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Hume on the Limits of Reason in the Realm of the Practical: Some Aristotelian Observations

Author(s): Marián Kuna / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2007

This essay examines critically the impact of Hume’s conception of reason on ethics. In Hume’s empirical ethics, the role traditionally attributed to reason is played by sentiment. Hume’s conception of reason and its ethical implications are presented and possible objections to the limits he imposed on the role of reason in ethics are indicated. This analysis relies on Aristotelian arguments, and suggests that reason seems to play a more significant role in human action than Hume claimed. The paper concludes that showing Hume's restrictions on reason in human action as incorrect remains a genuine possibility.

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KRÁTKÉ A STRUČNÉ VYJÁDŘENÍ KE KRITICKÉMU POSOUZENÍ EDICE ČESKÉHO PŘEKLADU RANÉHO SPINOZOVA SPISU RENÉ DESCARTA PRINCIPY FILOSOFIE

Author(s): Martin Hemelík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2006

Ve druhém čísle XIII. ročníku časopisu Organon F vyšla recenze mého překladu Spinozova raného spisu René Descarta Principy filosofie vydaného v bilingvní podobě nakladatelstvím Filosofia v Praze v roce 2004. Autorem kritického posouzení této publikace je Jan Palkoska.1 Vzhledem k tomu, že celá recenze je nasměrována tak, aby jednoznačně ukázala, že výše uvedená edice českého překladu Spinozova spisu je zcela nevyhovující a je nutné ji považovat za naprostý nezdar (ba úplné fiasko), dovoluji si využít vstřícnosti redakce časopisu Organon F a podávám na jeho stránkách velmi krátké a stručné vyjádření k celé věci.

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Garrett Thomson: Locke

Author(s): Miloš Dokulil / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2006

Review of: Garrett Thomson: Locke, Přeložil Marián Zouhar. Vydavateľstvo PT, Bratislava 2004, 112 s.

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Antonio R. Damasio, Descartesův omyl

Author(s): Mária Strelková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2002

Review of: Antonio R. Damasio, Descartesův omyl, Mladá Fronta, Praha 2000. 259 s.

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CAUSATION AND THE EPISTEMIC STATUS OF MEMORY: REFLECTIONS ON HUME’S DENIAL OF NECESSARY CONNECTIONS BETWEEN A CAUSE AND ITS EFFECT

Author(s): Aloba Faniran Benjamin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This paper examines the metaphysical problem of causation with particular reference to Hume’s denial of necessary connection between a cause and its effect. It argues that Hume’s arguments for his denial of necessary connection between a cause and its effect relies on memory as a reliable medium of knowledge. It concludes that given the metaphysical problem of memory traces and the epistemic status of memory belief, it is doubtful whether Hume’s position can be defended consistently.

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KANTOVSKI OBRT U SAVREMENOJ FILOZOFIJI NAUKE

Author(s): Svetozar Sinđelić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2010

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, to answer the question is it possible to speak about some kind of Kantian turn in the transition from the traditional philosophy of science to the contemporary one. Second, and more important, to describe the main points of the new philosophy of science just through the discussion of above question. The author is of the opinion that it is possible to speak about Kantian turn in the new philosophy of science (the philosophy which underlines the role of an a priori and conventional conceptual framework), but he also indicates certain important differences between Kantian original position and the new philosophy of science.

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SKEPTIČKI FIDEIZAM U HJUMOVIM DIJALOZIMA O PRIRODNOJ RELIGIJI

Author(s): Mašan Bogdanovski / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2006

Despite the fact that Hume is rightfully considered to be an antireligious writer, the concluding Filo's speech in the Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion contains one of the most striking proclamations of Christian fideism in the history of religious thought. In this paper, by investigating Hume's account of the relationship between religious faith and Pyrrhonism, and the principal affinities between fideism and philosophical skepticism, I attempt to explain how could this happen. Hume's personal standpoint, which is different than Filo's, may be reconstructed by careful examination of the so called parity argument.

