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KRIPKENSTEIN FROM THE MATHEMATICAL POINT OF VIEW: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY

Author(s): Bartosz Janik / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2016

This paper deals with the problem of the impact of Kripke’s skeptical paradox on the philosophy of mathematics. By perceiving mathematics as a huge rule-following discipline, one could argue that the Kripkean nonfactualist thesis should be adopted within the philosophy of mathematics en bloc to imply a refutation of objectivity and an enforcement of a particular view on the nature of mathematics. In this paper I will discuss this claim. According to Kripke’s skeptical solution we should reject the notion of fact and adopt the use theory of meaning that could be stated as follows: ’One understands the concepts embodied in a language to the extent that one knows how to use the language correctly.’ [Shapiro 1991, 211] [Kripke 1982]. Focusing on mathematical discourse, we should ask: what are the implications of the use theory of meaning for the philosophy of mathematics? Furthermore, is the answer to the skeptical paradox consistent with selected views in philosophy of mathematics? The supposed answer to the first question is that it demands the view that mathematics should be perceived as a strictly pragmatic discipline and the rules of mathematical discourse are mere conventions. But this is too simplistic a view and the matter at hand is far more complicated.

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Paauglių dvasinių vertybių internalizavimo pedagoginės problemos XXI amžiaus iššūkių kontekste

Author(s): Elvyda Martišauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 14/2005

Educational policy makers in post-modern Europe have taken to creating strategies of life-long education that overestimates one type of spiritual values (consisting of truth, goodness, beauty) and lead to the pragmatic needs satisfaction. The system of education in Lithuania goes hand in hand with modern European tendencies and aims at defining the desirable values and skills alongside the key competences acquired in the processes of education. The greatest attention is given to learning and moral values that involve the individual's relationships with the micro and macroenvironment ( dignity, responsiveness, honesty, tolerance, national sensitivity, civic educational component). The present study has established that adolescents are able to internalize most successfully those spiritual values that are related to their interpersonal relationships (persona] dignity, sensitivity, honesty). However, other important values that also make up part of the educational content of school curriculum (national sensitivity, civic education component, wisdom, creativity) seem to be much more problematic in the processes of values internalization in adolescents; though these values in particular are exclusively important for the processes of adolescents' spiritual becoming, and these values have a complimentary character.

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Universalaus ugdymo problema

Author(s): Leonas Jovaiša / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 5/1998

During the 20-th century the educology depended upon various unilateral philosophical and ideological trends: positivism, pragmatism, existentialism, marxism etc. This fact made negative int1uence on integrity educational science and conditioning of public education. In this situation origination of the universal educology and universal educational system is required.

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DARBINIO MOKYMO KONCEPCUOS LIETUVIŲ PEDAGOGŲ DARBUOSE

Author(s): Asta Širiakovienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/1997

Lietuvos mokyklos ir pedagoginės minties raida kol kas nėra nuodugniai ištirta. Yra spragų ir darbinio mokymo problemų tyrinėjimo srityje. Klasifikuoti apskritai yra sudėtinga, tačiau pabandėme išskirti pagrindines kryptis pagal tai, kaip buvo vertinta darbinio ugdymo esmė. Šios kryptys yra tokios: l) ankstyvoji darbinio mokymo samprata, 2) gamybinio darbo mokymo koncepcija, 3) darbo mokyklos koncepcija, 4) politechninio mokymo kryptis, 5) pragmatinė kryptis, 6) integruoto darbinio mokymo kryptis.

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Žmogus – socialinio ugdymo objektas ir subjektas (istorinė interpretacija)

Author(s): Juozas Vaitkevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/1993

Žmogaus, visuomenės gyvenimas yra ne būtis, o procesas, nuolat kintantis, besirutuliojantis, nepastovus. Tad spręsti kultūros, asmenybės raidos problemas tegalima žmonijos istorijos proceso raidoje. Istorinis požiūris įgalina atskleisti žmogaus vaidmenį visuomenės gyvenime ir paties žmogaus, jo asmenybės raidą. Kartu geriau atsiskleidžia ir įvairių teorijų apie žmogų, jo prigimtį, jo ryšius su visuomene ir kt. pagrįstumas, taip pat dabartinių problemų, susijusių su žmogaus, visuomenės raida, sprendimų keliai ir būdai. Straipsnyje analizuojama požiūris į žmogų ir jo santykį su visuomene ir kultūra Antikos, Viduramžių, Renesanso epochose, pristatomos pagrindinės šių epochų pedagoginės idėjos. Pažymint, kad žmogaus, jo esmės supratimą gamtos ir kultūros fone naujai nušvietė I. Kantas, G.W. F. Hėgelis, L. Feurbachas, daugiau dėmesio skiriama šių vokiečių klasikinės filosofijos atstovų minties analizei. Taip pat pateikiamos pagrindinės intuityviosios filosofijos (A. Bergsonas ir kt.), fenomenologinės filosofijos (E. Husserlis ir kt.), psichoanalizės (E. Frommas ir kt.), pragmatinės filosofijos (W. James, J. Dewey), marksistinės filosofijos įžvalgos.

