"A z pamięci rodzi się sumienie…". Prometeusz Alberta Camusa i Zbigniewa Herberta

Author(s): Joanna Roś / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2015

The ancient Greek tradition talking about the relationship between man and the world so often, has been becoming for ages the basis for the efforts of explanation of man’s place in the universe. Such an effort is visible in the literary works of Zbigniew Herbert and Albert Camus. The purpose of that sketch is to demonstrate the Promethean myth reception in the works of both writers in a way that provokes thoughts about literary parallels that unites those two writers. In Prometheus, asking about the human conscience, memory and solidarity, as in Camus, as well as in Herbert, the author,Joanna Roś, sees some kind of a symbol that would connects „parallel lifes” of Zbigniew Herbertand Albert Camus.

"KRAJ" FILOZOFIJE KOD HEIDEGGERA

Author(s): Spahija Kozlić / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 1/2018

When German philosopher Martin Heidegger in the short essay The End of Philosophy and the Task of Thinking reactivated the old-fashioned concept of aletheia and etymologically linked it with the common definitions of truth in the twentieth century, he has provoked heated discussions among philosophers in the last fifty years. It is about the question that is bravely raised in this essay; what is more important - the truth or what the truth makes possible? In other words, Heidegger cast doubt on dominating scientificism and the overwhelming suppression of the critical thinking, which is the character of modern times as the era of "radical" value pluralism. To speak of what makes the truth possible means to consider the positioning of existence in times of technical-technological suppression of man today.

"Mit o Sizifu" Albera Kamija

Author(s): Roger Grenier / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 01+02/1988

This passage from the monography on Albert Camus deals with the influence and circumstances under which the famous essay »The Myth of Sisyphe« originated. The reception of the essay immediately upon publishing and in the later period has been pointed out. A special .emphasis was put on the analysis and comment on Camus' relation to existentialism and to Sartre’s philosophic and literary works.

"ЕКЗИСТЕНЦІЙНИЙ АНАЛІЗ DASEIN" ТА ПРОБЛЕМА ІСТИНИ БУТТЯ: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДИСКУРСУ РАННЬОГО ТА ПІЗДНЬОГО М. ГАЙДЕГГЕРА

Author(s): Alla Zaluzhna / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 4/2014

