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KITO PRASMĖS GENEZĖ HUSSERLIO KARTEZIŠKOSIOSE MEDITACIJOSE

Author(s): Dalius Jonkus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2007

This article analyses the conception of intersubjectivity in E. Husserl’s Cartesian meditations. E. Husserl is studying not the concrete forms of social life or the personal relation between the I and You, but the preconditions of the openness to the Other. Attention is focused on the constitutive genesis of the sense of the Other. Husserl has gone deep into the experience of the selfhood and shows its paradoxical alienation from itself. Both the one’s own body and the one’s own time experiences are revealed as insisting on the otherness: the living body isn’t fully where it is, and the temporal self isn’t fully coincident with the present. In other words, such experience of one’s body and time is impossible as the identity with oneself. Just because I experience my body as an inter-corporality, I can reject the prejudice of immanence and transcendence. Husserl describes the participation of otherness in the presence in terms of appresentation or implication. The notion of appresentation means that another intentionality is implied in the presence of intentionality. Both appresentation and implication point to the indirect participation in the presence, i.e. co-existence. The “pair off” is the main characterization of the corporeal copula with the Other. The truth is that despite all this experience of corporeal continuality, my own living body is always experienced as the central body. Does it mean that the experience of a living body is always egocentric? I think it doesn’t. It is the reflective twinning which allows perceiving another body as the centre of experience which is different from mine.

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JUSLUMO IR ANTJUSLUMO ASIMETRIJA ARVYDO ŠLIOGERIO PATYRIMO SAMPRATOJE

Author(s): Mantautas Ruzas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 89/2016

The article analyses Arvydas Šliogeris’ conception of experience and contrasts it with Heidegger’s philosophy. In Šliogeris‘ conception an experienced object is treated differently than in Heidegger’s – the object is not articulated in the plane of immanence and not constituted by the intentional acts of consciousness or signification. In Šliogeris’ philosophy object is treated as a transcendent thing which can be experienced only from the radical dualistic standpoint based on irreducible dichotomy between consciousness and the thing. Šliogeris associates the plane of transcendent things with exterior pure sensuality. In Šliogeris’ understanding, sensual givens are experienced without conditions of the possible givenness and are given prior to the meta-sensual plane of language. Heidegger’s conception of experience, on the contrary, is based on the premise that the plane of language is prior to sensual givens. In Heidegger’s analysis, everyday life-experience fundamentally functions as hermeneutical practice, i.e. as experience which already understands and interprets.

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DEKARTAS, NEŠALIŠKAS APGAVIKAS IR RADIKALI INTERPRETACIJA

Author(s): Garris Rogonyan / Language(s): English Issue: 90/2016

The aim of this paper is to show how and why the method of radical interpretation can solve the problems that are formulated in a variety of sceptical scenarios. First of all, the method of radical interpretation deprives Cartesian sceptical scenario – both in its traditional and more recent versions – of the status of philosophical problem appealing to the difference between intended and unintended lies. The paper also formulates an argument in favour of expanded version of naturalized epistemology due to the introduction of social factors. In particular, there are always at least two necessary limitations imposed by the communication of our hypothesis about knowledge and delusion. In addition, the article explains the need of a moderate externalism (both perceptual and social) for the variants of Descartes and Hume’s sceptical scenario.

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Hegel’s View on “Philosophy and Its Variety” Based on the Preface of Phenomenology of Spirit

Author(s): Abdullah Niksirat / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Hegel's overall method is to offer his own theory not by rejecting rival philosophical theories, but by adapting them, or at least finding room for some of their elements in his own theory. In his view the human mind develops continuously throughout history in spite of the differences at various stages, and that the truth emerges from the whole. According to Hegel, philosophical schools not only are not mutually exclusive, but also supplement each other and indicate the progress and maturity of the human mind throughout history, with each stage becoming visible from within the previous stage. Hegel's main purpose is to propose philosophy as a science, so that philosophy is united with science instead of being a love of science (filo + sofia), because for him the philosophy in his time in the West had been indebted to science.

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W. G. Sebald czuje. Melancholiczny zawrót głowy

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W. G. Sebald czuje. Melancholiczny zawrót głowy

Author(s): Sławomir Masłoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2016

In this article on W. G. Sebald’s writerly strategies Masłoń mainly draws on Walter Benjamin’s theory of tragic drama. His goal is to show the ways in which the reader, caught in melancholy discourse, is subjected to narrative manipulation; thanks to this manipulation the traumatic void (written about in order to be commemorated) is transformed into the aesthetic completeness of empathising with the writer’s ‘authentic’ sensitivity. Sebald’s writing is, therefore, sentimental in terms of both content and form: the procedures intended to suggest traces of trauma in the narrative – such as the characters’ depsychologisation or the fragmentation of the narrative – fail to make us question the possibility of representation. Instead, these procedures are overcome and absorbed in the author’s potentially infinite knowledge and erudition.

