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Result 1661-1680 of 1902
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Reguły i paradoksy

Reguły i paradoksy

Author(s): Jean-François Lyotard / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

Nie będę tutaj robił wykładu, chciałbym jedynie zdefiniować kilka ważnych pojęć. Po pierwsze „postmodernistyczny” jest prawdopodobnie bardzo złym terminem, ponieważ sugeruje „periodyzację” historii, otóż „periodyzacja” jest pojęciem „klasycznym” lub „modernistycznym”. „Postmodernistyczny” oznacza po prostu stan duszy lub — lepiej — stan umysłu. Można by rzec, że chodzi tutaj o zmianę stosunku do problemu znaczenia: powiedziałbym, znacząco upraszczając, że nowoczesność oznacza świadomość braku wartości w wielu działaniach. Jeśli pragniemy tego, co nowoczesne, oznacza to, iż niemożliwe staje się udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytania o sens. Romantyzm, jako brak sensu i świadomość tego braku, jest modernistyczny, a także coś takiego jak dandyzm, czy to, co Friedrich Nietzsche nazywa „aktywnym nihilizmem”, który jest nie tylko świadomością utraty sensu, ale i ożywieniem tej straty.

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Uwagi o manipulowaniu znaczeniami słów

Uwagi o manipulowaniu znaczeniami słów

Author(s): Beata Polanowska-Sygulska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The strategy of distorting the meaning of concepts in order to redirect people’s attitudes has been put in practice by ideologists and politicians for years. The paper focuses on the reflections of selected thinkers and men of letters on this phenomenon. Intellectual contributions of Isaiah Berlin, Friedrich A. Hayek, Leszek Kołakowski and Charles L. Stevenson on the one hand, and the considerations of George Orwell, Aldous Huxley, Ayn Rand, Sławomir Mrożek and Małgorzata Musierowicz on the other hand are analysed. Some recent incarnations of the tactics of perverting the meaning of words in recent political discourse in Poland are critically examined. Special attention is given to the manipulating the meaning of “paedophilia” in the context of the nationwide discussion on child sexual abuse in the Catholic Church. It is concluded that the dishonourable practice of verbal misrepresentation used under Communism is at work again, this time in even more sophisticated form.

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Generic bare plurals in Russian and beyond

Author(s): Daria Seres / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This paper focuses on indirect reference to kinds achieved by means of bare plural nominal expressions in Russian, which is a language without articles. These NPs refer to sums of individuals, whose denotation is built on Number. Their default interpretation is indefinite, while generic and definite readings are a result of a pragmatic strengthening, i.e. these readings appear only in certain environments (argument position of k-level predicates, subject position of characterising statements) and depend on the world knowledge of interlocutors. Generically and definitely interpreted expressions are similar to each other, being characterised by maximality, identifiability and presupposition of existence. However, the former ones cannot be spatiotemporally localised or anaphorically anchored. Going beyond Russian, it is suggested that in some languages genericity (along with definiteness) may be encoded semantically by means of a definite article, while in others it is pragmatically inferred on bare NPs; this difference can account for the inter- and intralinguistic variation in the expression of genericity.

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Zagrebačka magla i marčana bura: meteorološki izrazi u pozadini lokalnih identiteta

Zagrebačka magla i marčana bura: meteorološki izrazi u pozadini lokalnih identiteta

Author(s): Daniela Katunar,Jan Defrančeski / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2023

This study investigates the role of meteorological expressions in conceptualizing and contextualizing local identities with special reference to Lovranski list, a local news publication of the municipality of Lovran, Croatia. From a linguistic perspective, meteorological expressions refer to lexical and syntactic means that serve to describe and categorize the domain of meteorological weather and meteorological events (Eriksen et al. 2012; Katunar and Simeon 2023), and they also play a role in the study of linguistic data from the perspective of folk meteorology (cf. Sijerković 1996; Gluhak 2004). From the perspective of ordinary language philosophy (e.g., Wittgenstein 1998, 2007, 2009), meteorological expressions can also be understood as lexical-syntactic means that contain semantic features relevant for understanding the (local) identity of certain communities (e.g., Zagreb fog and March bora).

