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4.50 €

Životní a ekonomické strategie obyvatel horských regionů v Makedonii

Author(s): Barbora Machová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The author deals with the life and economic strategies of people inhabiting mountain regions of the Republic of Macedonia, during the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. The strategies can be studied either by means of analyses of economic behavior of an individual/a household or by research of socio-cultural aspects of human behaviour and motivation. The research of value systems became popular. The value system seems to be an impulse to the particular strategies. In addition to that potential strategies of individuals and households are defined by many other factors, e. g. current situation on the labour market, land ownership, capital or external intervention of the state policy. The strategies differ in particular regions depending on the local environment or a distance from the center. A case study from the village of Bitovo shows the present situation (2011, 2012) and goes back to the second half of the 20th century. Bitovo is situated in the region of Poreche in Western Macedonia and lies at 1200 m. a. s. l. In 2011 it had 43 inhabitants. The current occupation of local men was mostly woodcutter, wood transport and sheep breeding. The men procured a financial income of a household. Women were used to work as self-sufficient farmers and they procured a non-monetary income. After the World War II the village Bitovo had 360 inhabitants. It stands for the most common strategy of the villagers during the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century was emigration. The motivation for emigration was principally economic. We distinguish two agricultural streams of migration and two industrial ones. First there were the agricultural streams with motivation to get a land to Vojvodina (the towns of Kačarevo, Jabuka) and to the Pelagonia lowland (around Prilep, Macedonia). During the 70’s the villagers started to settle to cities (urbanization) to be employed in industry and to go to work to Germany (as gastarbeiters).

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Social Business in the Czech Republic – New Approach to Employment

Author(s): Mirka Wildmannova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Social entrepreneurship is characterised by a high degree of creativity and innovation, not only in technical terms but also in relation to management-social aspects. Social entrepreneurship is a relatively young sector which is not legally addressed in the Czech Republic. Its development dates back to the 19th century but its main development comes in the second half of the 20th century. In the CR there is a missing government conception of social entrepreneurship and legislative definition of the social business which would direct the formation and development of social businesses in a long–term horizon.

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Sığınmacı ve Göçmenlerle Sosyal Hizmetin Kavramsal ve Kuramsal Temelleri

Author(s): Emrah Akbaş / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Sığınmacı ve göçmenlerle sosyal hizmet konusu genellikle kuramsal temellerden yoksun bir müdahale anlayışı ile ele alınmaktadır. Sosyal bilimlerin göçün nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını anlamaya ve göç sürecini şekillendiren ağların ve ulusaşırı toplumsal alanların nasıl inşa edildiğini açıklamaya dönük çabasının sosyal hizmette kuramsal bir karşılığı genellikle yoktur. Sosyal hizmet daha çok sığınmacı ve göçmenlerle çalışmada beceri odaklı bir perspektife sahip görünmektedir ancak müdahale ve beceri odaklı uygulama son çözümlemede kuramsal bir arka plana yaslanmak zorundadır. Sosyal hizmetin uygulamaya olan aşırı vurgusu ve uygulamadan doğan bilgi ve veriyi yeterince teorize edememiş ve düşünümsel bir alan yaratamamış olması göç ve sosyal hizmetin kuramsal temellerine dair etraflı bir çalışmayı mümkün kılmamaktadır. Bu bölümde sığınmacı ve göçmenlere dönük sosyal hizmet uygulamalarının kuramsal arka planı ve temellerine girizgâh niteliğinde bir tartışma yapılmaya çalışılmıştır.

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The Certainty of Uncertainty; The Critical Tool of Certainty in a Migrant’s Journey to Effectively Control Issues in Human Security, Fraud and Integration for the Benefit of the Migrant and the Receiving Country

Author(s): Sherene Özyürek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

From an Australian perspective, which can be extended to other countries’ migration frameworks, this study raises the notion that “uncertainty” negatively modulates systemic issues in recurring themes of human security violations, fraud and non-integration. Such understanding could lead to insights into migrants’ decision-making processes resulting in the subsequent use of unintended pathways. Literature and case study reviews were undertaken, coupled with a quantitative approach analysing retrospective data from the Department of Immigration and Border Protection and the Australian Federal Police to determine the ineffectiveness of current legislative tools that do not take certainty into account and to determine the impact of uncertainty on migrants in Australia’s migration program as a receiving country. Practical recommendations are presented for consideration by policy-makers to ensure certainty for the migrant, including; to combat human security violations via the provision of visa pathways for applicants to remain after lodging a complaint, ensuring that both employment and human securities can co-exist; to effectively control fraud via the removal of discretion, ensuring certainty in pathways of decision-making processes to combat unintended pathways; and finally, the permeation of certainty throughout the migration program, ensuring that steps to attain citizenship are not out of necessity but instead a step towards successful integration.