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Social innovation as rehabiting

Author(s): Kaie Kotov,Rasmus Pedanik / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2016

Social innovation is an emerging and growingly popular research topic that has a number of practical implications for both social and political as well as academic research practices. Nevertheless, social innovation is not yet clearly established as a concept and different theoretical frameworks are being actively researched by many institutions all over the world (Howaldt et al. 2014). Great potential in studying social innovation is attributed to social practice theory, mostly because of the so called practice turn in the social sciences and philosophy (Howaldt et al.).In our paper we study how John Dewey’s pragmatic concept of habit (cf. Dewey 1922) can be applied to the study social innovation. We propose that unlike social practice theory, the pragmatist theory of habit is able to address the question of how change happens and who is the agent of change. Habit in this approach is conceptualised as a disposition, a coordination of a person and an environment that is continuously mediated and remediated in a given culture and that may manifest in patterns of individual behaviour. Two very important implications follow: change of habits is not just a matter of will, of doing things differently, but also implies the change of environment; secondly, the notion of habit enables one to reformulate the relationship between collective and individual behaviour, without subjugating one or the other.

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Chapter 2. - Test case 1: Semiotranslating Peirce into Finnish

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Chapter 2. - Test case 1: Semiotranslating Peirce into Finnish

Author(s): Douglas Robinson / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2016

The title of this chapter overlaps significantly with the title of the book – but less than one might think from the sheer fact that both contain the two words “Semiotranslating Peirce.” In the book title, the agents performing the semiotranslation of Peirce are translation theorists: first Gorlée, then me, then you. We are engaged in the semiotic activity of refi ning Peirce’s theories for the study of translation – even though the translational activity involved is mostly intralingual, within English. In the chapter title, the translational activity is interlingual, English to Finnish, and the agents performing the semiotranslation of Peirce are Finnish philosophers acting as either Finnish translators of Peirce or Finnish critics of Peirce translations, who are thus also engaged in the theorization of translation.

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Peirce’s garden of forking metaphors

Author(s): Aleksandar Feodorov / Language(s): English Issue: 2-3/2018

The philosophic system of the founder of pragmatism Charles Sanders Peirce is rarely grasped from the point of view of its metaphoric usage. However, some of his most original yet often misunderstood and contested ideas such as those of ‘matter as effete mind’ and ‘the play of musement’ are metaphoric representations. In the present paper I am offering a new way to discuss the role of metaphors in Peirce’s philosophy by taking a twofold approach to the problem. On the one hand, metaphor itself becomes an object of inquiry. I touch upon the appearances of metaphoric thinking at the level of his classes of signs and metaphor’s relation to abductive inference. I trace those appearances in the process of their becoming from the spontaneity of Firstness towards the actuality of Secondness via the generalizing effects of Thirdness.

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Design Science Research for Computational Thinking in Constructionist Education: A Pragmatist Perspective

Author(s): Valentina Dagienė,Vladimiras Dolgopolovas,Tatjana Jevsikova,Eglė Jasutė / Language(s): English Issue: 95/2019

The article examines the modern computer-based educational environment and the requirements of the possible cognitive interface that enables the learner’s cognitive grounding by incorporating abductive reasoning into the educational process. Although the main emphasis is on cognitive and physiological aspects, the practical tools for enabling computational thinking in a modern constructionist educational environment are discussed. The presented analytical material and developed solutions are aimed at education with computers. However, the proposed solutions can be generalized in order to create a computer-free educational environment. The generalized paradigm here is pragmatism, considered as a philosophical assumption. By designing and creating a pragmatist educational environment, a common way of organizing computational thinking that enables constructionist educational solutions can be found.

