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Lithuanian Poetry in the Light of European Existentialism: Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas

Author(s): Eugenijus Žmuida / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The article concentrates on the perspectives of two disciplines – the Lithuanian literature and philosophy of Existentialism – and their specific manifestations as literature of existentialism, and aims to represent how the main questions of existence began to arise in Lithuanian poetry and later were spread at the theoretical level at the university in Kaunas. Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas is the author whose works symbolically represent a turning point in Lithuanian literature. Finding himself in a difficult and ambiguous situation, having entered priesthood, the traditional education for peasant children, he had to break the ties with his past and gain status as an independent artist. The theme of choice, authentic life and questions of the human place in the universe found their poetic expression in the meditative poetry of Mykolaitis-Putinas. In the poetry of his last period, the theme of death becomes important and Heidegger’s concept “Being-toward-death” (“Sein zum Tode”) emerges as the last thrilling problem. Mykolaitis-Putinas had an impact on the younger generation of Lithuanian poets to whom existential problems were self-evident.

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Kultūrinės tapatybės refleksija vėlyvuosiuose Alfonso Nykos-Niliūno dienoraščio fragmentuose (2009–2012) ir Juliano Barneso esė knygoje „Gyvenimo lygmenys“

Kultūrinės tapatybės refleksija vėlyvuosiuose Alfonso Nykos-Niliūno dienoraščio fragmentuose (2009–2012) ir Juliano Barneso esė knygoje „Gyvenimo lygmenys“

Author(s): Aurelija Mykolaitytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 36(41)/2019

The article compares the following two texts: the latest dairy fragments of Alfonsas Nyka-Niliūnas (2014) and the essay book “Levels of Life” by Julian Barnes. Both writers aim to reveal personal experiences through cultural texts: the relationship with the Other enables us to identify ourselves and helps to describe our inner world. The article focuses on how the memory is created and what is the most important in culture for both writers. Several meaningful aspects are emphasized by both writers: they both raise existential questions, search for possible answers in culture, as well as search for links with a particular place and focus on art. The study has revealed that that culture, especially classic European culture, is an essential support that allows us to reflect our being. Special attention is paid to French culture, which could be perceived as a benchmark for the European mentality. Although the books refer to different cultural sources, they both focus on a great respect of the art of the word as capable of preserving memory.

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Zobrazení vědomí fikčních postav v prózách Arnošta Lustiga

Zobrazení vědomí fikčních postav v prózách Arnošta Lustiga

Author(s): Ingrid Chytilová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2015

The study focuses on characters in Arnošt Lustig’s prose. It primarily focuses on the consciousness in fictional characters. As a theoretical basis we chose publications Poetics (2001) Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, Story and Discourse (2008) Seymour Chatman, Individuals in the Narrative Worlds Uri Margolin and Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction Dorrit Cohn. Aristotle’s concept of mimetic character, as an imitation of human beings, which followed formalist and structuralist poetics, consisted mainly of subordination “acting person” storyline. The relation of the characters to the storyline, so in the case of Lustig’s character is superiority characters story, because in narrative occupy a dominant position. We are interested in the interior world of the characters in autor´s prose. We observe consciousness of characters, emotions and experiences in the fictional world. The aim of the study observes ways of presenting the characters in the narrative, both from the point of view of the narrator, so from the perspective of the characters. Uri Margolin Individuals in the Narrative Worlds provides information that the person in the narrative can be regarded as a series of temporary conditions attached to each other.

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Trauma Freud: Sigmund Freud as a Fictional Character in D. M. Thomas’s The White Hotel

Trauma Freud: Sigmund Freud as a Fictional Character in D. M. Thomas’s The White Hotel

Author(s): Miroslav Kotásek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

The paper views the novel The White Hotel (1981) written by D. M. Thomas as a specific model of a general situation of a human in Modernism. It points at specific instances where the text of the novel itself refers to certain limitations of such a view of trauma which interprets it as an effect of a real (primal) event onto the life of an individual (i.e. as a structural trauma), while the attempt to overcome the personal horizon, so as to apply a general psychoanalytic structure of human existence (structural trauma) onto an individual trauma implies unacceptable consequences. For the purpose of “criticizing” psychoanalysis the text of the novel employs different strategies, especially an imitation of the genre and structure of a Freudian “case study” (Krankengeschichte), making Sigmund Freud one of the main characters in the novel at the same time. The second part of the paper focuses on the article concentrates on the relationship between the traumatizing event and its possible or necessary deformations caused by its later attempted linguistic account. Especially relevant in this context is the way in which Anatoly Kuznetsov used the eye witness testimonies of the Babi Yar massacre survivor, while the article stresses the strategy D. M. Thomas employed when using Kuznetsov’s “documentary novel” in The White Hotel.

