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Uzvišeni Bog u filozofiji Mulla Sadre

Author(s): Reza Akbariyan / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 14/2019

This paper aims to present the main features of Mulla Sadra’s philosophical thinking about and understanding God, His oneness and attributes. According to the main idea, the whole paper has been divided into parts which treat these issues separately. In the first part, the author briefly considers the proofs of God’s existence given by Ibn Sina and al-Farabi, offering a short historical review of the development of thought on this issue, whereupon he discusses the ultimate reach of Mulla Sadra’s philosophy about the proof of God’s existence, known as “the proof of the truthful”. Another innovative thought in the philosophy of Mulla Sadra is talking about the true real oneness of God, which had never been explained in such a way before him. In the remaining parts of the paper the author elaborates Mulla Sadra’s views about God’s preeternity and eternity, God’s names and attributes, with a special focus on God’s attribute of creating and the position of the Creation during the creating and at the end of it.The paper presents the greatness of Mulla Sadra’s philosophical thought and his contribution to the field of knowledge of God the Exalted, whereby it is written in a concise manner and, more importantly, in simple language.

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Slovo o Božijoj Blizini – islamska perspektiva

Author(s): Haris Dubravac / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 14/2019

The paper discusses contents from the Qur’an, holly traditions (eḥādīṯ qudsiyye) and mostly works by classical Muslim authors who wrote about the Proximity of God, the Omnipresence, the Comprehensiveness, the All-existence, and the Immanence. Prior to that, the paper presents the relation between God’s transcendence (tenzīh) and immanence (tešbīh). We have also discussed the ways and effects of getting close to God, i.e. man’s answer to the Proximity of God by being aware of the comprehensive Reality, focusing especially on the poets of Sufi provenance who have presented God’s Omnipresence in an appealing manner. In the end, we conclude the discussion with an unusual part, which seems more appropriate considering the nature of the text.

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Vrijednost kumulativnog argumenta kod dokazivanja postojanja Boga

Author(s): Muhamed Reza Bejat / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 14/2019

Proving and confirming religious beliefs and teachings by rational proofs has a long tradition among philosophers of religion and theologians. This approach holds that believing in religious principles and teachings requires their proof and confirmation by rational arguments. Many criticisms has been expressed concerning the justification of this approach, its inapplicability and what has already been achieved with this approach. This paper analyzes and criticizes the efforts of some philosophers of religion to present different arguments among rational arguments (deductive and inductive) in proving religious teachings.

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NEKI VIDOVI TEOLOGIJE KAO ZNANOSTI KOD TOME AKVINSKOGA

Author(s): Ante Svirać,Ivica Raguž / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2016

The beginning of the question about the scientificity of theology can be traced back to the 13th century and the foundation of first universities. During this period there was an emphasis shift in the understanding of theology. Emphasis was slowly shifting from understanding theology as wisdom towards understanding theology as science. St. Thomas was one of the first theologians who in a consistent way applied the then accepted concept of science (Aristotelian) to theology. Thus he came to the new understanding of theology as a subalternated science which is necessarily in relation to a higher science: the knowledge of God and the knowledge of the saints. This understanding of theology also demands a special evaluation of reason in the context of faith. The authors of the article focused primarily on St. Thomas’ first question of Summa Theologiae, so that his original thought can become alive even today when the Aristotelian concept of science is no longer the dominant one. The contemporary model of theology as a science should take into account both the understanding of science in the modern society as well as the inner-theological question about the role of reason in theology. The example of St. Thomas Aquinas opens up the possibility to examine the question about the scientificity of theology today. This article aims to contribute to this end by presenting St. Thomas’ original thought as a model for solving the problem of scientificity of theology today.