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Н. Я. МАРР И ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПРАГМАТИЗМ: ОПЫТ СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНОГО МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА. ЧАСТЬ II

Author(s): Oleg Leschak,Jurij Sitko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 14 (19)/2008

This is the second part of the article which discusses functional pragmatic methodological key issues of linguistic philosophical conception proposed by Marr. First of all, it focuses on the problems of philogenesis and ontological essence of language activities. The article analyzes the problems of the relation between language and thinking activities (non verbal thinking), language and culture (“extralinguistic character of language”), genesis of signal side of semiotic activity (“manual thinking”), as well as problems of functional and psychosocial character of language (understanding meaning as a function and understanding language as an informative activity). On the basis of the conformed methodological analysis, there is a hypothesis saying that Marr’s theories offer eclectic and linguistic philosophical attitude but they are not of scientific character. The article attempts at denying the widely spread myth of vulgar materialistic philosophical underpinning of Marr’s conception (particularly, Marr’s understanding the “ideological character of language”) and distinguishing the relation of the theory with objective idealism (Leibnitz, Humboldt) and partly with neo Kantism (Cassirer).

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Ką reiškia: „Šitai galima paaiškinti tik istoriškai?“

Author(s): Hermann Lübbe / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 47/2021

Hermann Lübbe (g. 1926) yra tikrai žinomas, autoritetingas ir įtakingas vokiečių filosofas; nepabrėžus tokio siaurus profesinius, dalykinius rėmus peržengiančio svorio neapsieina joks jo vokiškas ar angliškas biograminis paminėjimas. Taip, taip, ne buvo, o yra, – kaip tik prieš stojant didžiajai pandemijai man pavyko įsigyti ką tik pasirodžiusią jo knygelę, kurios pratarmė datuota 2019 m. sausiu (Politischer Moralismus: Der Triumph der Gesinnung über die Urteilskraft, Münster: LIT, 2019, 11987). Iškart norisi klausti, o kaip su lietuviška recepcija? Prieš imantis tikrinti kirbėjo sakyti, kad ir būsiu buvęs bene vienintelis (neskaičiuojant viską skaičiusio ir citavusio Zenono Norkaus) Lübbe’ės propaguotojas, – ir tai ne tiek iš būtinybės, kiek noro kaip nors paminėti. Mat dar studijų metais, XX a. paskutinio dešimtmečio pirmoje pusėje būtent iš Lübbe’ės pamatinės knygos (aišku, rastos ant Norkaus stalo Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Profesorių skaitykloje), Geschichtsbegriff und Geschichtsinteresse: Analytik und Pragmatik der Historie (1977), parašytos negimtakalbiui veik neįkandamu stiliumi, išsilukštenau ir visam laikui įsidėmėjau įžvalgą, kad istorijos yra žmonių sumanytų veiksmų ir jiems (be jų valios) nutikusių dalykų, taip pat (ir pirmų, ir antrų) nenumatytų pasekmių mišiniai, ir vienintelis būdas jas pasiekti (protu) ir perteikti kitiems yra papasakoti.

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Is Polite Behavior Always Positively Marked? The Role of Sincerity in Politeness in an Arab Context

Author(s): Cherifa Benkaddour / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

In this paper, polite/politic linguistic behavior, introduced in Locher and Watts (2005) and which may be used insincerely, was investigated at a first order level of kind. The method followed is that of Spencer-Oatey (2011) who examined the emotions and (im)politeness judgements that people recount in metapragmatic comments and interviews. Thus, the participants of this study were invited to show their own perceptions, and evaluations about polite/politic but insincere linguistic behavior of any individuals behaving with them as such in a purely Arabic context. The responses were analyzed quantitatively. One interesting finding was that this kind of insincere polite/politic behavior was negatively marked unlike what was introduced in the diagram of relational work by Locher and Watts (2005) and which was clearly described as positively marked. This study shows that polite/politic behavior in the spectrum of relational work with judgment (c) ignores the fact that insincerity in polite behavior can generate negative markedness and hence can cause relationship breakup, although it is superficially polite and appropriate.

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The Revolt. A Study in Textual Semiotics

Author(s): Luminiţa Chiorean / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2015

The essay “The Revolt. A Study of Textual Semiotics” sets the theoretical framework of a social semiotics based on decoding the social-cultural persuasive signs. The samples (the texts) that we aim to analyze, which represent different types of discourse (literary – biblical, poetical) set forward a semiotics of passions, from love to ardor, obsession, revolt and hate. The revolt is one of man’s essential dimensions. It is our historical reality, in which we have to discover our values and acknowledge them. In the process of decoding the poetical messages of the studied texts, seen as reference discursive sequences, we have taken into account the mental reality of the text (the cultural variable) and the event reality of social practices manifested through the lyrical identities in which a reader may find or recognize himself. We have considered love based on principles (agape) as reference in the semio-stylistic analysis of the revolt, taking into account texts containing simulacra developed in a biblical space-time frame (David’s psalms), and in a lay one (Arghezi’s psalms), with interferences of sacred and profane. We thus bring into discussion passionate simulacra as existential models, either dedicated to faith, or ambiguously manifested between faith and doubt. Our goal is the configuration of a Romanian identity discourse.