Phenomenology is the existential philosophizing of the twentieth century which includes the using of the term "existence" that accumulates in it. The shifts are connected with critical rethinking of the classical rationalist tradition in contrast between subject and object and disregard to everything sensual and individual, trying to find new grounds of human existence. In such case the person is not an isolated being, but always stays in relations with people, nature and life. The person doesn’t have only existence, but also shapes its attitude to it, that’s why it is the unique and the only possible existent which seeks existence and its rootedness in it. In this context Heidegger’s philosophical heritage be-comes significant and relevant.So M. Heidegger, being armed with a phenomenological method, created the fundamental ontology as the hu-man existence phenomenology, "existential analysis of Dasein". Thus he made a radical turn in the modern philosophical thought. Basing not on the classical ontology but on the existential ontology with a focus on the problem being what needs the human being, he founded a new phenomenological existential trend in philosophy which heavily influenced the formation of anthropological, existentialist, hermeneutic and philosophical studies. That is why good prospects are being laid for further development of a new ontological reorientation with legitimization of the human inner world problems in the plane of the meaning of its existence, the justification of personal presence in the world and responsibility facing life. So the M. Heidegger’s fundamental ontology and late existentialism appear as extension of Husserl’s concept of func-tional intentionality, which has ontological existential characteristics.In this regard, human existence is unlocked and opened to the world and appears as "being-in-the world". This open-ness to the world is caused by three basic categories. They are the "mood", "understanding" and "language". These categories are constitutive existential modes. According to the German philosopher understanding is identical to the openness of Dasein, because to exist in the world and to understand are same. Thus, according to M. Heidegger, E. Husserl, analyzing the subject in the surface of sequence of the consciousness and constitution of meanings acts, does not resolve the problem of the onto-logical status of the transcendental Ego. Therefore, in the meaning of Dasein there is available indication of the ontological in-terpretation of the being. It helps to deploy the problem of its existence from the existentionalism of its existence. Therefore, intentionally indifferent attitude changes ontological existential nature of caring contemplation. The intentionality from the way of relationship with the act of consciousness turned into a way of Dasein attitude to life. In such way, E. Husserl’s reduction and intentionality transforms into the ability of Dasein. It is always directed to nothingness until death. But if Husserl’s sense is de-rivative from universal "logical" structures of pure consciousness, M. Heidegger’s meaning appears implicated to existence. Therefore to understand the meaning of life we should discover the meaning of human being as a temporary process of the existence, and update the understanding of the life sense.However, even in the presence of significant differences of wide semantic range between early and late M. Hei-degger the main problem of the research "Being and Time" remains a leading orientation and the subject of the constant philosophical appeal. You can agree with the philosopher, as before and after his turning, the center of the author's re-flection is the problem of "the life sense", that in the horizon of "Being and Time" explicates by the existential analytics of Dasein. After the "rotation" is interpreted as the truth of existence and the possibility of being closer to the sense of being in its close association with a man.In early M. Heidegger the problem of the sense of being is tracked through the prism of being in its own experi-ments considering own variants of its implementation. This is a reason of dynamic Dasein, which has never been what it is and that is why it is always a project, outline due to this the existence is the openness. The prerequisite of the open-ness is temporality, interpreted as historicity. The "Me" is the existence. Its essence lies in the historicity being, man is opened to the destiny of life.The late M. Heidegger develops the concept of the human existence humanism in the sense of being, question-ing and finding meaning of personal presence in the world, dialogue with being, listening, care and staying in proximity and being opened towards it.On the grounds of carrying out the comparative analysis of the problems of human existence in M. Heidegger’s works "before" and "after" the turn, the theoretical thesis were motivated which permit to do phenomenological and onto-logical rethinking of the traditional ethic and aesthetic categories and to realize the role and place of nonclassical pat-terns of philosophical discourse of the ontological reflection of the end of the XIX-XX centuries in the modern field of hu-manitarian knowledge.

(Nie)obiektywna podmiotowość

Author(s): Piotr Piotrowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 36/2016

In this article, I analyze the issue of subjectivity in the form in which it appears in Charles Taylor’s and Richard Rorty’s writings. Positions of these philosophers are generally regarded as contradictory. I will, however, argued that the position on subjectivity represented by Rorty finds its complementation in Taylor’s concept. To do this, I will show firstly that both Rorty and Taylor use the category of contingency, presenting some common thesis about subjectivity. This way I will show that the location of the category of subjectivity and the scope of its use in each of them concept is closely related to the understanding of objectivity accepted by each of them. This will allow then to reconstruct the concept of subjectivity presented by Taylor and Rorty. Next, in the conclusion, I will present such a summary of those two standpoints, which will include justification of the thesis of their complementarity.

21. Yüzyılda Biyosanat

Author(s): Ayşe Azamet,Çağatay İnam Karahan / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 63/2019

In this study, the paradigm of art, which changes according to the scientific structure, is examined within the scope of bioart; In the 21st century, the examples of bioart applications in the arts have been discussed and explained. Nowadays, it is necessary to accept the current facts as to where art is on, what processes and parameters it is going on, and which reflections it will present on its journey. At the point where these human-centered changes in the biosphere have reached an unstoppable pace, art also needs to bring up the current scenarios, including interventions. In the paradigm of art, the depiction of extinction or re-existence in the anthropocene age we are in is depicted as the beginning of its most primitive form, and the ability to represent will continue to be reflected to humanity with the services of the artist in the context of the existing systems. Despite the developments in art in the global context, it is seen that interdisciplinary practices are not widespread in art education in our country today. Based on the necessity of updating the content of art education and integrating it with the data of the age; It was concluded with the opinion that the lack of bioart applications and the beginning of the researches will be started. In the documentary research, the biotechnological applications included in the field of bioart were explained with the artist and his creation. In the light of the data obtained, it was concluded that interdisciplinary studies in this field of design contribute to art.