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TILLICHOVO POIMANJE ‘TEONOMNE KULTURE’

Author(s): Dubravko Arbanas / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2016

Paul Tillich spent all his life walking the line between philosophy and theology, or religion and culture, and he paid special attention to the relationship between religion and culture, the relationship which will be the subject of our introductory chapter. Then, in the first part of the paper, we will examine the causes that brought about the schism between these two fundamental determinants of human life; namely, man’s transition from ‘essence’ to ‘existence’ through the symbolism of his ‘fall’ and the conflict within the reason pertaining to ‘autonomy’ and ‘heteronomy’, which also results in an unceasing struggle between an autonomous and heteronomous culture. In the second part, we will discuss Tillich’s ‘theonomous interpretation of culture’ in order to show how the final revelation of the ‘New Being in Jesus as the Christ’ overcomes these conflicts; namely, how theonomy re-establishes the ‘fundamental union’ between autonomy and heteronomy, and we will conclude our investigation by discussing his vision of ‘culture under the influence of the Spirit’ which he calls a ‘theonomous culture’. Through critical analysis we came to the conclusion that Tillich, on the basis of his analysis of the relationship between religion and culture which he summarised with the well-known formula, ‘religion is the substance of culture, culture is the form of religion’, succeeded in connecting the seminal determinants of religion and culture, and showed that the whole culture is founded on a religious substance and as such represents a true ‘union’ of form and meaning that brings out the unconditional meaning, without which all cultural products with their special meanings would become empty and meaningless.

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ODRJEŠENJE I POMIRENJE KAO DAROVI BOŽJE MILOSRDNE LJUBAVI

Author(s): Davor Vuković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/2016

The aim of this paper is to reflect on the sacrament of reconciliation, especially in the context of the theology of reconciliation, following the content and meaning of the prayer (formula) of absolution. In fact, we can speak about the sacrament of reconciliation only within the theology of reconciliation, which is one of the central theological themes. The mystery of reconciliation stands at the center of Christianity and derives from God’s merciful love which retrieves the fallen, sinful, and lost man. The sacrament of reconciliation stands in the wider horizon of reconciliation carried out by the Father of Mercy in his son Jesus Christ, through the Holy Spirit (Trinitarian, Christological and pneumatological aspect), but also of reconciliation which is continued in the Church and through the Church (ecclesiological and sacramental aspect). This makes the sacrament of reconciliation a distinctive expression and aspect of God’s reconciliation and mercy through which God wants to touch every person in the Church and through the Church. Reconciliation includes the forgiveness of sins, but also the reunion and re-establishment of community that was impaired by sin, between God and man, and between people. In a special way, reconciliation is given to a baptized believer in the sacrament of reconciliation where through the sacramental formula of absolution the officer of the Church, the priest, in the name of the Church and in persona Christi confers forgiveness and peace.

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TILLICHOVO POIMANJE KRISTOCENTRIČNE POVIJESTI

Author(s): Dubravko Arbanas / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2016

Paul Tillich paid special attention to the Protestant interpretation of history by which he wanted to emphasise the need for a renewal and creation of a new theonomy through the reinterpretation of the New Testament idea of ‘kairos’ in which Christ is the ‘great kairos’, or the central event in which God reveals Himself as the centre of time and the ultimate meaning of history. After we discuss the main characteristics of human history in the first part of the paper, this will be the main topic of its central part, and finally, the last part of our investigation will try to show how, under the influence of the ‘Spirit of God’, or the final and universal revelation of the ‘New Being in Jesus as the Christ’, the ‘Kingdom of God’ is actualised in history, including its end in the ‘Eternal Life’. By means of critical analysis we came to the conclusion that Tillich, through his reduction to ‘eschaton’, successfully demonstrated how this Greek word, which has a deep existential meaning and symbolizes a kind of ‘transition’ from temporal into eternal or from existence into essence, becomes the object of the present experience without losing its futuristic dimension, because it is this permanent presence of the end of history as the transcendent side of the Kingdom of God, which Tillich calls the ‘Eternal Life’, that represents the fulfilment of the historical existence on the basis of which the final victory over all ambiguities of life and historical events is achieved.