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Svět slov Věry Linhartové

Svět slov Věry Linhartové

Author(s): Michaela Křivancová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2011

This paper focuses on Věra Linhartová’s prose texts published between 1964 and 1968. Its aim is to present the main features of her poetics, above all the epistemological-philosophical and ontological-existential dimension of words. It also seeks to demonstrate how both aspects determine the intra-textual reflection of the construction of literary utterances and that the epistemological principle affects language and contextual transformations in the author’s artistic formulation of texts. Furthermore, it shows that in Linhartová’s poetics the manner of formulating literary utterances is not merely a self-contained reflection of the epistemological (and ontological) principle, but also has communicative aims.

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Taking Back Europe in Valdas Papievis’s Novels

Taking Back Europe in Valdas Papievis’s Novels

Author(s): Aušra Jurgutienė / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The Novels of Contemporary Lithuanian Writer Valdas Papievis Eiti (To Go) and Odilė, arba oro uostų vienatvė (Odile, or the Solitude of Airports) – are two of the most successful variants of Lithuanian literature elicited by globalisation and the end of the Cold War. Not only because after the fall of the Iron Curtain that divided the West and the East and the declaration of Lithuania’s independence the author now lives and writes in Paris, but also due to the fact that his novels written in Lithuanian and describing contemporary Paris and Provence create topical and artistically mature narratives about the newest transformations of the European identity into an intermediate state. The article discusses the author’s uniquely romanticized tradition of existen tialism and emphasises the moments of Lithuanian and French communication that establish the three main motifs of an individual’s migration: home / to go / solitude, refining their existential and aesthetic meanings. The novels remind the reader that the forgotten natural and cosmic dimension of a human life is of no less importance than the social, historical and national environment determining it. The novels erase the ancient boundaries between the Eastern and Western European stereotypes; therefore, their French and Lithuanian origins are not noticeably in conflict, rather they merge into a common European memory, marked by sadness and disquietude.

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Ëndrra si toponim gjeografik “Makondo” e G.G Marquez-it dhe “Rrafshi” i Ismail Kadare-së

Ëndrra si toponim gjeografik “Makondo” e G.G Marquez-it dhe “Rrafshi” i Ismail Kadare-së

Author(s): Donjeta Gashi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.2/2019

Often in literature, particularly when confronting literatures with each other, we see similarities in elements, themes or motifs between the two worlds, which in the first sight it would seem extremely distant, different and impossible. Creating a physical and geographical identity, an orientation of the topic of the author development, a daydreamer orientation, remembering his home and country, is a product of art written by both authors. Rrafshi, a fiction story (an invented world – imaginary place, a dream) aiming to explain a different viewpoint to the existing reality, it helps Kadare to reveal the harshness of life, love and death but also universalize the homeland. The same thing, even though miles away, we see in Marquez with the same aim to create an identity between life, death, love, fate and sacrifice, hence creating an afterlife, imaginary and daydreaming. “Makondo” and “Rrafshi” became synonyms of a reality full of pain, love and death, as a sacrifice for life! This study shall be based on these elements of the author. A confrontation of societies in a parallel word, with issues regarding the identity and origin, which reflect the myth of existence of human in space and time, a product of social and habit paradoxes of characters full of intrigues. For the readers, authors’ writings are a reflection of likeliness (the unrealistic) to a historical and geographical reality of a paradox which reveals boldness towards fear; reveals love towards hate as well as life towards death. What exactly represent these two literature themes, fictional stories that orient the reader towards an environment, with special features, which in fact do not exist? What are the similarities and differences between them? Why did Makondo and Rrafshi universalize? This work aims to confront these two authors/writings as well as demographic and topographic orientations in literature, a comparative confrontation and clash of values as well.