22 MILJE DO NADE: ALEKSIJEV PRIKAZ ŽIVOTA U REZERVATU I VAN NJEGA

Author(s): Fahreta Fijuljanin,Adnan Hasanović,Aldin Rastic / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 14/2015

The concept and structure of the novel The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian greatly echoes the basic division of life-existence of good and evil, of white and black, thus framing a feeling of geographical division also. Alexie draws the maps using chronological access to certain events by sequencing them from bad to good, from the negative to the positive. Through the characters he has created in different environments, Alexie potrays a community, identity and people and deals with issues of racism, poverty and the need to preserve the tradition of the oppressed people for the purpose of personal and collective progress.

A Comparative Study: Existentialism in No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre and Shadowless by Hasan Ali Toptaş

Author(s): Hilal Kaya / Language(s): English / Issue: 99/2019

Existentialism has influenced a lot of literary works throughout history. Existentialism can be studied in literary works by means of foregrounding the existential themes and techniques. Some of these themes are being, change, freedom, selfcognizance, isolation, responsibility, free-will, and alienation. Traversing the boundary between philosophy and literature, this essay aims to analyse the existential themes of Jean Paul Sartre’s No Exit or Huis Clos (1944) and Hasan Ali Toptaş’s Shadowless or Gölgesizler (1993) with an intertextual and comparative approach. This essay considers Sartre’s No Exit and Toptaş’s Shadowless as postmodern texts. Before exploring the existentialist themes and techniques in No Exit and Shadowless, this study aims to discuss the tradition of existentialism in literature. After presenting an introductory review on such existentialist concepts in literature as existence, essence, freedom, angst, and absurd, some recurrent themes in Sartre’s and Toptaş’s works will be highlighted and analysed.

A Forgotten Philosopher Juozapas Čepėnas: Ethic Insights

Author(s): Rūta Marija Vabalaitė,Lora Tamošiūnienė,Liudmila Mockienė / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

The article deals with ethic insights of the priest Juozapas Čepėnas (1880–1976), who published a study cycle on Nietzsche. This cycle is significant in the context of an early reception of Nietzsche’s ideas in Lithuania; however, the author himself appears to remain an undeservedly forgotten thinker of the national school of thought. The article attempts to bring back Čepėnas’ philosophical outlooks and analyse the factors that shaped his philosophical position such as his academic upbringing in German classical universities and Čepėnas’ subsequent activities overstepping the boundaries of a clerical work. The article offers a new interdisciplinary approach in reviewing Čepėnas’ dissertation thesis that earned him a Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Freiburg University. The thesis is analysed in comparison to other Čepėnas’ philosophical writings on Dostoevsky produced at the period of university studies and later during his clerical service in Lithuania. Ethical aspects of Čepėnas’ thesis continue to hold relevance until the recent period of philosophical development. Čepėnas’ writings are viewed in parallel analysis with a spectrum of the Lithuanian existential thought. Critical contemplations on ethical principles in the cycle of articles on Nietzsche’s philosophy are emphasised. The article attempts to clarify Čepėnas’ understanding of the egotism of the superhuman, the reasons and the content of supplements of Christian ethics, and the concept of the secular purpose of life.

A Hope for Reason

Author(s): Agnieszka Lekka-Kowalik / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2019

Hope is a common phenomenon in human life. And yet once we try to conceptualize it, we face the problem St. Augustine described while trying to define time: “If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.” Nevertheless there have been continuous attempts at explaining the nature of hope. According to the standard account, hope is always a relational phenomenon: a human person hopes for a certain outcome, and to hope for this outcome is to desire it and to believe that its realization is possible, although not inevitable. On this view, hope is considered as a compound attitude.