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Importing a Labor Force for Catalonian Agriculture. A Case of Human Rights Deprivation in Spain. Sustainability and Successes

Author(s): Olga Achón Rodríguez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper aims to disclose the consequences that the system designed by the Catalonian agricultural union “Unió de Pagesos” to recruit, import and distribute foreign labor produces, a subject deprived of its liberties and fundamental rights. Once the model of family farming was substituted by an industrial agricultural system of production, the agricultural union, with the consent of the State, reinvented itself as a provider of services related with the acquisition of manpower through this system - as we designate the set of practices that materialize the recruitment of foreign workers abroad and their concentration is lodgments controlled by the Union. The State’s migration polity is responsible of the emergence of such a system, and we can trace its origin in the symbiotic relation between the State and the union, whose intereststhe social control of the foreign worker and the just in time delivery of labor- are harmonized in it.

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Continuity or Change in Turkey’s Mass Migration Policy: From 1989 émigrés to Syrian “guests”

Author(s): Deniz Genç,N. Aslı Şirin Öner / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As a country being a stage for a variety of migratory movements for many years, Turkey, until recently, did not have a comprehensive migration and asylum policy which takes into account of the realities of those movements and responds accordingly. The need for such policy has brought with it the efforts to develop a migration regime of which the new Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP) is an essential element. The factors which played a role in the growing need for a migration and asylum policy are the increasing number of irregular migrants in the country and the deterioration of the Syrian refugee crisis. The lack of a comprehensive migration and asylum policy has loomed large when the country is a stage for mass migration movements.

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Analyzing Turkish Labour Migration to Europe via SWOT and STEEPLE

Author(s): Hasan Akca / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Turkish community living abroad amounts to more than 5 million people, around 4 million of which live in Western European countries, 300 thousand in North America, 200 thousand in the Middle East and 150 thousand in Australia (MFA, 2015). The common goal of first wave of Turkish “guest workers” was to collect capital to start a small business in Turkey. Most of the guest workers left their families behind in Turkey.

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The Kurdish Community in the Czech Republic and Its Transnational Practices

Author(s): Michael Murad / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The fairly sizable Kurdish community in Western Europe, particularly in Germany, has been a focus of scholarly interest for some time now. But Kurds are also present in other parts of Europe, where they have received much less attention. One such community has settled in the Czech Republic. Small in size, it has nevertheless taken an organized approach to promoting its interests in the public sphere and is connected, to some extent, with the broader diaspora of Kurdish nationals in other countries, and with the homeland(s). Particularly in recent decades, globalization and its attendant phenomena have made it easier to pursue domestic politics while abroad. Before the 1989 revolution, the former Czechoslovakia (CSSR) supported various Middle Eastern associations - some terrorist in nature - whose members often resided in Czechoslovakia. Many Middle Eastern communities became established, as well, including the Kurdish community

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“Zorunluluk mu?”, “Gönüllü mü?” Türkiye’den Britanya’ya Yeni Göç Dalgası: Ankara Anlaşması

Author(s): Tuncay Bilecen / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Bu makale, Ankara Anlaşması olarak bilinen Avrupa Topluluğu Ortaklık Anlaşması’dan (European Community Association Agreement - ECAA) Britanya’da yararlanan kişilerle yapılan görüşmeler neticesinde şekillendirilmiştir. Ankara Anlaşması yoluyla oturum almanın, göçün değişen karakteri ve göç etmeyi zorlaştıran düzenlemeler bağlamında “yeni bir göç yolu” olduğu makalenin iddialarından birisidir. Makalede üzerinde durulacak bir başka husus ise, göçe sebep olan çatışmaların göçten sonra da başka şekillerde devam ettiği ve bunun da insan hareketliliğini artırdığı görüşüdür.

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Suriye’den Türkiye’ye Göç ve Açığa Çıkan Temel Sorun Alanları

Author(s): Ahmet Şahin,Fikret Elma / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Türkiye kuruluşundan bugüne önemli ölçüde iç ve dış göç deneyimi yaşayan bir ülkedir. Geçmişte Türkiye açısından en büyük dış göç dalgaları olarak, özellikle Balkanlardan (Yunanistan, Bulgaristan ve Bosna gibi) Türkiye’ye gelen göçmenler ve Türkiye’den Avrupa ülkelerine yönelen işçi göçü ifade edilebilir. Dolayısıyla, dış göç çerçevesinde ülke farklı dönemlerde hem dış göç alan, hem de dış göç veren bir konumundadır. Ancak özellikle 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren küresel ve bölgesel gelişmeler bağlamında Türkiye’nin daha çok dış göç alan bir ülke haline geldiği dikkati çekmektedir. Bu süreçte ayrıca göçmenler ve mülteciler için Türkiye’nin güney-kuzey ve doğu-batı ekseninde transit geçiş ülkesi olma konumunun da giderek belirginleştiği görülmektedir.