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Problem apstraktnih ideja

Author(s): Una Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 41/2024

This paper is about the problem of abstract ideas, which is one of the key notions and issues of classic British empiricism. I will analyze the problem of abstract ideas following its development from its basic conception, given by Locke, through Berkeley’s critique of Locke and concluding with Hume’s refinement of Berkeley’s thesis that abstract ideas do not exist. The focus of my analysis will be the way in which the mind acquires abstract ideas, i.e. the nature of abstraction, as well as the issue of character and function of ideas considered to be abstract. Finally, my aim is to show that the problem of abstract ideas is an immanent field of development of classical empiricist thought, in its search to give an empiricist account of the use of reason.

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Negativni brojevi i Kantovo pretkritičko razumijevanje matematike

Author(s): Goran Rujević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/173/2024

In the early history of mathematics, we can find at least three different types of interpretations of negative numbers: (1) the rejecting type, which considers negative numbers as indicators of errors in reasoning; (2) the computational type, which considers negative numbers only as useful computational tools; and (3) physicalist type, which gives realist interpretations of negative numbers such as opposed physical forces. By comparing these types with Immanuel Kant’s (1724–1804) ideas found in his pre-critical text Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes into Philosophy (1763), we conclude that Kant espoused the physicalist interpretation of negative numbers. This insight enables us to conclude that pre-critical Kant followed not only Newton’s understanding of the natural world but his understanding of mathematics as well.

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Korisna besmrtnost duše

Author(s): Predrag Finci / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/173/2024

Immanuel Kant discusses the problem of the soul in different ways in all of his Critiques. In his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant points out the limits of the soul in the subject’s understanding. In Critique of Practical Reason, the concept of the soul assists in the regulation of moral issues, and in the Critique of Judgement Kant sees the soul as a creative faculty and the power of the subject which is a force for good if it is used with moderation. The emphasis of the paper is on Kant’s understanding of “the immortal soul” found in the second Critique as a necessary assistance in the appreciation of the moral law.

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A kritika metaforája és a metafora kritikája. Jean-Jacques Rousseau művészetfelfogása és kultúrkritikája

Author(s): Mónika Rancz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2024

What does the art critic claim? Plato, in The Republic, refers to the obscure and imprecise resemblance of works, while Rousseau appeals to immorality. What does the critic do? He tries to avoid the object of criticism, but perhaps does not entirely succeed. In my study, I attempt to interpret Rousseau’s understanding of art and culture through metaphors, aiming to capture the author within these very figurative expressions. I analyze the critique to which Voltaire himself responded with an image: „Never has anyone written so cleverly about our own ignorance. Reading his book makes one want to walk on all fours.”

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ACQUISITION DE LA VERTU ET ÉDUCATION DE LA RAISON. KANT ET CRUSIUS SUR LA PHILOSOPHIE MORALE

Author(s): Tinca Prunea Bretonnet / Language(s): French Issue: 15/2015

This article aims to explore the influence of Ch. A. Crusius's thought on Kant's practical philosophy. Starting from the concept of common reason and sharing the conviction that virtue can and should be taught, both authors develop an ethical doctrine in which practical reason explicitly takes precedence over theoretical reason, and the acquisition of virtue is considered the ultimate goal of human life. Kant became acquainted with Crusius's moral philosophy at an early stage, particularly through the work Instruction for a Reasonable Life, which played a crucial role in shaping his own conception, both in his pre-critical period and after 1781. To better define this intellectual connection, we have chosen the question of moral education as a guiding thread, as it highlights the commonalities, affinities, and irreducible differences between the two thinkers.

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Daniel SMYTH (2024) Intuition in Kant: The Boundlesness of Sense

Author(s): Omar Mahmutović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 17/2024

Review of: Daniel Smyth (2024): Intuition in Kant: The Boundlesness of Sense (Cambridge University Press, 274 str.)

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Form as Concept. Goethe’s Morphological Thought

Author(s): Márcio Suzuki / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

After a brief historical reconstruction, the article shows how Buffon’s Natural History was crucial both for Kant’s understanding of nature and for Goethe’s works on the natural sciences. It conceptually compares Kant’s teleological conception with Goethe’s anti-finalist vision of Nature, and concludes with some remarks on the philosophical topicality of Goethe’s morphology.

