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GLOBAL LIFE WORLD

Author(s): Algis Mickunas / Language(s): English Issue: 72/2007

The essay is designed to disclose one aspect of modern Western civilization that has become the ground for what is known as “globalization.” The argument is presented that this civilization is premised on formal systems that are not derivable either from physical or from empirical grounds. Such systems are constructs and their connection with the environment is technical and productive. Thus the selection among the systems to be applied depends on social valuations with respect to their usefulness. The current global systems of internet communication have no physical presence; they are purely “signitive” in the sense that they have no specific space-time location, although can be embodied at any time and any place. Such systems provide an invisible net that can be utilized to access and communicate messages about all events around the globe. The argument that such communication although very fast, takes some time, since the logic of this communication is signitive, a net of meanings that by themselves, as a matter of course define even space and time. It can be stated without a contradiction that the invisible signitive world is a variant of traditional metaphysics, such as Plato’s understanding of mathematics, or the world of ideas.

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DIEVO REFLEKSIJA M. HEIDEGGERIO FILOSOFIJOS SĄVOKOMIS XX AMŽIAUS PROTESTANTŲ TEOLOGIJOJE

Author(s): Mindaugas Briedis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2007

The article explores fundamental shifts in protestant theology during the first half of the 20th century and reflects their philosophical premises deduced from philosophical hermeneutics, primarily from the philosophy of M. Heidegger. On the one hand, the methods and the content of philosophical hermeneutics respond to the issues posed by contemporary philosophy of religion. On the other hand, theology as a rational, critical discipline cannot ignore the polemic horizons explored by philosophical hermeneutics. One of such underlying polemic questions is the problem of theological language, which was “forgotten” simultaneously with the rise and development of the tradition of metaphysical theism. The thesis of the article, stating that there is no principle disagreement between philosophical hermeneutics and the objectives of contemporary theology, is based on a careful analysis of prominent protestant theologians (K. Barth, R. Bultmann, P. Tillich) of the period and supported by the interpretations of authoritative critics (J. Macquarrie, K. Lowith). While answering the question how, in the face of the new ontology (hermeneutics of finitude), theology is possible, the answer comes in the form of “the language of being” which rehabilitates traditional symbols retaining their transforming power and existential conceptuality. After stating that Dasein analytics presented by M. Heidegger provides new impulses for the theological discourse, it is also noted that we must take a closer look at the so-called “contemporary” theology and explore the critical revision of this very modern “theologization” of Heidegger, accomplished by postmodern theologians (J. L. Marion).

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DARBAS IR DIRBINYS. ARISTOTELINIS HEIDEGERINIS SVARSTYMAS

Author(s): Arūnas Sverdiolas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2007

As a continuation of the previous analysis of the mechanism of culture, performed employing the paradigmatic actions of establishing social existence fundamentals and their preservation, the paper deals with a substantializing action such as artifact manufacture and artifact existence preservation. The arguments are based on the cornerstones of Western theoretical tradition (Aristotelian and Heideggerian con cepts of artifact and tool) in an attempt of their critical reconsideration (re-centering) and thus opening new perspectives of their interpretation in compliance with the modern pecularities of experiencing the origination, duration, dissipation and decay of artifacts.

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HUSSERLIO IR HEIDEGGERIO GINČAS DĖL FENOMENOLOGIJOS

Author(s): Mintautas Gutauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 89/2016

The article aims to explain the controversy between Husserl and Heidegger about the grounds, possibilities, and aims of phenomenology. First the author notes the commitment of both philosophers to phenomenology as the new way of thinking which suspends a naivety of objectivism, gives answers about transcendental preconditions of knowledge and guides to the Ursprungswissenschaft. Then the paper discusses which evidence, intuitions and assumptions became the base for the absolutely grounded science in Husserl’s philosophy. Further, Heidegger’s criticism of the givenness is analyzed, the way he opens the strata of historicity and guides to the deeper question – what is a human being and what is the meaning of being? Lastly is noted that many issues under discussion overlap, but the ultimate goals of both thinkers – the absolutely grounded science and the question of being – lead them in different directions.