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Göç ve İşsizlik Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği (1980:2015)

Author(s): Ahmet Şahin,Mehmet Yiğit / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Sosyolojik, Ekonomik, Hukuksal ve Siyasal yönleriyle göç, hem göç eden bireylerin hem de bu bireylerin geride bıraktıkları yaşamları etkilemektedir. Bütün bu alanlarda kültürel sosyal ve ekonomik anlamda değişimler getirmektedir. Göçün neden olduğu bütün bu değişimler ekonomik yönleri ile ele alındığında ise işgücü piyasalarının bu etkiden en büyük payı aldığı bilinmektedir. Ayrıca bu işgücü piyasaları orta ve uzun vadede devletlerin makroekonomi politikalarını önemli derecede etkilemekte olduğu bilinmektedir.

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Avusturya’da Türkler: Göçmenlik, Etnisite ve Din

Author(s): Ahmet Çekin / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Birinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra üretim kapasitesini yeniden harekete geçiren Avrupa ülkeleri, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’na kadar yerli iş gücüyle kalkınmalarını devam ettirmişlerdir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı başlayınca savaşın öngörülenden daha uzaması ve erkeklerin büyük çoğunluğunun askere alınmaları sebebiyle kadın işçiler devreye sokulmuştur. Savaş sonunda oluşan nüfus dengesizliği, kadın işçilerin ağır sanayi koşullarında ihtiyaç duyulan işgücünü karşılamasına yetmemiştir. Bir yandan sanayinin çarklarını döndürmek, diğer yandan da savaşın yıkıcı etkilerini ortadan kaldırarak ülkeleri yeniden inşa etmek için acil iş gücüne ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bu ihtiyacı karşılamak ve sanayi ülkelerinin eksilen nüfuslarını ikame etmek için yeni bir yol bulunmuştur: “misafir işçiler”. Bu amaçla Avrupa dışındaki ülkelerden işçi alımına başlanmıştır.

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Amerika'da Türkler: Göçmenlik, Etnisite ve Din

Author(s): Mustafa Bakırcı / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Göç ve göçmenlik kavramları, kişilerin kendi vatanlarını/ülkelerini bırakarak başka bir ülkeye/bölgeye yerleşmelerini ifade etmek için kullanılan kavramlardır. Bugün dünyada her 33 kişiden birisi göçmen konumundadır. 2012 yılı itibariyle yaklaşık 214 milyon kişinin, doğduğu ülkeden başka bir ülkede yaşadığı ve bu sayının 2050 yılına kadar 404 milyona çıkacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu nedenle, göç ve buna bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan siyasî, dinî, kültürel ve ekonomik problemler, özellikle yoğun göç alan ve veren ülkelerin gündeminde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır (Giddens ve Sutton, 2016: 717). Birçok açıdan farklılıklar içeren, hatta bazen insanların hayal edemeyecekleri durumlarla karşılaşmalarına sebep olan göç olgusu hem göçmenler hem de ev sahibi ülke açısından birçok farklı konunun gündeme gelmesine neden olmaktadır.

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Strateško istraživanje u doba društvene krize - Mladi Friedrich Engels u Manchesteru

Author(s): Michael Brie / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In the article I discuss the process of Engels’ search for a social alternative in the conditions of the pre-revolutionary crisis that struck Europe in the early 1940s. Twenty-two-year-old Engels became enthralled with it when he arrived in London in November, 1842. He was young, rebellious, of a brilliant mind and exploratory spirit. He belonged to a generation whose youth coincided with the culmination of the crisis of the Restoration period. Against this background, I want to look at the period that Engels spent between November 1842 and April 1845 in Manchester, where he arrived from his parents’ home in Barmen.

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Usporedba nekada i sada - Zašto je Položaj radničke klase u Engleskoj nakon 175 godina u mnogočemu aktualna kritika današnjice

Author(s): Maroje Višić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Author revisits Engels’ study The Condition of the Working Class in England on the occasion of Engels’ 200th anniversary of birth. I examine and compare similarities of what was written 175 ago with contemporaneity. In this endeavour I rely on the same sources as Engels did: newspapers articles, official documents, reports, statistics and scientific studies. Hence the comparison can be made through examining topics such as: precariat and proletariat, migrants and their contribution to the functioning of (neo)capitalism, pregnancy and maternity discrimination, accommodation of workers and working conditions, housing and living conditions, the impact of the technological principle on the architecture and design of cities and districts, starvation and food insecurity and through artificial division of working and leisure time. I do not argue that things have remained completely unchanged. However, my examination reveals that in spite of the advancement in the past 175 years, same conditions that Engels described prevail mutatis mutandis today.