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Pour une théorie périphérique et/ou amoureuse: lectures d’Agamben, Derrida, Rancière

Pour une théorie périphérique et/ou amoureuse: lectures d’Agamben, Derrida, Rancière

Author(s): Francesca Manzari / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

The introduction of Giorgio Agamben’s book entitled Stanzas, Word and Phantasm in Western Culture is about the relationship of philosophy and poetry to knowledge in Western culture. The stanza is “the essential nucleus” of Tuscan poetry in the thirteenth century. It is actually an invention of Tuscan poets who call stanzas the parts that compose every canzone. Stanza is a word for chamber in Tuscan dialect as well as in Italian. Agamben points out that what makes possible its poetical existence is the fact that a stanza is a topos outopos, a topos which contains its own negation: it is the reality of unreality. Agamben’s thesis is that Western culture has forgotten the unitary status the Western word had until the thirteenth century. The thirteenth century could still conceive poetic activity as a philosophical one and then Western culture has known a separation between two poles that define knowledge and word. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between knowledge and words in Derrida, Rancière and Agamben.

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Tragedija bez patnje? O tajni suvremene egzistencije

Tragedija bez patnje? O tajni suvremene egzistencije

Author(s): Žarko Paić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 33-34/2021

Povijesni likovi ljudske egzistencije odgovaraju ideji čovjeka kroz pet načina očitovanja "duhovnoga bitka": (1) mita, (2) religije, (3) umjetnosti, (4) filozofije i (5) znanosti. Likovi pritom poprimaju različite obrise i figuralno određenje. Sjetimo se tek načina kako je tijekom povijesti lik filozofa mijenjao značenje počevši od Heraklita, Sokrata do Spinoze, Marxa, Kierkegaarda i Nietzschea. Ovdje, dakako, nije posrijedi slikovno ozbiljenje ideje. Umjesto toga mislimo na simboličko značenje lika kao duhovne moći ozbiljenja onoga što čini bit ideje u pojavnome svijetu. Epohe se mogu čak odrediti vladavinom referencijalnih okvira njihove moći kojom upravljaju ne samo ljudskim svijetom, već i prirodom, odnosom kozmičkih sila, konstelacijama društva, politike i kulture. Nije nimalo neobično da se ono prvotno ili začetno (arché) odvija u neposrednosti odnosa božanskoga, prirodnoga i ljudskoga. Mitski čovjek odnosi se spram bitka tako da ga opjevava kao tajnu postojanja živeći smjerno u strahu od bogova. Tome usuprot, znanstveni čovjek s nastankom novoga vijeka bitak već ništi time što ga preobražava u predmet i predstavljanje kao znanstveno određeni objekt.

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Bolest kao privid: Jokerova iluzija i pitanje jednakosti

Bolest kao privid: Jokerova iluzija i pitanje jednakosti

Author(s): Tonči Kursar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 24/2021

This paper explores media interpretations of Todd Phillips’s film The Joker. The main character of the film, Arthur Fleck was portrayed by critics as a traumatised and mentally ill individual (actually a murderer), whose ambition to be a comedian has no foundation. The fact that the character lives in a sort of ‘illusion’ or ‘false consciousness’ is interpreted through various concepts of ideology, from Marx and Althusser to one of its postmodern variants (Debord). Although Žižek criticised Joker because his reliance on “subjectivity” cannot initiate “a constructive overcoming” of the existing, the film should be seen as a contribution to understanding of the political in the sense of “verification of equality” (Rancière). As Arthur/Joker starts to believe that his life is a comedy and it is, as it usually said, ‘subjective’, he puts into jeopardy what Rancière calls a given “distribution of the sense”. Moreover, Joker does not follow the Marxist idea that proletarians can redefine their space and time only if they previously achieve a ’proper’ awareness. In fact, he does something completely different, namely, he indulges in his ‘illusion’ redefining a given distribution of time and space, which is shown in this paper through various Rancière’s works. Thus, by achieving his ‘true self’, Joker is very political even though he rejected to achieve the ‘objective’ political goals that are usually attributed to him.