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FAMILY RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN CONTEMPORARY POST-SUBJECTIVIST PHILOSOPHY AND ANIMISTIC RELIGIONS

Author(s): Argo Moor,Leo Luks / Language(s): English Issue: 89/2016

Criticism of the Cartesian subject and attempts at establishing a post-subjectivist philosophy are prevalent in contemporary continental philosophy. People living in modern Western cultures are frequently characterized as residing in a permanent state of identity crisis. The question “who comes after the subject?” is topical both in philosophy and in the daily life of Western people. In this interdisciplinary study, we argue that that there are considerable family resemblances between the aims of post-subjectivist philosophy and animistic religions. We will first provide the requisite background for understanding the animistic treatment of subjectivity by describing three principles: the Principle of Unity, the Principle of Balance, and Complementary Polar Thinking. These principles further develop our treatment of the concept of network thinking, as outlined in our previous joint paper, “Networks and Hierarchies: Two Ways of Thinking”. We will then compare the animistic treatment of subjectivity with current critiques of the subject. Although we will not express a normative request for the resurrection of animism, we nonetheless cannot exclude the possibility that the study of animistic principles may provide local solutions to the postmodern crisis of the subject.

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JUSLUMO IR ANTJUSLUMO ASIMETRIJA ARVYDO ŠLIOGERIO PATYRIMO SAMPRATOJE

Author(s): Mantautas Ruzas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 89/2016

The article analyses Arvydas Šliogeris’ conception of experience and contrasts it with Heidegger’s philosophy. In Šliogeris‘ conception an experienced object is treated differently than in Heidegger’s – the object is not articulated in the plane of immanence and not constituted by the intentional acts of consciousness or signification. In Šliogeris’ philosophy object is treated as a transcendent thing which can be experienced only from the radical dualistic standpoint based on irreducible dichotomy between consciousness and the thing. Šliogeris associates the plane of transcendent things with exterior pure sensuality. In Šliogeris’ understanding, sensual givens are experienced without conditions of the possible givenness and are given prior to the meta-sensual plane of language. Heidegger’s conception of experience, on the contrary, is based on the premise that the plane of language is prior to sensual givens. In Heidegger’s analysis, everyday life-experience fundamentally functions as hermeneutical practice, i.e. as experience which already understands and interprets.

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HEIDEGGERIO TECHNIKOS SAMPRATOS UŽUOMAZGOS ANKSTYVOSIOSE SENOVĖS GRAIKŲ INTERPRETACIJOSE

Author(s): Tomas Nemunas Mickevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2016

In this article an attempt is made to explicate the influence that the early Heidegger’s interpretations of Ancient Greek philosophy had on his later conception of modern technology. It is shown, first, how the conception of Being as produced, which has arisen while searching for origins of Ancient Greek philosophy, reflects itself in the later thought on the modern technological opening of Being, named machination (Machenschaft) and, later, enframing (Gestell). Secondly, it is shown how one of the essential structural elements of productive behaviour (herstellende Verhalten) – namely the conception of causality – is important for the later explication of modern technological understanding of Being. And finally, it is shown how the early Aristotelian conception of tέχνη as a mode of truth (ἀλήθεια) or mode of being in truth (ἀληθεύειν) reflects itself in the innovative Heideggerian conception of technology as a mode of understanding of Being.

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VERTYBIŲ IR VERTINIMO PROBLEMA HEIDEGGERIO FILOSOFIJOJE

Author(s): Dalius Jonkus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2017

The article analyses the concept of value and valuing in Heidegger’s philosophy. The article aims to show that Heidegger’s criticism of value does not deny the possibility of axiology in his philosophy. Heidegger criticizes the Neo-Kantian concept of value, because he aims to distance himself from the objectivist and subjectivist philosophy of value. Heidegger understood value not as a transcendence of the world, but as the meaning of the life-world. Heidegger drew from Husserl’s and Emile Lask’s ideas about the intentional relationship between the shape of the object and its perception. This is the correlation between the meaning of the object and the action oriented to it, which Heidegger interprets as the affordance of the tool. The article reveals that value is a correlative structure of the pragmatic world and the subject acting within it. Firstly, the article provides an overview of Heidegger’s polemic with Neo-Kantian theory of value, secondly, it examines the concept of affordances in Being and Time and Heidegger’s lectures Introduction to Philosophy.

