We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The short essay “Dream Kitsch” (“Traumkitsch”) is a controversial comment by Walter Benjamin on surrealism, which the author sees as the “last snapshot of the European intelligentsia”, as a crisis of art that aims to mobilize dreaming and thereby risks missing the essence of things and turning them into kitsch.
More...
The article considers different plans of symbolic cognition and being, examined in Losev’s earliest works. Throughout all of Losev`s works, myth is consistently established as a symbolic representation of being. Every usual thing becomes a symbol of an absolute individuality when it takes part in a dialectics of part and whole. This dialectics is just a skeleton of the intuitively grasped body of the vital being of the symbol. The genuine symbol overcomes the decomposing antinomies and restores the unity between image and word, present and absence.
More...
If what is revealed to man and his native world in Haitov’s essay “A Meeting with the Song” is viewed in terms of the question “What is song and whistle with a soul?”, then would it make sense to look at philosophy in terms of a similar question, and what could we discover thereby? Is it possible to use the example of a query in Haitov's story about a whistle and a song in order to raise, and expand, the question “What is Philosophy with a Soul?” This essay starts by drawing a distinction between the “creative basis” of the philosophical work and its “theoretical role”; in this way, it is a preparatory attempt to elaborate and answer this question.Philosophy with a soul is the philosophy that, in the depths of everyday life and simplicity, discovers a gap in the authentic rhythm of being – the rhythm that is unexpected in terms of logic, surprisingly bizarre, unequal. This is exactly the Rhythm that fundamentally posits, and acts as, the Meaning of all meanings in our homeworld.
More...
This is a text-experiment of thinking simultaneously intentional implication and transitive intentionality, with a focus on the affective side of perceptions harmonized in subjectivity. Kinesthetic activity is a permanent immanent transcendence. The technique thrown outside is the ‘blind spot’, the ‘point of the gaze’ behind the ‘point of view’. The exteriority of technique is not objective, we touch or see it when we touch or see the image: we see the invisible and touch the untouchable on the surface – this is the contact with the impossible possibility of the image. In technique, recognition and conceding by anonymous others is an inseparable part of our own kinesthetic organization: a permanent, intrinsic transition within ourselves as something other than ourselves. Our horizons of expectations do not remain unaffected by indexical analogies, by the ‘pinning’ of a related to habitually assimilated context ‘blind spot’ in the midst of ‘doing-work-as-if’. The affective tissue that accompanies the indexical analogy in mimesis, inscribes into the ‘scene’ of space the ‘scene’ of its own habitualized space, and thus a change of optics and perspective becomes possible, decentering becomes possible. This decentering makes the image fluctuating by analogy – “indexical analogies of experience” – with the indexical history.
More...
The word intuition is widely used as an umbrella term both in the non-specialized everyday environment and in specialized humanities literature. It is often accepted unconditionally, even though there is a lack of consistent and satisfactory attempts to clearly define the notion. In the field of philosophical inquiries, it is a common practice to use the notion of intuition as an implicit argumentative component as well as a guarantor of legitimacy in the unfolding of speculative “discourses”. Taking this to be the prevailing case, considering the term in question from a neurobiological perspective seems to be a somewhat productive endeavor insofar as it can provide clarity on the physiological prerequisites involved in the realization of the specific subjective attitudes and dispositions, the latter of which play a certain role in the adoption of rationally substantiated arguments and conclusions. A number of scientific studies report a direct correlation between the higher cognitive functions, responsible for the making of logico-rational inferences, and the limbic system, which governs the manifestation of unreflected irrational attitudes and reactions. In the light of such empirical evidence, any frivolous usage and reference to methodological components such as “rational intuition” seems highly problematic, to say the least.
More...
Titu Maiorescu had a special relationship with psychology under the influence of both Kant and Herbart. The following study presents Maiorescu’s answers to the main issues raised by the materialism controversy that broke out in Germany in the mid-1850s century, at a time when he was writing and defending his doctoral thesis in Giessen. Most of these issues were related to the mind–body liaison and the capa¬bility of science to explain the mind.
More...