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Notes on modal semiotics
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Notes on modal semiotics

Author(s): Herman Tamminen / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2023

Tamminen’s prefatory article discusses modal semiotics. Its aim is to describe thinking and behaviour in/of different cultures and their modalities three-dimensionally from an impartial third-person metalevel standpoint. By adopting the structural approach in accordance with Algirdas Greimas’ theory of modalities, the becoming of a base value from its paradigmatic-virtual mode of existence to its consequent syntagmatic-actual existence viz. the axiologization and consequent ideologization of value will be described in the first part of the text. The second part provides a thorough overview of modal methodology as developed by David B. Zilberman, so as to propose their mutual methodological complementarity, and to suggest future pathways as to their reconciliation and further development. The description of modal structures, values, and categories can be used as a “shortcut” in attaining to understand differences in types of thinking and behaviour per (cultural) tradition as a metaphysical frame of reference for (a) the norms, values, and ideas objectified in culture; (b) the temperament, character, and interest observable in phenomenal behaviour; and (c) the significance, signification, and meaning subjectified in consciousness. Academically, Tamminen is devising the construct for modal semiotics, a project of which the paper at hand is also a part of; other texts concerning the same topic include “Body ground ‘red’ – integrating Peirce, Kristeva, and Greimas” and the upcoming “Blood gilded time – reflections on the sublogical bearings between passion, possession, and perish”. His many interests include, but are not restricted to, consciousness, dreaming, the symbol, thinking, culture, the analogous structure and function of the individual and collective intellects, modal semiotics, and the inevitable.

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Кога метафорите престават да бъдат метафори
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Кога метафорите престават да бъдат метафори

Author(s): Ivelina Batskova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The text examines the problem of metaphors and the extent to which their meaning can be considered conventional. First, Lakoff and Johnson's theory of conceptual metaphor is examined to show that metaphors define the way we think and perceive the world. Then, by means of Grice's theory of meaning, an attempt is made to show metaphors and their meaning as having pragmatic content depending on the context. Subsequently, Marmora's formula on social conventions is applied, which will help to show metaphors as arising from common acceptance and repetition of their meaning, to conclude that when metaphors are transformed into dead metaphors, society ceases to accept their meaning as metaphorical.

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English and Sustainable Language: Collective Consciousness in Bangladesh
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English and Sustainable Language: Collective Consciousness in Bangladesh

Author(s): Abdul Awal / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In modern times, sustainability plays an important role, also acceptable in sociolinguistic studies. The comparison of English and other languages in Bangladesh is examined from the point of view of sustainability. It has not yet been established whether the English language is sustainable or not in the context of Bangladesh and around the world. Most studies on sustainable development objectives neglect the relationship between sustainability and a particular country’s language. The purpose of this work is to expand our knowledge of how to measure the sustainable language based on specific indicators. The research first explored the development of Bangladesh’s English, sustainable languages, and collective consciousness. This approach is initially based on quantitative methods. Overall, these results suggest the sustainability of Bangladesh’s different languages. This study contributes to the field of a sustainable language genre in sociolinguistics.

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Identitate și adevăr la Salman Rushdie

Identitate și adevăr la Salman Rushdie

Author(s): Adrian Niță / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 52/2023

The paper analyzes the signs of the age of the spirit in the work The Satanic Verses, by Salman Rushdie, with a particular emphasis on the membranes of identity, the truth and the spiritual experiences through which the characters of this work are led. From the perspective of the multiple layers of meanings, in other words, from the perspective of the membranes of understanding, the world in Rushdie's sense is a set of dream membranes and reality membranes, of membranes of good and membranes of evil, which intertwine, sometimes it moves in harmony, sometimes in dissonance, but in which there is always room for love.