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A Dangerous Mind. Lars Von Trier’s “The House That Jack Built”

Author(s): Ştefan Bolea / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

In Lars von Trier’s latest movie, The House That Jack Built (2018), the serial killer Jack may be seen as a substitute for God. Following Maurice Blanchot and drawing from Jungian psychology, I will analyze the relationship between murder and sovereignty. Jack’s dream of the perfect crime is reminiscent of the Schopenhauerian project of universal crime. Taking into account the nihilistic works of Philipp Mainländer, Mihai Eminescu, Angernon Charles Swinburne, and others, I will discuss the Antinatalist predilection of non-existence over existence. I shall also examine the possibility of anti-nihilism.

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Feldaraboltság, magunkra záródás: a posztmodern állapot és az ezen való túllépés otthonos és idegen aspektusai

Author(s): Cecília Hausmann / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2020

Although we can perceive postwar art as one that reacts to forms and ideas perpetuated by Modernism, curiously enough, it is tantamount to a series of similar mechanisms both in terms of ideas and of the forms represented. This paper surveys and analyzes theories related to familiarity and strangeness in art theory from the 1970s, from the shipwreck of modernism, through hyperrealism and post-industrial art, to the thematic turn induced by the postmodern state, new ways of institutionalization, and new attempts on the definition of contemporary art, such as the interlocking vistas of meta-, alter-, pseudo- and digimodern.

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Što još može fenomenologija?

Author(s): Predrag Finci / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/163/2021

Our time has seen the end of the “big narrative”, the era in which there are no reliable criteria, making it difficult to establish what can and cannot be considered art. Phenomenology has conveyed very clear views on this matter. Its most prominent representatives draw attention even nowadays. Can philosophies that use the phenomenological method offer answers on the nature of the arts, what art is, and its essence? The author claims that this is still possible, but with the realisation regarding different aesthetic experiences and the new historical and social situation.

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OMNISCIENCE, IMMUTABILITY AND TENSED FACTS IN AVICENNA AND AL-GHAZÂLÎ

Author(s): Abdulkadir Tanış / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

In Islamic thought, the question “How does God know tensed facts?” has been thoroughly discussed over a tension between the attributes of omniscience and immutability. Avicenna and al-Ghazâlî, who give wide coverage to this problem in their studies, propose different solutions to eliminate this tension. Avicenna acknowledges that a being who knows tensed facts is subject to change, therefore he claims that God knows everything in a universal way and excludes tensed facts from the extent of omniscience. On the other hand, al-Ghazâlî claims that God knows tensed facts, but He does not undergo any real change by knowing them. In this study, I will argue that neither of these answers are convincing in generating a solution to the expressed tension.

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ЖИВАЯ ЛИЧНОСТЬ ПРОТИВ ЗАКОНОВ КОСМОСА: ДРЕВНЕЕВРЕЙСКОЕ И ДРЕВНЕГРЕЧЕСКОЕ СЛАГАЕМЫЕ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО МИРОВОЗЗРЕНИЯ

Author(s): Igor Evlampiev,Igor Tantlevskij / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The article deals with the basic features of ancient Greek and ancient Jewish world outlook and analyzes their role in European history down to the 20th century. Attention is drawn to the fact that the fundamental difference of the ancient Greek worldview manifests itself in the absolute prevalence of spatial concepts, while time is understood by the model of "eternal return", the repetition of the same, rather than as a history that enriches man. In the center of the ancient Jewish worldview, on the contrary, is the idea of time as a historical process, which includes an endless dialogue between man and God, leading a person to maturity. Interpretations of the key Hebrew worldview concept of hā-ʻōlām as the Universe eternity and the Universe as duration are proposed and analyzed. The article shows that the idea inherited by Christian Europe from the ancient Greeks about the perfect arrangement of the Universe (Cosmos), conforming to the laws of nature, became the deepest reason for the domination of scientific rationality in modern civilization. At the same time the newest worldview tendencies connected with philosophy of life, intuitivism, existentialism, protecting the idea of irrational incomprehensibility of human life, can be recognized as originating from the Hebrew worldview. It was Henri Bergson who has clearly shown the opposite of these two trends within the European worldview. His concept of true time, understood as duration, memory and history, reveals striking coincidences with ancient Jewish conceptions of time and history. According to Bergson, duration is the essence of man and at the same time is the absolute being from which the Universe comes; this leads to radical anthropocentrism, which can be considered as a distant consequence of biblical anthropocentrism.