The divine saying "Let there be light!”, is transformed by Migjeni into the saying of the Son of Man, who is unable to speak with the language of his Creator, and so this omnipotent command is now reduced into a praying that says "Please, just a little bit of light! ". The missing and required light on a sleepless night is the dream itself. Migjeni seeks with persistence and paradoxically calls for the light help, though the poem that he creates is not a poem for light more than it is for darkness; in this nocturnal poem he desperately wants to "sleep," even though this sleep asks to be fulfilled with "a little light". It is not clear how these two images, "light" and "sleep", can semantically stay together, but in this oxymoronic relation the appearance of the "dream", the only and unexplainable physiological dimension that always unites the oppositions in the world and make possible the impossible, actually solves the paradox of this oxymoronic relation. The dream is the real light, not the physical light composed of photons. It is the inner light, the universal language, that the soul can understand and speak without any obstacle, is the language of God, where the word is, in fact, a deed and where the impossible does not exist. At "A sleepless night" Migjeni seeks the light, the dream, the genesis, where he can recreate his world from scratch, with the power to make it differently. The dream, the only space and the only illusion that brings man closer to God, to the omniscience and omnipotence, remains for him the only consolation, which is not sure if he really achieved.
More...
The aim of this work is the study, on the narrative poetics level, according to the reader's response, of the nature of the relationships on the fictional structure between the Dream as an isotopic closed unit, with the text as an opened one, dynamic and isotopic body. In our view, as the elaborated version of the merging of traditional post-structuralism with the phenomenological instance of structural meaning constructed by the reader, The Dream as a poetic unit, stands in front of the text, just as the word stands in the front of its explanation in the vocabulary. In its relationship with The Dream the text becomes embezzlement, displacement, conventional expansion of The Dream, its cultural interpretation through non-individual mechanisms, it expresses itself as a tension between the fictional necessity to produce coherence with the structure’s balanced build-up, that is, the relativization of The Dream, which naturally tends to acquire the authority of the symbolic structure of the text. But, first of all, on what indicators The Dream is defined, where is the place of The Dream in the structure, what are the functional relationships The Dream is implicated with, what kind of dialectics does it lead to? In this perspective, with this research, conducted through a critical instrument based on the theoretical model of the Possible Reader, in the story of ‘Forgetting a Woman' by I. Kadare, we have tried to define the initiation of a possible poetic typology of The Dream’s place in the texts of this author.
More...
In this paper work will be reviewed the Accident novel written by Ismail Kadare through narrative techniques/several specific of: the suspense, the inversion, complex and inverse characters, as well as the narrator-detective through trick stories, which starts with eye-sighting and the view on the taxi mirror. The appearance of the character of Rovena as her form relates to the “mental” situation of Besfort Y. and to the situations in which the narrator places her own narrative actress. Thus, one side of the analysis is also the characters’ couple, Rovena St., and Besfort Y., who appears in the reader’s eyes through evocations, feelings, photos of letters, which serve as “factual evidence” to discover their life and their speculative relationship which is not ante-mortem but post-mortem; a suspicious relationship (Rovena St. she was fall in love with Besfort Y. from the back – not by eyes, voices, or walking). The evolution of lexical semantics, and decoding of language elements leads us back to the first narrative moment; so, the time freezes and turns back to discover the mystery that captures the narrative story, which is related to the accident or/and murder of Rovena St. (“Besfort Y.'s psychiatrist from the murderer did away with him”).
More...
This paper, aims to have as its object, features of fantastics in the Albanian literature and more specifically of the dreamer character in the Kutel's prose, as one of the distinguished representatives of the dreaming, symbolistic and fatastics prose in the Albanian literature. The Methodology of the research focuses on psychoanalitical studies, and aims to point out main literary features that the author holds, by describing the unconscious of his caharacter. The psychoanalytical point of view is an approach of surveillance and analysis over characters in terms of sensitivity and emotions they convey. In the Freud's assertion “ the dream interpretation is the gold way toward the acknowledgement of the unconscious element in the psychic life”. This approach creates the opportunity for an investigation of an incentive or impulse that effects in the unconscious of the character, that can be expressed in his conscious as result of suppresion and becomes a source of expression only in dreams. Kuteli as a writter has a certain individuality and tendency in the " narrative of dream" which was introduced as a lireary novelty of those times. By analysing the prose of this author, i will try to unbuckle the dream as a forbidden desire in the codification of fantastics in order to create the impression of satisfaction of the narrative. Following on this logic the author himself in a certain number of its narratives besomes a genuine witness of the psuchological analyses. We know that one of the most important functions of the literary elment in the text of prose is closely linked with the description of the emeotional state of the character, which witness in the text for indicators of linguistic diversity.