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SLOBODA VOLJE: KATOLIČKI NAUK I NEUZROČNA TEORIJA

Author(s): Davor Pećnjak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2016

The article discusses the problem of the freedom of the will. The teaching of the Catholic Church says that human beings are gifted with the freedom of the will and the freedom of action. The question is how can we explain the freedom of the will, of choice, and of action. For this purpose, I present a non-causal theory of the freedom of the will, mostly the variant developed by Stewart Goetz, which could serve as the theory that fits the Catholic teaching in the best way. The non-causal theory is a libertarian theory which means that it can explain how an agent, under exactly the same conditions, could choose and do also differently than what he, in fact, did. This theory of the freedom of the will belongs among purposeful i.e. teleological theories, because it explains choices and actions as having a reason for doing something, and the power to choose is an ontologically fundamental power, and therefore it is uncaused. As a result, the execution of this power in forming reasons is also uncaused. Before the comparison with other libertarian theories, an inadequacy of compatibilism is provided. In comparison with agent-causal and event-causal libertarian theories, it is shown that non-causal theory provides a simpler and better solution to the freedom of the will problem, and it also provides a successful answer to the objections of Causalism regarding choices and actions.

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FILOZOFIJA MOĆI ROMANA GUARDINIJA

Author(s): Šimo Šokčević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2015

The article discusses philosophical understanding of power with the thesis that Guardini’s understanding of that concept reflects the true philosophy of power, but also that in the sense of the mysterious, the »theological«, the philosophy receives its authentic power. The first part analyzes the philosophical understanding of power, and the second part the domination of technique and depersonalisation of power. The third and last part examines ways of establishing the true philosophy of power on biblical and medieval roots through authentic existence and correct relationship between knowledge and freedom.

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LITURGIJA KAO UMJETNOST I IGRA KOD ROMANA GUARDINIJA

Author(s): Ivica Žižić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2015

In the study the author wants to examine and analyze the concepts of art and play and their analogous relationship with the liturgy on the basis of a phenomenologically formed opinion in The Spirit of the Liturgy by Romano Guardini. It is the phenomenology of art and play that moves toward the transcendental view of Christian worship. The first part of the paper deals with general characteristics of Guardini’s theological thought, his sources and inspirations, as well as various historical-cultural and philosophical-theological profiles of Guardini’s philosophical-theological contribution. The other two parts of the article approach the direct comparative analysis of liturgy as art and play by shedding light on its core theoretical components. In the end, the author makes another critical examination of Guardini’s thought on the liturgy as art and play which is presented as a transcendental horizon from which spreads the view into the spirit of the liturgy.

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GUARDINI I BALTHASAR. DODIRNE TOČKE

Author(s): Ivan Ivanda / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2015

The paper outlines some points of convergence between two great theologians of the 20th century, Romano Guardini and Hans Urs von Balthasar. We take a look at biographical similarities, especially at the time when Guardini was Balthasar’s professor, and on the impact that the professor had on his student and his subsequent theological work. Then we take a look at the convergence points in content, primarily on the integration of literature and theology in their theological method. Here we also see the difference in how each of them achieved that integration. There is a brief discussion about the meaning of the concept of form (»Gestalt«) in their theological outlines, as well as the meaning and relation between action and contemplation. The true starting point for a discourse about God and theological existence is not pure scientificity, but prayer, spirituality and »theology on the knees«. Only it allows the view of the whole and the »differentiation of what is Christian« which is in essence the main objective of their theological efforts.

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MARIJA – SAVRŠENI UZOR POSVEĆENOGA ŽIVOTA

Author(s): Marija Pehar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/2015

Although the Second Vatican Council insists on the life of Christ as the direct model to be imitated by consecrated persons (LG, 42), this paper will search for the perfect model of consecrated life in Mary, Mother of Jesus, insofar it recognizes in her the most perfect realization of imitating Christ. On the basis of the New Testament and Mary’s unconditional adherence to the Son, in Mary we can recognize not only the mother of Jesus, but also the perfect disciple. Her discipleship and true imitation is identified in the inner trust in the person of Jesus and His Word, and in the consistency of life that proceeds from that trust and is reflected in the readiness to offer and use one’s own life for the truth of God’s Word in which one believed. This New Testament image of Mary as the ideal disciple was present in mariological depictions of the first centuries, and used within the themes on the theologically understood virginity and motherhood as expressions of radical discipleship, which is explicated in the first part of this paper.