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Egoul ca monstru lăuntric în poemele lui Jalāl ad­-Dīn  Muhammad Rūmī și Mahmūd Shabestarī

Egoul ca monstru lăuntric în poemele lui Jalāl ad­-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī și Mahmūd Shabestarī

Author(s): Andrei Victor Cojocaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 29/2022

In Eastern philosophy, the ego is understood as a false identity and as a “knot” in the flow of existence, being the major obstacle for the liberation from the cyclical suffering of the world. In fact, the ego is a subjective way of interacting with the surrounding universe, being the cause of the microcosmic chaos. The ego implies a manifestation of multiplicity understood as separation (on the one hand: I-you, I-others; on the other hand: a certain self in contradiction with another self). Moreover, the contradictions and the suffering are rooted in the tendency to view the individual existence as being separate from the universal existence. In some traditional Persian poems, we are dealing with an association of one’s ego with an inner monster. Understood as a distorted image of a certain reality, the inner monster appears as a misshapen representation of the true self. In this article, I will limit myself to the analysis of the previous issue in the verses of the poets Jalāl adDīn Muhammad Rūmī and Mahmūd Shabestarī.

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Totalitaryzmy, ponowoczesność i wychowanie człowieka w świetle rozważań filozoficznych Chantal Delsol

Totalitaryzmy, ponowoczesność i wychowanie człowieka w świetle rozważań filozoficznych Chantal Delsol

Author(s): Adam Janas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The aim of this essay is to highlight the logical connections between education, postmodernity and totalitarianism. It begins from the existence of an ontically diverse reality, an integral part of which is human life between different orders of existence, immanent (biopsychosocial) and transcendent (existential, metaphysical and religious), which enables man to become what he may and should be. Following Chantal Delsol’s account, it can be argued that in the darkness of transcendence – both in totalitarianism and today – man is reduced to his biopsychosocial conditions as a result of the absolutization of the inherent criteria for the legitimacy of what is immanent. Consequently, the world becomes a field for social experiments carried out by means of terror or, more subtly, of social engineering. Education appears then as man’s protection against the totalitarian potential of human collective existence, and therefore also against himself.

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Two Anthropological Errors according to Karol Wojtyła

Two Anthropological Errors according to Karol Wojtyła

Author(s): Adrian J. Reimers / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

Throughout his philosophical writings and, indeed, into his papacy, Karol Wojtyła addresses and warns against two common errors in modern philosophy. The first is the reduction of our concept of reality to materialistic premises. In Love and Responsibility, he distinguishes the “biological order”, which is the order studied according to the canons of biological sciences, from the “order of being,” which is the order of reality knowable to metaphysics. This confusion leads to misunderstanding in ethics. The second error is complementary to the first and consists in what Wojtyła calls the “hypostatization of consciousness,” which is the reduction of personal experience entirely to the contents of consciousness. The historical roots of this error trace back to Descartes and his identification of himself as a “thinking thing,” whose body is simply an extended 3-dimensional solid in space and time. Both errors arise from a neglect or even a rejection of metaphysics, without which it is impossible to give an adequate account of the human being.

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Kapitalizam i depresija, razgovor: Finkielkraut, Houellebecq, Sloterdijk i Weibel

Kapitalizam i depresija, razgovor: Finkielkraut, Houellebecq, Sloterdijk i Weibel

Author(s): / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 07+08/2003

Načinimo čovjeka, (Knjiga postanka 1.26), Načinimo čovjeka, Konstrukcija humanoga, Razgovori o čovjeku novoga doba. Prvi razgovor: Alain Finkielkraut, Michel Houellebecq, Peter Sloterdijk i Peter Weibel

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Novo mišljenje (Nekoliko naknadnih napomena uz Zvijezdu iskupljenja)
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Novo mišljenje (Nekoliko naknadnih napomena uz Zvijezdu iskupljenja)

Author(s): Franz Rosenzweig / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2022

Svojedobno sam dopustio da Zvijezda iskupljenja iziđe bez predgovora. Užasavali su me tragovi uobičajenih predgovora filozofâ svojim kokodakanjem nakon položena jajeta i svojim neučtivim pogrđivanjima čitatelja koji ipak još ništa ni je mogao učiniti – pa čak ni proštiti knjigu.