More...
The study is devoted to what is born of a dream, an inexhaustible and exhausting search that is kept alive by a dream and is finally achieved by a sleep (death) or a dream. After experiencing the impenetrability of reading in the narrative text with fabulous contours, before us finally, the story unfolds the solution. Knowledge, beauty and human freedom is placed against that of the infinite, divine. The light that sheds at the end of the Pashku story no matter what it really is: the hundreds of thousands of sunbeams, Flocka's gold hair that embraces the fellow, or the glitter of the knowledge finally mastered, when you have to die. The delicate issue of the boundaries between the dimensions of the two worlds and the crossing of this boundary, the metaphysical glow and imagination, intuition, full and deep longing of dream -and the dense network of symbols are aspects of the text that call us for research.
More...
This paper aims at providing an overview of the oneiric discourse in fiction. The short story “How Ago Jakupi found God’s way” (Qysh e gjeti Ago Jakupirrugën e Zotit), from the author Mitrush Kuteli, shows us how dream works as a generator of fiction and its particularity. In the story about the old man that seeks God’s way, the oneiric sign which comes from “the other” world, puts into the function the coordinates of the subconscious and the divine. Entering into the dream world, which as a fictional text, is doubly fictional, and receiving divine signals or signals from the subconscious show or initiate the changing fate of the protagonist and the changing of the narrative course. The author incorporates the dream as a deux ex machine tactic, where do the narrative and philosophical worlds confront, synthesizing the two fundamental philosophical concepts of the human being: his inner voice and the relation to the supernatural. According to the symbolism of dreams and their interpretation, here, whether dreams represent the dialog with the subconscious or they refer to the divine revelation, as a supernatural approach, we will mostly rely on the biblical interpretation of dreams. By reading the language of dreams, interpreting their signs, symbols and their meanings, we intend to represent the space and function that oneiric discourse has in the literary work of MitrushKuteli, as an author of Albanian literary modernity.
More...
The primary purpose of this paper is to discover the relationship between the dream and the state of awakening, as two realities that communicate intimately within the literary work, as the ideo- aesthetic universe. The dream and its functionalization within the text as a key determinant, within the work of the Kosovar poet Osman Gashi, have a basic importance and emerge as a basic mechanism on the contours of which each idea and topic functions as the axis around which the author's interest swings. The dream as a separate world, as another reality, will be a crucial topic to be discussed in this paper. The dream as a subconscious psychic reality, which opposes empirical reality, in Gashi’s work, as though rarely in Albanian literature, always comes in the form of a highly aware suggestive game, and represents the basic modeling substrates; comes as a special experience and as a cacofonix mixture, as an affirmation of an existent and attractive world to be seen as the object of inspiration. Gashi's work, seen from this angle, emerges as a combination of real and unreal integral factors, emerging from the deepest holes of consciousness, from where dreams emerge as the misty phenomenon associated with the physical world and external implications. We consider that it is of great importance to illuminate and identify the articulation that is built on the basis of resemblance between these two realities, which really appear as a permanent concern and creative inspiration for this author, since we believe there is much to be said. The paper will have a completely psychoanalytic approach and will rely on the theories of Freud, Jung, Lacan, and Fromm. We expect that this paper will discover an unlit side of Gashi's work and will serve as an incentive for further discussion of the issue.
More...