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DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF LABOR FORCES IN THE CONTEXT OF LABOR MIGRATION FROM CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES TO THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Author(s): Dalerjon Mirpochoev,Aleksey Takhirovich Izmailov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper examines the state policy of the Russian Federation and Central Asian countries in the field of supporting the aging and retired population, analyzes the dependency ratio in the Russian Federation and Central Asian countries, and provides predictions referring to changes in the demographic structure of the labor force in the context of labor migration. The paper includes prediction indicators of the dynamics of labor migration processes of the population in the retirement age from Central Asian countries, considering the current trends of demographic change, and explores the impact of labor migration processes of persons of retirement age on the economic growth in the context of economic and social globalization.

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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prospect of starting own business among students of economic studies

Author(s): Bartosz Marcinkowski,Sebastian Narojczyk / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The research objective was to present the significance of the coronavirus pandemic in the context of starting a business, by business students. The empirical basis was fabricated upon the results of a survey conducted at the Poznań University of Economics and Business. The research was dynamic and conducted in two stages: in February 2020 (just before the first lockdown in Poland) wherein 243 students were surveyed and in March 2021 (a year after the first lockdown), in which 270 students were surveyed. The respondents were asked, among other issues, to describe their professional experience, as well as perspectives and plans concerning setting up and managing their own company. In addition, factor analysis was used to deepen the findings. The pandemic has significantly influenced students’ professional plans, including, above all, an increased desire to start their own business. In addition, of particular importance for students at the beginning of their professional career is the flexibility and ease of adaptation to changing conditions in the business environment. The research was limited because it was based only on students of Poznań University of Economics and Business. Extending the research to other social groups such as students of other universities, the unemployed, graduates of technical / vocational schools, economically active people, elderly people, etc. would allow to explore the reasons and conditions for setting up a business. The article shows how students’ perspectives and attitudes towards setting up their own businesses have changed. The results of the research may be of particular interest to entities such as public administration, local governments, labour offices and all institutions which are focused on education and career shaping.

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Изкуственият интелект – фактор за бизнеса и работните места

Author(s): Snezhana Petkova Dimitrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The entrance of artificial intelligence in our lives is expected to lead to the disappearance of many professions. Even though the digital transformation will probably create many other jobs, training and education will have key role for the development of skills that would avoid the long-term unemployment. New perspectives for products and services appear including in sectors like green and circular economy, sustainability agriculture, healthcare. Artificial intelligence could help for the optimization of supply chains, improvement of the machine maintenance, increase in productivity, improvement of the quality of service and energy saving. The application of artificial intelligence in the public sector could reduce costs and offer new possibilities for the public transport, education, energy management, recycling and waste management. It could contribute for better healthcare, safer vehicles, personalized and cheaper products. The work places could become safer with the use of robots and the development of new industries will create new work places.

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Възможности и заплахи в корпоративната сигурност

Author(s): Yani Slavchev Yanev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Corporate security is a complex of strategies and activities within an organization that aim to foresee, identify, counteract and analyse threats and risks of any character. With the globalization of economy, the competition for markets shares and customers, the implementation of information technologies and artificial intelligence in all economic activities, corporate security has become of paramount importance in the recent decades. Nowadays, threats for the corporate security could arrive from everywhere – included from the other parts of the world. In the present times, corporate security expanded to not only the physical protection of the companies know-how and assets but mainly on the protection in the virtual space. For this reason, the role of the corporate security officers is key in every organization, and this figure more than ever should be with complex knowledge, management skills, cutting edge knowledge and vision for business field in general.

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RAPORTURILE JURIDICE DE MUNCĂ ALE FUNCȚIONARILOR PUBLICI

Author(s): Andrei-Răzvan Iordache,Luca Imandi / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Through this paper, a brief analysis of the labor relationships of public officials was intended. Different political systems around the world have led to various employment relationships in the public service. While employees in some countries have the right to collectively bargain, regarding the legal employment relationship of public officials in Romania, they cannot negotiate the rights and obligations that make up the content of the employment relationship, nor can they modify them later, as the decision belongs to the public authority or institution where they work. Therefore, the modification of employment relationships is the result of the unilateral manifestation of will by the public institution, which has the right to withdraw or confer responsibilities. The article falls under the section "Personal Safety and Building Social Capital" since it addresses the obligation to understand the relationships that arise with the acquisition of the status of an employee in the public sector. These relationships come with obligations and rights that generate certain responsibilities for the public official. Therefore, public officials must have a clear understanding of their employment relationship to perform their duties correctly and uphold the principles of labor.

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