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Kompatibilizmus bañezianizmu

Author(s): Peter Volek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2017

In this article the author shows that the understanding of free will in Bañezianism is compatible with God’s influence on human action. He also proposes modifications to selected interpretations of Bañezianism in order to render these more intelligible. This view will be presented in relation to Molinism, which proposes a different solution to the question of God’s role in human action, one that coincides with libertarianism.

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Možnosť bañezianizmu

Author(s): Peter Volek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2016

In this article the author tries to justify the possibility of Bañezianism as a form of Thomism. Bañezianism, the teaching of Domingo Bañez OP (1528-1604) and his followers, claims that human beings act in cooperation with God in such a way that the act is preceded by a previous divine concurrence (praemotio physica). Nevertheless, humans remain free to act differently. The defense of the possibility of Bañezianism is based on refuting the critique of Bañezianism presented in the work of some molinists, who see contradictions in Bañezianism. First, the paper clarifies the concept of physical premotion in Thomas Aquinas. Second, it discusses the views of Bañez and Alvarez OP (cca. 1550-1635) on the same topic. Third, it introduces the critique of Bañezianism formulated by some molinists. Last, the author refutes this criticism, showing the possibility of the views of Bañez on the topic.

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Križ kao političko sredstvo? Jürgen Moltmann i politička relevantnost kršćanskoga identiteta

Author(s): Zoran Grozdanov / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/152/2018

In this paper, we want to point to the roots of Moltmann’s “new political theology” which he initiated along with J. B. Metz at the end of the 1960s and the beginning of 1970s, with special emphasis on the meaning of the cross in the political and societal engagement of Christian communities and believers. Moltmann’s conception of “new political theology” is mainly relying on his conception of the death of God which he draws from the history of Jesus of Nazareth, but from Hegel’s understanding of the speculative Good Friday as well. Mainly emphasising the death of God, Moltmann was able to posit the cross as a radical critique of the divinization of collective identities that the society, politics and religion push forward. Along those lines, he sees the revolutionary potential of the cross in the critique of these identities.

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Protestantske crkve, zaštita prirode i prava životinja versus etička shizofrenija

Author(s): Suzana Marjanić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/152/2018

This paper was incentivised by the book The Future of Life (2003) by sociobiologist Edward O. Wilson, in which he – when addressing Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam – including, of course, Bahaism and Rastafarianism, which he did not mention), and regarding the environmental ethics in accordance with the belief in the sanctity of Earth and perception of nature as God’s work – points out, inter alia, Protestant denominations as being active in the protection of nature and the concept of animal rights. Wilson thereby elaborates, in particular, the Noah Congregation from the US; I would like to use this opportunity to also include Christa Blanke, former Lutheran woman vicar, as well as Andrew Linzey. The work of Andrew Linzey – Anglican priest, theologian, the world’s first Professor of Animal Ethics – in terms of animal theology was promoted in Croatia by Željka Bišćan (Nova Arka Educational Centre – institution for adult education), Master in Catholic Dogmatic Theology and years-long lecturer of the elective course Theological Deliberations of Zoology at the Institute for Theological Culture at the Catholic Faculty of Theology of the University of Zagreb.

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Reformacija i moral

Author(s): Slobodan Sadžakov,Mihael T. Antolović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/152/2018

This paper deals with the fundamental aspects of Luther’s and Calvin’s understanding of morality, particularly regarding the notion of moral individualisation as a key ethical definition. Additionally, the question of the role of Reformation teachings in the degeneration of the medieval “moral picture of the world” is also being considered, as well as the consequences it caused in the political and economic sense.