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Kierkegaard’s Heritage on Philosophical Personalism

Author(s): Catalina Elena Dobre,Rafael García Pavón / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

In this article we aim to demonstrate the importance of Kierkegaard’s thought reflected in some philosophers who represent what we know as philosophical personalism. Among them, we have chosen Martin Buber, whose reading of Kierkegaard’s work is reflected in his dialogical philosophy; also, Emmanuel Mounier, who mentions in his work the clear influence of the Danish philosopher in the way of thinking the concept of the human person, which represents the foundation of philosophical personalism. In the same way, Karol Wojtyla’s relationship with Kierkegaard is explored from the concept of inner auto-teleology. It is a new approach that reflects the reading of Kierkegaard that the Polish philosopher – later Pope John Paul II – has kept in mind. Finally, we close with a reflection on the influence of Kierkegaard on the Swiss philosopher Max Picard, related to the concept of silence.

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Den Enkelte as Socio-Political in Kierkegaard Texts

Author(s): Abrahim H. Khan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This study examines whether there is lexical evidence in Kierkegaard’s writings to support the view that den Enkelte is far removed from a conceptual mistaking of his thought as individualistic, in that it leads to a withdrawal from the social and political milieu to becoming a lonely rebel. It considers six selected texts from the Kierkegaard Corpus, for its linguistic and literary approach that employs computer applications to establish a conceptual-linguistic map of den Enkelte. Interpreting numerical data and analysing the map, the study offers an answer to the research question as to whether there is lexical evidence and considers the implication of the evidence for understanding related questions in Kierkegaard studies. In brief, it identifies 12 terms and provides another perspective from which to augment our grasp of a concept that Kierkegaard considers to be principal in Christianity as “existence-communication”.

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The Problem of the Intermediary: On the Compatibility of Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion

Author(s): M.G. Piety / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Psychoanalytic theory appears to suggest that neurotic individuals need the assistance of a psychoanalyst to achieve psychological wholeness. Religion also posits the necessity of an external force if the individual is to achieve psychological wholeness. According to religion, however, this force is God. Attempts to make psychoanalytic theory compatible with religion appear to suggest that the psychoanalyst serves as a kind of intermediary between the patient, or analysand, and God. According to Kierkegaard, however, this would amount to making one human being “a god in relation to another human being.” But this, on his view, is precisely what religion denies. No human being can be a god in relation to another human being. This essay argues that the apparent opposition between the fundamental assumptions of psychoanalytic theory and religion is merely that: apparent. Psychoanalysis, properly understood, I argue, does not claim god-like significance for the psychoanalyst, and religion, properly understood, allows individuals to play significant roles in helping one another to achieve psychological wholeness.

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The Indestructible Repetition of Desire – Kierkegaard near Lacan

Author(s): Flaviu-Victor Câmpean / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This essay explores the narratives of desire in Kierkegaard, in the psychoanalytic approach of Jacques Lacan’s formulation of the object a, cause of desire. The indestructible desire, as Freud put it, forms the core of the uniqueness of the subject and its constitution. Consequently, the repetition of desire in existence becomes itself indestructible and, furthermore, pertains to the impossibility of satisfaction. In psychoanalysis, the symbolic phallus as a significant of lack mediates the relation between the subject and its lack, which is a lack of the Other. In Kierkegaard, desire deploys itself existentially in seduction, in accordance with his sacramental relation to Regine and also to the dialectic of his literary characters, especially with respect to the erotic stages. The paper closely follows Kierkegaard’s own psychoanalytic intuitions, ranging from the repetition of lack and the psychoanalytic relevance of the erotic stages to a desire of repeating the new and an ultimate desire that goes beyond the limits of a desiring subject.