A kérdezés, a tagadás és a semmi

Adalékok Sartre semmi-elemzéseinek értelmezéséhez

Author(s): Pál Petki / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2019

Opposite to common thinking and mainstream scientific and philosophical paradigms, Sartre – in agreement with Heidegger ‒ considers nothing as “something”, the interpretation of which can only be conceived within the universality of the category of being, but which has at the same time a constitutive role in its semantic field. These two categories can only be conceived in a kind of onto-logical correlation. The present thesis proposes an interpretation of Sartre’s meaning of nothing, correlated to certain fundamental ways of man’s rapport to being, such as questioning, denial, reduction to nothing etc., conceived ontologically, based on analyses conducted in the introductory part of his work entitled Being and Nothing.

A Levinasian Opening on the Affirmative Ethics of Care

Author(s): Antonio Sandu / Language(s): English / Issue: 43/2016

In the order of beingness, duty is a state much closer to Dasein than any form of rationality could be. The true duty and the true respect for the golden rule can only come from the authenticity of one’s beingness. The same goes for what we call humility. This duty, as an existential state, is a movement of the spirit which seems to be overwhelmed by the care for the Other, towards the Other. Any duty which does not “move the being”, and which results, for example, from reason, is unauthentic and, viewed from a phenomenological perspective, it means the alienation of the appreciative capacity of the beingness - understood as Dasein. As such, appreciative ethics can only be placed at the crossroads between constructionism - as a theory on the agreed existence, and the phenomenology which enables the understanding of the subjective experience of the process of social construction of reality itself.

A MAN IS FREE AS HE IS THE IMAGE OF GODLY FREEDOM. FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY’S FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT FREEDOM

Author(s): Iwona Magdalena Perkowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2013

The article presents Fyodor Dostoevsky’s considerations of freedom based on both The Brothers Karamazov and The Idiot. The writer shows, that dealing with own freedom is one of the greatest tasks in human life and man's future fate depends wholly on how he copes with this task. Freedom is a fundamental concept in a philosophical anthropology of the Russian novelist. According to his grasp of the problem of evil this is a man, who appears the source of all misery, which he brings upon himself, among which not atheism but false understanding of God is the greatest one.

A szorongás „evolúciója”

Kierkegaard hatása Heidegger és Sartre szorongás-értelmezésére

Author(s): Gergő Horváth / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2016

In my paper entitled “The Evolution of Anxiety – Kirkegaard’s effect on Heidegger’s and Sartre’s interpretation of anxiety” I examine the appearance of the concept of anxiety in philosophical discourse. The main authors I relied on were Jean Paul Sartre, Soren Kierkegaard and Martin Heidegger. My goal was to show that the concept of the origin of the phenomenon of anxiety hails from Kirkegaard’s works, who was the first thinker to discuss the term “anxiety” in a philosophical and critical way. I concluded that the Danish philosopher’s merit is not limited to introducing the concept of anxiety in philosophical discourse, since his impact and thoughts can also be clearly demonstrated in Heidegger’s and Sartre’s work.

A Trial of Interpretation of Meister Eckhart’s Thought on God and Man through the Analysis of Its Paradoxes

Author(s): Zbigniew Kaźmierczak / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

This article interprets Eckhart’s contradictions by presenting them as a result of an existential search for salvific power. It is shown that power is ambivalent in nature: it is the power of what is and the power of (self)overcoming (of what is). Just because power is in itself ambivalent and the process of searching for it existentialist (so not completely conscious), Eckhart’s mystical texts are full of contradictions and the German mystic is apparently not aware of it. The sample of them is shown in this article with regard to his ideas on God and man. Three other interpretations of Eckhart’s (“apophatic,” “educational,” “methodological”) are presented and argued against.

ABDÜLHAK HÂMİD TARHAN’IN ŞİİRLERİNDE İNANÇ

Author(s): Mehmet GÜL / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 11/2016

Being one of the poets in Tanzimat Literature, Abdulhak Hamid’s religious perception was affected by the miserable events in his life, his educational experience and also the period of time in which he lived. In his book “Sahra”, his approach to the nature gives him a pantheistic and a kind of imitational (simulative) interval on faith. Because of the effects of western culture and the deaths of some people who are very close to him, he becomes sceptic and rebellious to God. He sometimes questions the true nature of the existence philosophically. Doubt and submission both go together during those questioning in his mind. Sometimes he can be seen agnostic at the times. His philosophical questionings can’t find any better solution for him expect from choosing the submission to the infinite omnipotence of God.