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Povijest i tekst. Prilog morfologiji odnosa između istine i teksta

Author(s): Lazar Atanasković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/152/2018

This paper is an essay on the morphology of relation between historical sources and history. Since the beginning of the 19th century, this relation was fundamental for historical science and historical consciousness in general. This relation presupposes the separation between truth and text, which had happened outside of the sphere of historical inquiry, and in the sphere of Holy texts exegesis. We analyse several different forms of relation between truth and history, or truth and text – starting with the historical writing at the turn of the 18th into the 19th century, and back to the setting of the new frame of textual interpretation with Luther’s reformation – in order to make more visible dynamics and consequences of separation between text and truth. Such an approach points towards the relativity of objective foundation of the specific morphology of relation between sources and truth, which is a characteristic of the modern approach to history.

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Filozofija religije: između onto-teologije i onto-kozmologije

Author(s): Janko M. Lozar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/152/2018

The paper tackles the complex relationship between philosophy and theology, especially given Heidegger’s criticism of onto-theology. Special attention is paid to Heidegger’s paper “Phenomenology and Theology”, where a strong divide is set between philosophy and theology, where the latter is to be understood as a positive science of Christianity, of Dasein as believing. The paper attempts to undermine the absoluteness of this difference by claiming that Dasein as such cannot be compellingly distinguished from Dasein as believing based on the criterion of faith. If faith – understood in the primordial sense of pistis, as basic trust in being – belongs among fundamental existentiales of Dasein, and if Heidegger’s Dasein is always open to the openness of the world, which is why his philosophy could be strictly understood as onto-cosmology, then a difference between onto-cosmology and onto-theology needs to be articulated. Two authors stand out in this context, who have managed to avoid the trap of the oblivion of being: Eugen Fink with his philosophical phenomenological analysis of the world and Jean-Luc Marion with his theological phenomenological treatise on God without being. The difference between the philosophical and theological approach to the non-ontic ground (be it in the form of the world or God) should, therefore, be tackled employing the concept of play and gift. Both these concepts and phenomena, as the paper shows, manage to avoid the metaphysics of presence. The question then remains how are we to think the common ground of philosophy and theology without losing their distinctive features. One possible way is to address the difference between, as well as the intertwining of, gratitude (for the giving of the gift) and joviality (in playing the play of the world).

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Heraklit i misterijsko bogoštovlje

Author(s): Igor Mikecin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/152/2018

Unter den Gnomen Heraklits, in denen der Tadel gegenüber verschiedenen Formen der damaligen hellenischen Götterverehrung, bzw. der Ausübung von kultischen Handlungen vorgebracht wird, heben sich diejenigen hervor, die sich auf die Mysterienriten und die Mysterienkulte beziehen. Darunter werden bei Heraklit einerseits die eleusinischen und dionysischen, bzw. Orphischdionysischen Mysterien verstanden, und andererseits gewisse Elemente des Mysterienkultes in der Verehrung des chthonischen Dionysos, was in den Gnomen über das lenäische Fest und über die Lenen und Bakchen als Teilnehmer an diesem Fest zum Ausdruck kommt. Hinter Heraklits Angriff gegen Mysterienkulte verbirgt sich eigentlich die Auseinandersetzung mit den Orphikern, die ihre Lehre von der Unsterblichkeit der Seele mit dem Mythos von Dionysos Zagreus oder dem chthonischen Dionysos in Verbindung setzen. Im Gegensatz zur orphischen Überwindung des Todes durch das unsterbliche Leben der Seele und die Trennung von Seele und Leib, wird bei Heraklit die Einsicht in die Selbigkeit und Einheit von Leben und Tod gewonnen, sowie in die sterbliche Unsterblichkeit der sich selbst einverleibenden Seele. Der unheiligen und scheinbaren Einweihung der kultischen Mysterien setzt Heraklit die wahre Einweihung in das Geheimnis des Weisen entgegen, die in der Selbsterkenntnis als der Homologie zwischen dem Logos der menschlichen Seele und dem immer seienden Logos selbst besteht.

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