The literary work of Ismail Kadare "The Accident" offers several reading ways in the function of dismounting the occurrence of death, throughout the evidences, but even through the fantastic element, and through the dream that ëill be the object of the short work. Build upon various interpretation variants, which is the technique of the author the dream as an inseparable part of the characters, plays an important role in the occurrence of death, in the accident of characters Besfort and Rovena. So our analysis will be detailed in the identification of the dream, its symbolism as a specific language of subconsciousness, subjected literary art, its role and its type in this ëork, being concentrated on the analysis of the text as a study method. After a detailed study of the characters, the effort of consciousness or unconsciousness, gives them fluctuation, ëhere the process of dreaming sometimes is ignored and sometimes is given importance, to give the occurrence not a small dimension and the connectivity of the events with each-other. A terminology which is rich in terms of the time of socialist realism, the figure of Stalin appears in a dream, like an archetype symbol. A particular issue will be devoted to the way of how the period of communism comes through the dream, knoëing as well the relationship of the author with it. One of the functions of the dream referring to C.G.Jung, is that it could predict situations before they happen. It is exactly this function that serves the event and that will get even the next issue in our work, in order to see the relationship of the characters with it. Also we will identify some "dream" expressions being invented from the author or from our popular culture, inherited in time, the dreaming process as a form of snoozing etc.
More...
The author emphasises the importance of Fichte’s ideas from the Wissenschaftslehre for the contemporary philosophy of mind and the problem of consciousness and self-consciousness. Inspired by Henrich’s work on Fichte’s original insight and by subsequent Frank’s widening of the problem in connection with contemporary analytic theories, I point out some rudimentary intersection of ideas and problems. These problems include, but are not limited to: (1) the difference between I-subject (conceptualised as the always-subject of consciousness) and I-object (that same I-subject taken as an object for itself); (2) the problem of the relation of the I (self-consciousness) and consciousness – how exactly is the I ‘in’ consciousness? This issue is best expressed in the egological and nonegological theories of consciousness. This point will be expanded into (3) differentiation of self-consciousness as sui generis mode of consciousness and consciousness proper, or intentional consciousness that has a (proper) object. The former cannot be explained by the latter on the basis of its immediacy, directedness, and pre-reflectivity – consciousness can’t “have” itself as an object for itself and yet, always be able to recognize itself in its object. The egology of Wissenschaftslehre sees the I as, at the same time, pure, transcendental, and logical, and yet as concrete and individual. This enables self-consciousness to no longer be explained by reflection and object consciousness, but at the same time opens the problem of the nature of that self-relation of consciousness and the original duplicity contained in it. It shall be demonstrated that (self-)consciousness is the condition of possibility of (self-)reflection and not the other way around. I will also argue for the role of immediate and pre-reflective self-awareness in the agency of the subject and as his basis of action in the world – an activity which doesn’t have an immediate relation to the I, or the self (in such a way that the I is aware that ‘it’ did that), should be regarded as a nonconscious activity, not different from sleepwalking. Yet, the Kantian problem of the relation between the pure I and the psychological I (or self) will be left unanswered. The proposed solution will be that the I in itself is self-conscious, but is not conscious – meaning that it ‘is’, yet any explicit consciousness of it renders it as an object. In other words: we can be conscious of an object and at the same time self-conscious (not as a consciousness of self, but as ‘auto-consciousness’). The benefit of this solution is that it still leaves open the possibility to be conscious of oneself as an object and remain self-conscious at the same time. But, the proposed solution is faulty in its own way, because it doesn’t account for the original “duplicity” in self-consciousness, i.e. that the I is and at the same time is for itself. Nevertheless, insights Fichte has made are invaluable for the conceptualization of consciousness and self-consciousness in contemporary theories and should be analyzed, if for nothing else, then to better formulate and explicate those notions.
More...
We are discussing important problems prior to philosophy of logic that Non-classical logic has raised. The main one is the proliferation and, respectively, the question of monism and pluralism in logic. Another challenge to philosophy, related to the imposition of non-classical logic, is the appearance and application of the term “philosophical logic”. For me, two questions related in fundamental ways. Because I believe that one of the answers to the question, “What, actually, is “philosophical logic’?” is that part of its task is to philosophically discuss precisely the problems that the emergence and validation of non-classical logic pose for philosophy. And this is a concrete example of how to understand the tasks of the still unclear concept of "philosophical logic". So I will first focus on this notion.As for the reasons for the term – “scientific and theoretical”, and “social and practical”, I will mainly focus on the first, but in the end I will also touch on the second.
More...