Abdurrahman Bedevî ve Bir Varoluşçuluk Denemesi

Author(s): SÜMEYRA TURAN / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2020

Existentialism is a movement that has found many supporters throughout the history of thought and has manifested itself in various people and works in the Islamic world. This article examines Abdurrahman Bedevî and his existentialist ideas, which can be regarded as the first and most important representative of existentialism in Islam in general and in the Arab world in particular. In this study, how Bedevî evaluates existentialism will be discussed in a descriptive manner.

Aborcja i jej aspekty karne

Author(s): Grzegorz Leszczyński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2001

Doktryna i Magisterium Kościoła, opierając swoje nauczanie na Starym i Nowym Testamencie, od samego początku istnienia Kościoła jasno i precyzyjnie stawały w obronie świętości i nienaruszalności ludzkiego życia od samego początku jego istnienia, czyli od poczęcia w łonie matki aż do naturalnej śmierci. Współczesne spojrzenie na zagadnienie wolności człowieka i jego wynaturzone odniesienie do możności decydowania o wszystkim, co z człowiekiem jest związane, sprawiło, że problem aborcji, jednoznaczny i precyzyjny w nauczaniu Kościoła, stał się dla wielu ludzi nie do pogodzenia z nowoczesną wizją człowieka i świata. W takim kontekście niezwykle ważne wydaje się nam, by skupić naszą uwagę na zagadnieniach, które dotyczą skutecznego przerwania ciąży, a jednocześnie jego aspektów prawnych w prawie karnym Kościoła.

Absurdas Ir Viltis Egzistencializmo Filosofijoje

Author(s): Pranciškus-Ksaveras Cazali / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 61/2009

Unlike Marxism, atheistic existentialism does not bring about a shift of hope but a radical critique of hope. It proposes despair as a guarantee of intellectual honesty. In this context G. Marcel’s phenomenology of hope rehabilitates hope, just as much at the practical level - against stoicism – as at the speculative level – against the glorifying of metaphysical anguish. The question of absolute hope, which is at the heart of the philosophy of the absurd, calls for an Marcel’s internal critique of the refusal of salvation. The question also calls for the light of theology which identifies atheistic existentialists to be secularizing the theme of the book of Job.

Absurdo idėjos transformacijos mirusio dievo pasaulyje

Author(s): Marijus Šidlauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2017

This article discusses the origins and transformation of the idea of the absurd in the modern secularized world. Submitted for consideration is the Latin locution “credo quia absurdum,” a saying ascribed to Tertullian, and how this locution was implicated in the evolution of the idea of the absurd and reflected in literature and art. Examined in the paper are the modifications caused by existential and social changes as well as the interaction of both objective and subjective factors. Using sociohistorical arguments, the author begins to polemicize with the absurdity-suggestive deduction considering the emptiness of existence and the absence of God as somewhat absolute facts. Regarding the reflection of absurdity in Lithuanian culture, the context of religious existentialism, represented by such works as Jobo drama (The Drama of Job) by A. Maceina and Žmogus be Dievo (Man without God) by J. Girnius, was of significant importance. The abovementioned works stimulated a deeper and more authentic artistic insight into the problem. In the panorama of Lithuanian literature of the 20th century, signs of absurdity can be seen in the works of classical (V. Mykolaitis-Putinas, B. Sruoga, H. Radauskas, M. Martinaitis), avantgarde (P. Morkūnas, S. Šemetys) and postmodern (M. Ivaškevičius, S. Parulskis, G. Grajauskas) authors. The performances of A. Ambrasas, which were staged at the Institute of Art in the late sixties, stand out as a distinguishing and methodically framed phenomenon of the theatre of the absurd.