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Ieškant tobulos malonumo ir protingumo mišinio formulės: apie lietuviškąjį Platono „filebo“ vertimą

Author(s): Naglis Kardelis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2018

The review of: Platonas. Filebas. Iš senosios graikų kalbos vertė, įvadą ir paaiškinimus parašė Tatjana Aleknienė. Vilnius: Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto leidykla, 2016. 642 p. ISSN 2538-693X, ISBN 978-609-471-086-5.

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Ëndrra si toponim gjeografik “Makondo” e G.G Marquez-it dhe “Rrafshi” i Ismail Kadare-së

Author(s): Donjeta Gashi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.2/2019

Often in literature, particularly when confronting literatures with each other, we see similarities in elements, themes or motifs between the two worlds, which in the first sight it would seem extremely distant, different and impossible. Creating a physical and geographical identity, an orientation of the topic of the author development, a daydreamer orientation, remembering his home and country, is a product of art written by both authors. Rrafshi, a fiction story (an invented world – imaginary place, a dream) aiming to explain a different viewpoint to the existing reality, it helps Kadare to reveal the harshness of life, love and death but also universalize the homeland. The same thing, even though miles away, we see in Marquez with the same aim to create an identity between life, death, love, fate and sacrifice, hence creating an afterlife, imaginary and daydreaming. “Makondo” and “Rrafshi” became synonyms of a reality full of pain, love and death, as a sacrifice for life! This study shall be based on these elements of the author. A confrontation of societies in a parallel word, with issues regarding the identity and origin, which reflect the myth of existence of human in space and time, a product of social and habit paradoxes of characters full of intrigues. For the readers, authors’ writings are a reflection of likeliness (the unrealistic) to a historical and geographical reality of a paradox which reveals boldness towards fear; reveals love towards hate as well as life towards death. What exactly represent these two literature themes, fictional stories that orient the reader towards an environment, with special features, which in fact do not exist? What are the similarities and differences between them? Why did Makondo and Rrafshi universalize? This work aims to confront these two authors/writings as well as demographic and topographic orientations in literature, a comparative confrontation and clash of values as well.

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Разбиране на изкуството

Author(s): Noël Carroll / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2021

In the current article the author offers an analysis of the concept of art appreciation and presents convincing arguments for the claim that we can understand an artwork without necessarily liking it. Giving up on the quest for a definition of art, Carroll formulates a specific appreciative heuristics, which enables us to develop an adequate approach to a particular work of art. Additionally, the text deals with theoretical problems like the role of authorial intention in art as well as the question concerning the reasons for adopting aesthetic realism in the philosophy of art.Keywords: philosophy of art; David Hume; Arthur Danto; heuristics; aesthetic realism

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Cognitive aspects of the philosophical and theological coherence of the concept of a miracle within the contemporary scientific world view

Author(s): Wojciech P. Grygiel / Language(s): English Issue: 70/2021

The purpose of the article is to investigate the philosophical and theological validity and coherence of the classical concept of a miracle within the contemporary scientific world view. The main tool in this process will be the cognitive standard model of the formation of religious beliefs operative in the cognitive science of religion. The application of this model shows why an intentional agent is assigned as responsible for the occurrence of events with no visible cause such as a miracle: miracles are events that violate the intuitively expected behaviors observable in the physical reality. It will become evident that much of the conceptual content of the classical understanding of miracles can be retained despite of the ontological and epistemological challenges of the contemporary science. In particular, this concerns the semantic view of miracles in which a miracle does not occur as an objective Divine intervention but qualifies as religious interpretation of the natural course of events always in reference to a cultural and personal context that is unique to those who directly experience these events either as direct recipients or as observers.

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Poznanie geometryczne z kognitywnego punktu widzenia

Author(s): Jerzy Pogonowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 70/2021

This review discusses the content of Mateusz Hohol’s new book Foundations of Geometric Cognition. Mathematical cognition has until now focused mainly on human numerical abilities. Hohol’s work tackles geometric cognition, an issue that has not been described in previous investigations into mathematical cognition. The main strength of the book lies in its critical analysis of a huge amount of results from empirical experiments. The author formulates his theoretical proposals very carefully, avoiding radical and one-sided solutions. He claims that human geometric cognition is based mainly on two core systems, both being phylogenetically hardwired, namely the system of layout geometry and the system of object geometry. The interaction of these systems becomes amplified in the individual development of the mind, which, in turn, is supported by the use of language. The second part of the review contains the reviewer’s remarks concerning the history of geometry, experiments related to spatial representations, and the role of geometry in mathematical education.