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On the Purity of European Consciousness and the Limits of Being-Time in the Existential Anthropology of the Late M. Heidegger

On the Purity of European Consciousness and the Limits of Being-Time in the Existential Anthropology of the Late M. Heidegger

Author(s): Viktor Okorokov / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2022

The issue of the European thinkers’ purity of consciousness is studied from the standpoint of the later M. Heidegger (in polemic with F.J. Gonzales and T. Sheehan). The article shows that Heidegger, having embarked upon the searching for new thinking, chooses the European thinking origins and, starting from the “Contributions to Philosophy (of the Event)”, he already refuses to distinguish between being and time, that is, he is looking for a third principle (thinking) for their joint grip. We believe it is no longer the being that follows from the understanding of time, but being and time from the understanding of thinking (and even thinking of being). In this new dimension of consciousness, thinking falls into the time-like phenomenology dimension, commuting with being and time. Based on the analysis of the subsequent working of Heidegger, we can conclude that thinking must go through the metaphysics path to return to its wholeness (at the origins), but already to the existential temporal unity. Thinking, commuting with being and time, starts to bend like the light in the black hole (according to the general theory of relativity of Einstein) and split (Heidegger uses the term “the Clearing of Being”). Existential thinking is a special case of this gap. It was that new dimension of thinking that the mystics and the Eastern sages aspired to. The topos, where being is joined to time, is the ultimate (pure) thinking that has overcome ignorance or attachment to the material world. It is through this dimension we begin to understand not only what being is, but also what time is, as thinking begins to distinguish its time, it temporalizes and starts to listen to its own “breathing” or temporalization of time (Heidegger wrote about). In such dimension, thinking turns into that original topos, when all connected with being flows inherently, be it Gods, humans, or the things grasping (everyone goes the way of being). The ideas of later Heidegger suggest that thinking can appear only where the being clearly exists (and Tao in its non-manifestation). Thinking arises only in conjunction with being and a new topos (thinking of being). Thinking is the gift of the being through the clearing (interspace), the one that allows you to grasp both the being and Tao. Nevertheless, based on the later M. Heidegger, it can therefore be concluded that almost fifty years after the writing of “Being and Time”, European thinkers still have not learned to think, since what awakens true thought, what should encourage us to think, and what is associated with pure thinking, has not yet awakened. It does look as if the later Heidegger was close to the idea that time reveals not only the being but also consciousness. In the classical dimension of thinking of being beyond the boundaries, both time and the being disappear, thereby closing the path to pure thinking (to avoid the “true”).

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Kadın Yaşamak İster: Antonia’nın Yazgısı Filminde Kadının “Aşkın” Varoluşu

Kadın Yaşamak İster: Antonia’nın Yazgısı Filminde Kadının “Aşkın” Varoluşu

Author(s): Fazilet Lekesiz,Meral Serarslan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 14/2022

The problem of being and existence is addressed as a problem in the philosophy of almost every philosopher. The fact that this philosophy is based on human beings makes sense, especially considering the developments of the 20th century. The thinkers of this century, especially Sartre, who argued that existence precedes essence, have expressed their thoughts on how the individual should make sense of existence by emphasizing freedom of choice. Influenced by Sartre’s existentialist philosophy, existentialist feminism has also brought a new perspective to feminist methodology, focusing on the relationship between men and women and the emancipation of women in a patriarchal order. In this study, the 20th century was a time of Simone de Beauvoir’s view of “being a woman is not born woman” was discussed in Marleen Gorris’ film Antonia (1995), although it covered the socio-cultural status of the 20th century. Antonia, as a woman, is a powerful woman who rejects the roles imposed on her by the patriarchal order and guides her life in line with her choices. The aim of the study is to analyze what meaning Beauvoir attaches to the female existence in particular with the film Antonia. The analysis was done by descriptive analysis.

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Pas de souci. Remarques sur Sorge chez Martin Heidegger

Pas de souci. Remarques sur Sorge chez Martin Heidegger

Author(s): Alain Harly / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2022

The paper gives a psychoanalytic account on the notion of “care” as it is found in the Heideggerian work and as expressed by the German notion of Sorge. It starts with the observation that in today’s current discourse “care” became an all-purpose word designed to reassure anyone found in a difficult situation, indicating that all will be good. This simplified manner of defining “care” risks to devaluate its true value for the human being. The encounter with death is worrying in a deeper and more structural manner than that of a simple problem waiting to be solved. The paper tries to reinforce the value of “care” as being the reminder of this ultimate and unsolvable encounter with death, using Heidegger’s philosophy but also other philosophical sources. It than exploits the psychoanalytical implication of “care” as valued in philosophy, concluding that “care” may be understood as the very sign of our division, of our wanderings, of our singular way of being caught up in a desire which is fundamentally the desire of the Other, that is to say an unconscious desire.

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