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Précis for Context and Coherence: The Logic and Grammar of Prominence

Précis for Context and Coherence: The Logic and Grammar of Prominence

Author(s): Una Stojnić / Language(s): English Issue: 69/2023

This précis outlines some of the key themes in Context and Coherence. At the core of Context and Coherence is the meta-semantic question: what determines the meaning of context-sensitive language and how do we interpret it as effortlessly as we do? What we can express with language is obviously constrained by grammar, but it also seems to depend on various non-linguistic features of an utterance situation, for example, pointing gestures. Accordingly, it is nearly universally assumed that grammar underspecifi es content: the interpretation of context-sensitive language depends in part on extra-linguistic features of the utterance situation. Contra this dominant tradition, the book develops and defends a thoroughly linguistic account: context-sensitivity resolution is entirely a matter of grammar, which is much more subtle and pervasive than has typically been noticed. In interpreting context-sensitive language as effortlessly as we do, we draw on our knowledge of these subtle, but pervasive, linguistic cues—what I call discourse conventions. If this is right, the dominant, extra-linguistic account must be rejected. It not only mischaracterizes the linguistic conventions affecting context-sensitivity resolution, but its widespread, and often implicit, endorsement leads to philosophically radical conclusions. The recent arguments for non-truth-conditional and non-classical semantics for modal discourse provide just one illustration of this point. But appeals to context are quite common within a wide range of debates across different subfi elds of philosophy, and they typically assume the extra-linguistic model of context-sensitivity resolution. If the account of context-sensitivity developed in Context and Coherence is on the right track, such arguments have to be reconsidered.

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HOLISTIČKI I KONCEPTUALNI KARAKTER MENTALNOG U DELU DONALDA DEJVIDSONA

Author(s): Miloš Bogdanovic / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2020

In this paper we will try to confront Quine’s and Davidson’s holistic position through Davidson’s thesis of mental as a non-ontological category. In this regard, since Davidson came to this position through the thesis of mental as a decidedly conceptual category, we will try to show how this approach does not, nevertheless, rule out the possibility of its interpretation in ontological terms. However, in what follows we will draw attention to the fact that mental can be interpreted so that it proves to be immune to ontologization in Quine’s sense. This would be the evidence of different ways, which are not necessarily compatible, to argue for Davidson’s central thesis – the thesis about holistic character of mental – as well as, which is closely related, a certain difference that exists between Davidson’s view of mental as a conceptual category on the one hand, and a holistic category on the other hand.

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NOMINALIZAM DŽOZEFA MELIJE I INDEKSIČKO SHVATANJE BROJEVA

Author(s): Aleksa Čupić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2019

According to the Quine-Putnam indispensability argument, we are committed to all the entities that are indispensable to our best scientific theory. John Melia argues contra Quine-Putnam by claiming that even though such entities as numbers are indispensable to our best science, there is reason to deny their existence. In order to defend Melia’s theory from criticism put forth by Mark Colyvan, who demands that Melia provide a nominalistically acceptable paraphrase of our best scientific theory, supporters of this view have argued for the stronger claim that numbers are not indispensable. They all claim that numbers have an indexing role in the scientific explanation. In this article, I will consider some of the arguments for the indexing theory and point out its inadequacies.

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SEMANTIČKI MENTALIZAM, INTERSUBJEKTIVNOST I METAFIZIKA NORMATIVNOSTI

Author(s): Miloš Šumonja / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2017

The subject of this paper is Kripkensteinˈs critique of mentalistic explanation of linguistic normativity, as well as his intersubjective conception of normativity. The author argues against dominant intepretation of Kripkensteinˈs view on meaning as social metaphysics of normativity, the theory which reduces language rules to community consensus. It is pointed out that Kripkensteinˈs rejection of mentalistic thesis that meaning is some kind of mental state in the head of a speaker results in anti-reductionistic character of intersubjective conception of normativity, which describes how we speak about difference between correct and incorrect uses of language in everyday life, but does not say what that difference is, or what it consists of. Hence, it is concluded that, according to Kripkenstein, community is the only normative tribunal in matters of language, but itˈs not the supreme judge because, rather than passing irrevocable judgments on correctness of individual speech acts, community actually constitutes a framework that enables the normative disputes between its members.