The article deals with the influence of culture on attitudes toward death. The objects of research are a specific element of Bulgarian and American culture: a comparison is made between headstones, and the social markers engraved on them, in Boston's Mount Auburn Cemetery and in the Central Sofia Cemetery. The results of the conducted content analysis indicate that the professional status of the deceased is marked more often on gravestones in Bulgarian culture than in American, while the reverse relationship is present with regard to the marking of interpersonal status and family affiliation. Sentimental symbols and symbols with a purely decorative purpose are more common in the American sample, while such symbolic images are generally less present on Bulgarian headstones, but when they do occur there, they serve as a complementary marker of the professional status of the deceased more often than is the case in the American sample. The author looks for the cause of these results in the national psychology and the specific historical development of the two cultures, which were chosen in view of the significant cultural differences between them.
More...
Theists believe that our world was created by an omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent God. If God with such traits creates a world, we would expect that the world to have certain features. Such features should be compatible with God’s traits. We do not expect a God who is omnipotent and omniscient to create a poorly-designed world. If we believe that our world is created by God with the aforementioned traits and yet our world is poorly designed, we would either abandon our belief that our world was created by God or we would preserve our belief. If we wish to preserve our belief we would either revise the traits we attribute to him, or we would find a way to justify the co-existence of God with such traits as the creator and a poorly-designed world. In the history of philosophy one feature of our world has been subject to a great many debates, namely ‘evil’. By evil we have all the pain and sufferings that sentient beings go through. God is said to be omnibenevolent, as a result he would not want us to go through pain and suffering. He is also omniscient and omnipotent and therefore he has the knowledge and power to do so. Yet we are facing pain and suffering in this world. For the theists reconciling the existing evil in this world with God is a great challenge and atheists try to argue from evil and prove the non-existence of God. The debate between theists and atheists surrounding the problem of evil presupposes a certain conception of God. The presupposition is that God is a person who possesses a mind, will power and has a moral character. For Wittgenstein attributing personhood to God is a confusion. As a result, for Wittgenstein there can be no ‘problem of evil’ and the debates between the theists and atheists is not engaging with a real problem but a pseudo-problem. The problem of evil does not need a solution and smart arguments and counter-arguments, rather it needs therapy.
More...
The article is concerned with quite forgotten character and work of Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis, a physician and philosopher, but also a strong supporter of the French Revolution from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. His main scientific opus was the dissertation On the relations between the physical and moral aspects of man (Rapports du physique et du moral de l’homme) first published in 1802 and then repeatedly resumed in the 19th century, but virtually unknown in Poland. His medical points of view originally corresponded with materialistic philosophy; however, they also took into account the role of the spiritual and mental aspects of a human – this “biological, thinking mechanism”, as Cabanis thought. An important role in his book was played by theories related to sensualism. Using modern terms, Cabanis created something like physiological psychology. According to him, the body, or more precisely its organs, take part in the creation of human thoughts which seem to be only the physiological result of brain perception. This classic work was often invoked by successive generations of doctors and thinkers; it even appeared in artistic prose. Cabanis himself has had a fixed position in research and scientific studies for over two centuries.
More...
A cyclic cosmological theory called “Consciousness Endomitosis Theory” (CET) is proposed. Whatever is taken as being real, any particle, any structure in the universe, any object, or any type of interaction, all of them are derivative from consciousness, and are described as modulations of consciousness. In CET, consciousness is assumed to be the field from which all other fields described by general relativity and quantum mechanics emerge and into which all of them coalesce. Other cosmological cyclic models can be partly embedded within CET or can be shown to be compatible with it, including some apparently distant models like Steinhardt and Turok’s two-brane cyclic model, as well as other models much closer to CET principles, like Amoroso’s Noetic Field Theory (2000, 2003, 2006) and Di Biase’s Quantum Holographic Informational Model (2019). In CET, consciousness is metaphorically compared to a spherical cell in which an iterative endomitotic process takes place, a process that flows into the “Big Bang.” Once the evolution of visible universe is completed, “Big Crunch” triggers endomitosis reversal. Time, space, energy, mass and the four fundamental interactions are reinterpreted in the light of this cosmic dynamics of consciousness.
More...
