow, and coppice was the chosen form. The third chapter reconstructs a long-run historical parable of the Karst forests, connecting research results in historiography and archaeology. The barren landscape famous in the 19th c. was indeed the result of a process going on through the early modern period, but it had antecedents in earlier historical and prehistorical periods. Attention is drawn to the fact that the early-modern Karst landscape closely resembles the form of a manmade (cultural) savannah, as the expression of an agro-silvo-pastoral system. In the end, a so-far unknown statute of the village community of Rihemberk (mid-16th c.) certifies and dates intentional sustainable forestry practices by the rural population. At the end of the 19th c. the Karst ecosystem was still vital, demonstrating that local people knew how to exploit this vitality and preserve it over time, albeit in a modified environment. The traditional Karst landscape was the result of a rational use of its natural assets, based on the environmental potentials and deeply rooted local ecological knowledge, put into service of the local population’s economic and social system, values and goals.

AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN POLICIES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY PATENTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS RELATED ISSUES

Author(s): Abul Bashar Mohammad Abu Noman,Ekram Uddin Khan Chowdhury / Language(s): / Issue: 17/2015

Intellectual Property (IP) has become one of the most important assets of knowledge-based economies in the present world. In this sense Patents can be seen as the outcome indicators of applied research and technological advancement. The nano-world is full of surprise and potential. Like other present technologies, nanotechnology is not merely a part of a distant future, but also a significant technology, and its patenting system is much more complex than any other objects in the area of science. As it is a nascent technology, it may pose problems and opportunities for IP regimes. Nanotechnology patents are not treated differently than other patents, but it is true that more complex technology usually creates more complex problems within the patent system. This article surveys the different application of nanotechnology and human rights issues and tries to address its complex patenting system and future challenges in the European context.

An Analysis of the "Bio" / "Eco" Products Market, Referring to the EU and Romania

Author(s): Ionel Bostan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The EU and Canada represent the largest market in the world for the sale of ecological products attracting exports from many third countries and recording a total sale of 95% of the worldwide total market. The European market for ecological products – also known as “bio” / “eco” – in absolute figures – is somewhere around 20 billiards euro/year, and in the case of Romania, the market for those products varies around 200 million euro/year. According to European legislation, there are harmonized provisions and procedures for the import of ecological products which can be implemented in two ways: either by complying with the EU legislation on ecologic products, or based on the equivalence between the existent standards and control systems. In many European countries, the operators on such a market obey the rules established by Legislation for ecologic productions strictly. In Romania, a sanctioning system against those economic operators who fraudulently use product labels suggesting they are organic products has just recently been considered. Taking into consideration all these aspects, the present paper relies on the most recent bibliographic and statistical references in this field.

An inexhaustible source of income? The significance of Belarusian refineries and the outlook for the future

Author(s): Kamil Kłysiński,Wojciech Konończuk / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2012

Belarus generated a surplus at US$1.9 billion in foreign trade in goods and services in the first four months of 2012 as compared to a deficit of US$2.8 billion for the same timeframe a year earlier. Minsk owes this, its highest positive trade balance since 1991, mainly to a significant increase in exports of petroleum products manufactured by the refineries in Navapolatsk and Mazyr.This is a consequence of the favourable contract for supplies of Russian oil until 2015 which Belarus signed in December last year. This contract has resulted in a de facto resumption of Russia subsidising Belarus. The favourable conditions of Russian oil supplies will allow the Belarusian refineries to remain the driving force of the country’s economy, and the Belarusian government will not allow them to be privatised, which Russia has been seeking for years. The two refineries initiated an ambitious modernisation programme, which is aimed at increasing their output and improving the quality of their production. Owing to this, their share in the market of petroleum products in the region, including on the Polish market, may grow within the next few years.

ANADOLU’DAN KIBRIS’A BAĞLANAN SUYUN STRATEJİK ve POLİTİK ETKİLERİ

Author(s): Ata Atun,Yurdagül Atun / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 44/2019

The water supply Project by pipes from Anatolia to the island of Cyprus 250 m. below sea level through Mediterranean Sea is named “Peace Water” by the Republic of Turkey and TRNC governments. The water from Anatolia to Cyprus will overcome the millenniums long draught, scarcity of water and depressed agriculture and stock breeding in the island, together with a long lasting solution based on equal partnership, causing to end the dispute between Turkish and Greek communities of the island. The political effects of the “Peace Water” is quite negative on the Greek side, believing that the water supply from Anatolia with strengthen the hands of the Turkish Cypriots on the negotiation table, while will cause Greek side to lose a considerable amount of political superiority.