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PROJEKTIVIZAM I KVAZI-REALIZAM SAJMONA BLEKBERNA

Author(s): Monika Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2014

In this paper, I will deal with Simon Blackburn’s metaethical theory. Blackburn’s metaethics can be described by two ‘-isms’ – projectivism and quasi-realism. In the first part of the paper, I will try to show what the nature of their relation is. In the second part of the paper, I will discuss two reasons Blackburn advances in favor of his projectivism. The first pertains to the simplicity of his position, whereas the second claims that projectivism, unlike cognitivism, can explain the thesis of supervenience of moral features over the natural features. I will try to show that the first argument does not have the strength, and that the second argument does not have the plausibility that Blackburn ascribes to the two. In the third part of the paper, I will point out to probably the hardest problem that every non-cognitivist theory is faced with – the Frege-Geach problem. I will discuss Blackburn’s attempt at a solution, and after that, express some doubts with respect to the proposal that Blackburn puts forward.

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REVIEWS

REVIEWS

Author(s): Laura Maria Vasilache,Serea-Poplingher David,Sinculeţ Teodora,Enache Tuşa,Theodora Flaut / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

Review of: Sverker Johansson, Zorii limbajului [The Dawn of Language ], Humanitas, Bucureşti, 2022, 408 pp. Cristina Maria Otovescu, Politica României de gestionare a pandemiei de Covid-19 [Romania's policy for managing the COVID-19 pandemic], Editura Academiei Române. Bucureşti, 2022. Sun Zi, Arta răboiului [The Art of War], Humanitas, Bucureşti, 2023, 160 p. Edward N. Luttwak, Ascensiunea Chinei în faţă cu logica strategiei [The Rise of China vs. the Logic of Strategy], Editura Universităţii de Vest, Timişoara, 2023, 268 p.

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Обработване на степени в скаларните импликатури
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Обработване на степени в скаларните импликатури

Author(s): Elena Tsvetkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The article presents an overview of Grice’s notion of implicatures with a focus on the interpretation of quantitative (scalar) implicatures. Processing an implicature in the case of scalar implicatures is based on automatic understanding of expressions that are part of a linguistic scale. Such linguistic scales are sequences of terms where the use of the stronger term implies the weaker one or the use of the weaker term implies the negation of the stronger one. With examples that affirm the linguistic intuitions of members of a language community, it is illustrated that within these scales, the meaning of expressions is used with varying degrees of strength according to the speaker’s meaning.

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Husserl,  Ajdukiewicz, and  Blaustein on meaning

Husserl, Ajdukiewicz, and Blaustein on meaning

Author(s): Daniele Nuccilli,Rafał Lewandowski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The aim of this article is to investigate the reception of Husserl’s theory of meaning by Ajdukiewicz and Blaustein, two members of the analytically-oriented Lvov-Warsaw School, who, in different ways, were attracted to and confronted with Husserl’s phenomenology. The discussed hypothesis is that Ajdukiewicz’s interpretation of Logical Investigations, and his original theory of meaning influenced both Blaustein’s critical reading of Husserl’s theory of intentionality and his account of meaning-intention. After outlining the central elements of “First Logical Investigation” the paper shows how itis interpreted by Ajdukiewicz in his Lvov lectures on logic and in his directival theory of meaning. What emerges is a psychological-descriptive interpretation of Husserl’s concept of meaning, and are consideration of his theory of intentionality within the inferential structure of beliefs in premises that motivates a person who speaks a language to believe in conclusions of a certain form. This leads Ajdukiewicz to his own original conventionalist account of meaning which is based on the identification of three main directives of meaning that represent the matrix of a given language, i.e., the grid in which each meaning finds its place. These elements allow one to demonstrate how Ajdukiewicz’s interpretation resonates in Blaustein’s critique of Husserl in his early writings, where, in addition to a psychological-descriptive reading of phenomenology we also find a conventionalist conception of meaning acts and signitive presentations. According to Blaustein, a sign can represent an object only through the conventions arising from the directives of meaning that belong to a given natural language.

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Another Look at Jared S. Moore’s Comprehensive View of Beauty

Another Look at Jared S. Moore’s Comprehensive View of Beauty

Author(s): Filippo Focosi,Pier Francesco Corvino / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

According to what is known as the classic theory, beauty can be defined as unity or formal harmony. To overcome some of the criticisms that it encountered, the American philosopher Jared S. Moore proposed, in his paper from 1942, a modernisation of such theory, by distinguishing various types and subtypes of harmony which, taken together, are intended to cover both the objective and the subjective sides of beauty. Our goal is to look closer to some of the main principles that emerge within Moore’s intricate taxonomy of harmony – most notably, the principles of organic unity, fittingness, and empathy – which in his article are only sketched or implicitly suggested. Employing such supplementations, we hope to make J.S. Moore’s comprehensive view of beauty even more complete from a theoretical standpoint and suitable to face the challenge posed by the modernist and postmodern artistic practices, which seemingly undermined the notions of beauty and formal harmony.