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PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON EMBODIED COGNITION AND INTERACTION. SOME INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

Author(s): Ion Copoeru / Language(s): English Issue: 2 Suppl./2021

The paper outlines a series of introductory remarks on the dossier “Philosophical perspectives on embodied cognition and interaction.” The first section identifies two major philosophical issues emerged as crucial in the investigations related to embodied cognition and challenged their conceptual limits: (1) situated action and interactions, and (2) the interface problem. A discussion of the way in which the embodied-enactivist accounts might improve our understanding of diverse forms of embodied cognitive practices can be found in the following section. It ends with a short overview of the key topics and arguments of the papers selected in the dossier.

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Ideologijos išorė: tarp neomarksizmo ir psichoanalizės

Author(s): Augustas Sireikis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2020

Employing Neo-Marxist philosophy of the XX century and Psychoanalysis, this paper discusses the problem of the external of ideology. The research invokes a dichotomy between epistemology and social ontology as two theoretical perspectives to ideology, which allows to conceptualize the problem of the external in a context where ideology is thought of as a wider phenomenon and is less associated with false consciousness. The paper discusses different concepts of ideology and introduces three options of the external: (i) science, (ii) emancipation as a local exception, (iii) emancipated society. Philosophy of Louis Althusser, Jacques Rancière, Herbert Marcuse lets us to highlight certain tendencies: the materialization of ideology and a shift from such Marxist categories as class and production towards concepts of practice, power and will. The paper also investigates the relationship between theory of ideology and the so-called overpassing of epistemology, which, on the one hand, allows us to transcend the tendency to signify social practices as either good or bad ones, yet on the other hand, poses the risk of the radical disassociation from the question of knowledge.

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Difficult Birth of the Agent. Memory of the Body, Identity and Social Competence

Author(s): Magdalena Żardecka / Language(s): English Issue: 56/2021

Body memory is a relatively new philosophical notion, entangled in interiorization of the past – paradoxically this entanglement liberates the individual from the dictature of the present flow and enables her/his autonomy. The author intends to show that this apparent ensnarement, with all its difficult genesis, makes us responsible, active agents, influencing our environment. To achieve this objective, she chooses to describe the painful and ambiguous process of training and drilling the body, immersing us in social patterns, and thus in the living past. This path leads us – a paradox again – to the arduous and painstaking rediscovery of the issue of subject. There is still hope that we can recuperate this vanishing notion, reinterpreting the most essential classical themes of philosophy, such as time and transcendentality. But the subject matter remains opaque, and requires further reflection.

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maligna w naczyniu, czyli globalne teorie spiskowe a sceptycyzm

Author(s): Szymon Makuła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 56/2021

The paper presents a comparison of a particular type of conspiracy theory, the socalled global malevolent conspiracy theory, with Hilary Putnam’s famous thought experiment concerning brains in a vat. The belief in a malevolent conspiracy places one in a position similar to a person pondering whether she is a brain in a vat. This problem results from conspiratio maligna’s unrestricted ability to influence, control, or even create every aspect of our social, political, and economic life. The unlimited power of such a mysterious organization is the reason why its victims cannot trust anyone, including their government, scientists, or even other conspiracy theorists. Every man, woman, and institution is suspected of being bribed, controlled, or intimidated by conspiracy. There is only one possible solution to this situation, and it is to remain skeptical about everything. Unfortunately, this leads to absurd consequences, as the thesis about conspiratio maligna itself is unspeakable.

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Tinnitus. Analiza wybranych modeli fantomowego dźwięku

Author(s): Małgorzata Wrzosek / Language(s): English Issue: 56/2021

Tinnitus (“ringing in the ears”) is sometimes described as a phantom sound. The phenomenon consists of the perception of a sound of various quality (ringing, hissing, buzzing or a permanent tone) that has no external source and is believed to be the consequence of the nervous system activity. Millions of people perceive tinnitus, but only some to a debilitating degree. In its chronic form it is often linked to hearing problems, lowered satisfaction with life and depression. Recent approach suggests that tinnitus (perception of a sound) should be differentiate from the tinnitus disorder (perception of tinnitus accompanied by suffering). The aim of this paper is to present a reader with the most prominent models that could be categorized into two categories – models of tinnitus and models of tinnitus disorder. Their aim is to explain the evolution and maintenance of tinnitus perception from different perspectives (physiology, neuroscience, cognitive science and psychology).