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Monolingual and bilingual children’s understanding of Moore-paradox sentences

Author(s): Krisztina Bartha / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Research of the theory of mind (ToM) has long been a central topic in cognitive science and experimental philosophy. A preliminary example of a Moore-paradox sentence would be: It is raining, but I don’t think it is. Understanding the paradoxes in these sentences is considered part of ToM development. This study focuses on the recognition of Moore’s paradoxical sentences by monolingual and bilingual children. According to the first hypothesis, comprehension of Moore-paradoxical sentences is estimated to start at the age of 7. The second hypothesis assumes that balanced bilingual children develop the ability to understand Moore-paradoxical sentences earlier than Hungarian dominant bilinguals, and balanced bilinguals also outperform their monolingual peers. Romanian monolingual and Hungarian-Romanian bilingual children aged between 5 and 8 (N = 134) participated in the experiment. Balanced and dominant bilingual groups were established based on a questionnaire filled in by the children’s parents. During the experiment, children had to listen to a number of sentences. Each sentence that contained paradoxical statements had control sentences matching syntactically. Children had to choose the sentences they thought to be “silly”. According to the experimental findings, 5- and 6-year-old children performed poorly while the overwhelming majority of 7- and 8-year-olds could select the Moore-paradoxical sentences. There were differences between the performance of monolingual and balanced bilingual groups and between the two bilingual groups. Balanced bilinguals performed better, and their comprehension of understanding Moorean sentences developed earlier than those of the other groups.

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THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN LOGIC AND AESTHETICS. KANT ON THE AESTHETIC-LOGICAL NATURE OF THE PRAGMATIC I

Author(s): Fernando M. F. Silva / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2019

We know today Kant’s importance in founding modern Anthropology; we also know that Kant undertakes this by excising Anthropology from a metaphysical trunk, and that instead of inoculating it in another trunk, Kant rather singularly replants it in a different soil, through a different method, as its own self-sufficient trunk. Not so widely known, however, is the new position of this science. For, according to Kant, such a transplantation did not mean its isolation. Quite on the contrary, Anthropology is the ante-chamber of man’s self-knowledge, and this makes it not a dissociating, rather an agglutinating pole of the surrounding branches of knowledge. Now, among such branches, two singularly exemplify this process: one which seems detached from Anthropology – that of Logic – and one which is now part of the Anthropology, that of Aesthetics. There is, of course, a singular relation between these three fields of knowledge. And so our question is: what is the relation of Anthropology to logic (and hence, to the critique) and to aesthetics? What aspirations may Anthropology have in fulfilling one of Kant’s main designs: that of uniting such opposites and thereby claim the superior dignity of the science of man? And what role do these two domains have in the inception of Kant’s anthropological thought? The answer(s) to this, we believe, reside in Kant’s proposition of a new I and the I’s new pragmatic vision. Namely, Kant proposes an I in the world, an alternative, for dual, or plural form to the I’s egoism, one which at once seeks to satisfy the claims of Logic, by knowing itself and the world, and those of Aesthetics, by experiencing pleasure in its knowledge of itself and its species in the world. This pluralism, we hope to prove, is to be seen not only as a factor of necessary distinction, but also as a factor of possible union between that which separates Logic and Aesthetics: logical egoism and aesthetic egoism.

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Mąstymas ir kalba Donaldo Davidsono ir Wilfrido Sellarso filosofijose: apie dviejų pasaulio vaizdinių galimybę ir pragmatiką