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Israel Scheffler ve Paul H. Hirst’te Eleştirel Düşünme ve Özerklik Kavramlarının Rolü ve Önemi

Israel Scheffler ve Paul H. Hirst’te Eleştirel Düşünme ve Özerklik Kavramlarının Rolü ve Önemi

Author(s): Bayram Kaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

Analytic philosophy is a movement which emerged as a reaction to traditional philosophy around the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Analytic Philosophy of Education emerged partly as a reaction to traditional philosophy of education and partly with the desire to apply the general principles of analytic tradition in education. American Israel Scheffler and English Paul H. Hirst have produced many works since 1960s and so they are considered among the eminent philosophers of this field. In this study, the concepts of “critica/rational thinking” and “autonomy” have been studied and analyzed in the works of these two important figures. By adopting an analytic approach, firstly their arguments and propositions as regards the different educational topics have been classified and analyzed. Then their opinions as regards how they interpret these concepts, how importance they attribute to them and how these concepts can be used in education have been analyzed extensively. It has been found that critical/rational thinking can be seen as both the ultimate aim of education and the best means to reach this target for both philosophers, particularly for Scheffler. When it comes to the concept of autonomy, both philosophers think that every individual has an innate value and human dignity and so every person must have the right of free choice through rational thinking.

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Incongruity, Vagueness, and Pertinence: A Defence of Noël Carroll’s Incongruity Theory of Humour

Incongruity, Vagueness, and Pertinence: A Defence of Noël Carroll’s Incongruity Theory of Humour

Author(s): Michela Bariselli / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This article defends Noël Carroll’s incongruity theory of humour from the pressing criticism that his articulation of incongruity is too vague to serve as a key notion of the theory. I first distinguish between two versions of the criticism of vagueness: the claim that Carroll’s notion of incongruity is vacuous, and the claim that it allows for shoehorning. To reject the first claim, I put Carroll’s notion of incongruity to the test by analysing complex comic texts, demonstrating that it is not vacuous as it allows for capturing their similarities and differences. In response to the second claim, I claim that Carroll’s notion of incongruity should be amended adding a pertinence condition, which requires that the elements establishing the incongruity are part of the same context. Finally, I show that the pertinence condition helps Carroll, replying to a set of counterexamples moved to his sufficiency conditions too.

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Radost a smutek v Pamětech Františka Jana Vaváka

Radost a smutek v Pamětech Františka Jana Vaváka

Author(s): Dmitrij Timofejev / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2014

The article looks at how emotion is represented in Bohemian folk chronicles, i.e. texts of a historiographic character, written by autodidacts — mostly peasants and artisans. At the core of our analysis is the most famous work of this kind, Paměti Františka Jana Vaváka z let 1770–1816 (Memoirs of František Jan Vavák 1770–1816). Other writings from the turn of the 19th century (e.g. those of Václav Jan Mašek, Jan Petr, Ondřej Lukavský) are also considered. Our initial question is: How, and in which contexts, did Czech-speaking authors of the late 18th and early 19th century, having no opportunity to get acquainted with contemporary philosophical theories, express affects? The study shows that the emotions, especially joy and grief, are expressed in a way recommended by early modern rhetoricians (e.g. Cypriano de Soarez or Bernard Lamy): particular figures are associated with particular affects. Though the principle is the same, the figures used by autodidacts differ from those recommended by the rhetoric manuals. Being unable to read Latin, German or French rhetorics, the authors had probably grasped the principles of how to represent affect from their reading, but adapted them according to their own talent and vision. As might be expected given the rural origin and values of the authors, joy is expressed mostly in the context of weather favourable for the harvest, while grief is realised in the context of rising prices and natural disasters.

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