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Eleonore Stump, Wandering in Darkness: Narrative and the Problem of Suffering

Author(s): M.G. Piety / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Eleonore Stump, Wandering in Darkness: Narrative and the Problem of Suffering, Oxford University Press, 2012

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Conrad-Martius: Sein, Wesen Existenz. In Auseinandersetzung mit der Ontologie und Metaphysik Aristoteles', Thomas von Aquins und Husserls

Author(s): Irene Breuer / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2021

The article deals with Conrad-Martius’ conception of being and existence and explores it by contrasting it with the conceptions of Aristotle, Aquinas and Husserl within the framework of their respective ontologies and metaphysics. The article delves into the problems of both the hypostatization and the origin of being in particular. I claim that the hypostatization of being does not concern the Sachverhalt,as Jean Wahl claims, but the noema itself insofar as intentionality transcends what is constituted by consciousness and grasps the essence of the substance itself, whose existence is not absolutely but hypothetically posited. I will further show that even though Conrad-Martius rejects the transcendental reduction, she accepts the eidetic reduction and the positing of a sphere of original and given facts, which are not only absolutely given to consciousness, but also self-grounded and self-sustained.Conrad-Martius’ research traces the origin of these back to a transphysical realm, thus revealing the grounds for the Husserlian sphere of primal facts, which itself remains beyond the reach of phenomenologicalreflection. Hence Conrad-Martius’ and Husserl’s investigations encounter and complementeach other at the point where the real bursts into reality and becomes available to consciousness. Thesereflections are organized as follows: The first part presents Conrad-Martius’ conception of a real-ontologicalphenomenology in order to examine her criticism of Husserl’s transcendental reduction. The second part deals with her real-ontological conception of the essence of reality or the “real-reality”and its hypothetically posed existence. The third part concerns the conceptions of being, analogia essendi and categorial being with recourse to Aristotle, Aquinas and Husserl and sets these in relation to Conrad-Martius’ own conception. The fourth part deals with her own understanding of the analogia essendi and of real being in order to shed light on the claim concerning the hypostatization of being.The fifth part explores Husserl’s positing of a sphere of primal facticity, Conrad-Martius’ conception of a real entity and its origin in a transphysical realm. The article finally summarizes the main results of these reflections.

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İnanmak mı, Bilmek mi? Yedinci Mühür Filminde Birey-Tanrı İlişki Biçimleri

Author(s): Murat Küçükhemek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Iss./2021

The passion to search for truth is a basic human instinct. The existentialist point of view, leaves room for ideas and certain questions about the individual’s understanding of its own existence. This, in turn, may trigger a pursuit for the individual who wants to understand the existence. The areas preferred for this pursuit are usually religion, philosophy, art and science. The possibilities of religious belief or disbelief accompanying this pursuit are, in theory, infinite. Twentieth century’s existentialist art and philosophy reveals the anxiety of inanity and the courage to express suspicions about the sacred, a religious phenomenon. Ingmar Bergman is a director who transforms his own personal destiny into humanity’s own shared destiny by using archetypical image. He expresses his thoughts through his camera which he uses like a powerful pen. Bergman exposes the thematic motives which form the underlying idea of his films, mostly by asking existential question. One of those motives is the relationships between individual and God which is reflected often in Bergman’s film. Det Sjunde Inseglet/The Seventh Seal (Yedinci Mühür, Ingmar Bergman, 1957), one of the masterpieces of cinema, focuses on the concept of God which is usually left in a secondary position when belief devoid of consciousness is the point in question. In The Seventh Seal, the main plot is built upon the confrontation of a Knight who has just returned from the Crusades with his faith all torn apart, both with the terrifying figure of Death all covered in blacks and also with religion. Within this context the main two themes of The Seventh Seal are confrontation with death and relationship between individual and God. This study aims to reveal Bergman’s ideas on relationships between individual and God which he deals with in The Seventh Seal movie. As a result of the study, it is seen that the Church which represents religious authority is ironically far from individual’s existentialist problems and contributing to individual’s need to know God.

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