Author(s): Domas Junelis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 77/2022

iame tekste nagrinėjamas santykis tarp mąstymo ir kalbos sąmonės filosofijos horizonte. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama būtent komparatyvistinei kalbos bei sąmonės filosofų Donaldo Davidsono bei Wilfrido Sellarso teorijų apžvalgai, kurioje pateikiamos autorių kantiškojo transcendentalumo prielaidos, pristatomos konkrečios sąmonės filosofijos pozicijos, nustatomas deskriptyvumo ir normatyvumo konfliktas bei pasiūloma pragmatinė mąstymo apie sąmonės, o kartu ir žmogaus, problemą, prieiga. Pagrindiniu šios teorijų lyginimo ramsčiu tampa Davidsono bei Sellarso dviejų pasaulio vaizdinių arba žodynų – mokslinio ar fizikinio bei akivaizdžiojo ar mentalinio – apibrėžimas bei įvertinimas. Interpretacija sintezuojama abiem autoriams būdingu nusistatymu teorizuoti apie sąmonę ne tik įvedant principą apie dviejų mąstymo tipų apie pasaulį galimybę, bet ir tame aptinkamą racionalumą grindžiantį pragmatiškąjį gestą. / This text examines the relationship between thinking and language from a philosophy of mind perspective. It focuses on a comparative review of the theories of Donald Davidson and Wilfrid Sellars, philosophers of language and mind, revealing some of the authors’ assumptions concerning Kantian transcendentalism, the presentation of specific theories of consciousness, the conflict between descriptivity and normativity, and a pragmatic approach to the problem of thinking about consciousness and the general human condition. The main pillar of this comparative study is the definition and evaluation of the two world-images or vocabularies of Davidson and Sellars: the scientific, or physical, and the manifest, or mental. The interpretation synthesizes the two authors’ approach to the theory of consciousness, not only by introducing the principle of the possibility of two types of thinking about the world, but also by the pragmatic gesture underlying the rationality found in it.

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HAZ İLKESİ BAĞLAMINDA; HEDONİZM, UTİLİTARİZM ve PRAGMATİZM

Author(s): Suna Merve ÖZER / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 55/2022

Human is the most complex and incomprehensible creature in the universe. Because human has many different characteristics. Human is an epistemological, metaphysical, ontological and moral subject due to his position in the universe. It has become a serious problem in the history of humanity, what the human being that is the subject of morality, puts at the source of morality and what he bases his actions on as the determinant. The first movement in history, which says that the source of morality is pleasure, is the hedonism movement that emerged in the ancient period. The hedonism movement has emerged over time as the idea of Utilitarism and Pragmatism.

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ЛОГІЧНА СУТНІСТЬ АБДУКЦІЇ ЯК МЕТОДУ ПОБУДОВИ ВЕРСІЙ

Author(s): Olena Petrivna Nevelska-Hordieieva,Sofiya Dmitrievna Karnayshenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2022

The article is devoted to the study of the main points of abduction. Pierce’s abduction is tried to be interpreted as a logical reasoning, which is responsible for creating explanatory hypotheses. Abduction – the search for a single factor that explains the causal phenomenon. the process of abduction consists of three stages: result – cause – explanation. Analysis of works of art shows that a number of considerations that have traditionally been considered deductive are abductions. Abduction is not used enough, as it remains unknown to both practitioners and scientists.

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Wason Selection Task and a Semantics Based on State-descriptions

Author(s): Miguel López-Astorga / Language(s): English Issue: 101/2022

Peter Wason provided his four-card selection task over five decades ago. It keeps causing difficulties from both the linguistic, the psychological, and the cognitive point of view. Many psychology theories have been proposed in order to remove its problems. This paper tries to offer one more possible account. That account is based on the method of extension and intension presented by Rudolf Carnap. Hence, it resorts to the concept of state-description. The basic ideas of the argumentation are two: 1) people might tend to consider state-descriptions when processing information, and 2) if conditionals are not expressed with a clear contextual framework, they might be interpreted as biconditionals.

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DE L’INTERMÉDIAIRE DANS LA PHILOSOPHIE DE L’ESPACE : PRÉCARITÉ, CRÉATION, LIBERTÉ

Author(s): Ciprian Mihali / Language(s): French Issue: 3/2022

“The Intermediary” in the Philosophy of Space: Precariousness, Creation, Freedom. The reflection proposed by this text is the result of a dialogue spread over several years between philosophers and geographers. The best common ground between each other – in the right middle of the road – is undoubtedly the concept of the “intermediary”, which describes, negatively or affirmatively, the future of our physical, social, conceptual spaces and which speaks to us about discontinuity, hybridization, flow, contiguity, but also vulnerability, counterpowers and freedom. We wanted to show that far from being a concept of the residual, the unassimilable, the incomprehensible or even the irrational, the intermediary is the place of hospitality, the open work of alternative creativity, resistance, or affirmation of those who, excluded from dominant discourses, claim a right to speak and freely participate in social life.

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