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Hegelianism and Meta-Religion: Ernst Bloch’s Archetype of the Fall

Author(s): Dritëro Demjaha / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2020

This paper concerns Ernst Bloch’s notion of “meta-religion,” which is an attempt to inherit the religious without inheriting religion, while distinguishing itself from a merely secular atheism. I assert that the key to this meta-religious inheritance is the structural abandonment of the Fall. Focusing chiefly on Bloch’s late work Atheism in Christianity, I provide an account of Bloch’s appraisal of Feuerbach as a progenitor of his meta-religious project, before moving on to what I argue is the key problem for what Bloch terms the “meta- -religious” inheritance of Christianity: the question of the Fall. I argue that as Bloch’s own thinking regularly suggests, the archetype of the Fall is a necessary correlate of the archetype of freedom, and actually grounds an important aspect of Bloch’s meta-religious inheritance of both Christianity and Hegel as part of the same dialectical theorisation of the sources of Marxism.

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Nie-ludzkie emocje

Author(s): Milena Cygan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 71/2021

This article is a review of Frans de Waal’s book Mama’s Lust Hugs. Animal Emotions and what They Tell Us about Ourselves, which was released in Polish in 2019. The book deals with the problem of animal emotionality. One of the author’s conclusions, which is underlined in the review, is that that there is no such thing as unique human emotions that animals would not have. Emotions are universal; they are shared by both humans and animals. Although the book is intriguing, it does not contain anything new in terms of content, as it deals with the topics that de Waal has previously addressed in his writings. The publication, on the other hand, can be an excellent starting point for reflection not just on animals (their emotionality and rights), but also on people and their place in the world, thanks to collecting and integrating topics relating to animal emotionality into a single book. It confronts the reader with the issue of human nature. As a result, as this review attempts to demonstrate, Frans de Waal’s book is an excellent example of how scientific issues lead to philosophical insights.

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Daniela C. Dennetta hipoteza językowej genezy świadomości

Author(s): Witold Marzęda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

The paper discusses the lingual genesis of consciousness. The author reconstructs Daniel C. Dennett’s naturalization strategy, showing how, according to Dennett, language enables the emergence of consciousness in the evolution of humankind. This naturalization assumes a behavioristic view according to which consciousness is a covert verbal behavior. The author shows that Dennett adopts and transforms Mead’s, Skinner’s, and Jaynes’s original behavioristic approaches inscribing them into a course of human evolution. This inscription leads to specific problems discussed in the final part of the paper:There are actually two definitions of consciousness in Dennett’s philosophy—first says that consciousness is a kind of verbal behavior, second says that it is a virtual memetic machine.There is no explanation of the execution rule that could show how given mind content becomes conscious; Dennett introduces the competition metaphor instead. Some contentful events in the brain (mind contents) simply win with others. Inscription of the possible scenario of consciousness development in the evolutionary landscape does not mean that one can testify the theory yet.

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Knjiga o samospoznaji i bogospoznaji ‘najvećeg učitelja’

Author(s): Haris Dubravac / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 89/90/2021

The review of: William C. Chittick, Sufijski put spoznaje: Ibn al-Arabijeva metafizika imaginacije/ The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-‘Arabi’s Metaphysics of Imagination, s engleskog preveo: Rešid Hafizović, Naučnoistraživački institut “Ibn Sina”, Sarajevo, 2021., 643 str.

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Budismi semiootika I - Tartu-Moskva koolkonna panus: Pjatigorski ja Mäll

Author(s): Andres Herkel / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 17/2020

The article examines Buddhist studies within the Tartu–Moscow school of semiotics. At the beginning of Tartu semiotics there was a pleiad of orientalists and indologists using the semiotic approach for Buddhist studies. Alexander Piatigorsky and Linnart Mäll were important contributors. Piatigorsky and Mäll refrained from using theories and terminology from Western philosophy to interpret Buddhism. However, they used semiotic tools to describe such basic problems as: the hierarchies of thestates of mind; personological classifications; the difference between psyche and consciousness; Buddhist metalanguage and terminology; the term dharma; the impact of texts on the mind; the mechanisms of the production of new texts; zero and infinity as symbols for texts and sates of mind, etc. Their several articles in Tartu semiotics have timeless value for Buddhist studies. With the help of semiotics they were able to successfully deal with texts corresponding simultaneously to different states of consciousness and different levels of interpretation.

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