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Exploring the Visible. Words and Images in Goethe’s Naturfreundschaft

Author(s): Alberto Merzari / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The paper explores Goethe’s unique approach to the question of expression and expressibility, presenting it as a key element to understand the relation between his literary and his scientific vocation. Section 1 sets Goethe’s Sprachkritik in its context by briefly outlining some arguments on the limit of expression raised in his time (Herder, Lichtenberg, Hamann). Section 2 then shifts the focus to Goethe. It is argued that – akin to many of his contemporaries, but for partially different reasons – he neither fully distrusts nor completely relies on the power of words and images. Provided that expression refrains from deliberately moving away from or suffocating its objects, Goethe rather views the unavoidable simplification of the visual experience that it produces as a potential instrument of intensification of experience itself. Finally, section 3 takes into account the interplay between words and images as different expressive media. From Goethe’s perspective, images are closer to singularity but poorer in conveying the temporal dimension, whereas words can provide images with a temporal dimension but need images to overcome their tension to universality. In the end, just like visual experience and expression as a whole, so can words and images be seen as linked in a polarity, both potentially collaborating into a singular (infinite) expressive effort.

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The Meaning of “Appearance” in Kant and Goethe

Author(s): Claudiu Baciu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Both for Kant and for Goethe, man lives in a phenomenal world. However, the meaning of “appearance” or “phenomenon” differs, which also entails different worldviews. For Kant, appearance ultimately has a mathematical structure, whereas, for Goethe, it has a symbolic nature. The following paper explores the reasons why these two thinkers see this topic so differently despite their apparent accord concerning phenomenality.

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The Philosophical Significance of Goethe’s Farbenlehre for Hegel

Author(s): Anton Kabeshkin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In this paper, I discuss Hegel’s reception of Goethe’s theory of colors and attempt to shed light on its philosophical significance for Hegel. I start with an overview of the central themes and concepts in Goethe’s theory, focusing in particular on primordial phenomena, polarity, intensification, complementarity of colors, and Goethe’s anti-reductionism. I then argue that it is especially the principle of polarity, as well as Goethe’s anti-reductionism about the domain of color phenomena, that were attractive for Hegel and played the most significant role in his discussion of Goethe’s theory. Finally, I argue that Hegel’s interest in polarity is connected with his view that this principle anticipates, in a sensuous and not fully adequate way, his own account of the concept as the fundamental structure of reality.

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The Myth of Rationality and the Dualistic Concept of Knowledge on the Example of the Formation of the Concept of Information Literacy

Author(s): Michal Černý / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

This study analyses the approaches discursively applied in conceptualising information literacy in modern society on the model of two ideal pure types – Enlightenment and Neo-Romanticism. The study places these approaches at the core of contemporary society as competing and complementary approaches. It analytically reviews each historical approach and analyses its influence on the formation of educational theories using information literacy as a model. The hypothesis is that if the conceptualisation of the new is not to remain unsatisfactory and problematic, it will be necessary to find a way to overcome the incompleteness of modernity and abandon efforts to renew both the Enlightenment and Neo-Romanticism.

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The First Age of Logic in Lithuania: Propositio as Such and the Necessary Propositions

Author(s): Vytis Valatka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

This article continues the series of publications dedicated to the scholastic logic in Lithuania in the 16th century, i.e. the first century of logic in Lithuania. The author of the article focuses on the explanation of the second operation of human intellect, that is, proposition or judgement (propositio sive judicium). The article comes to the conclusion that Lithuanian scholiasts adhered to the traditional Aristotelian-scholastic definition of a proposition. Namely, the proposition was defined as a true or false sentence. In the same traditional way, opposition, equivalence (aequipollentia) and conversion were considered the main properties (propria) of the intellect’s second operation. One more conclusion is that Lithuanian logicians of the 16th century traditionally regarded necessary, or always true, propositions as the main elements of scientific knowledge (scientia). Nevertheless, while analysing terms of the necessary proposition, they presented an approach certainly close to modern logic. More concretely, both the subject and the predicate of the necessary proposition were considered not to require their actual existence in the real world.

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Rațiune și pasiune în etica lui Hume

Author(s): Emanuel Florescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5/2024

Morality is a philosophical area in which David Hume developed a distinctive but controversial vision. Unlike the traditional ethical paradigm, which postulates the hegemony of reason in the production of the moral act, the Humean view gives preeminence to feelings and passions in determining moral distinctions. Therefore, moral conflict occurs only between different or contrary passions, not between passions and reason, since reason is and ought only to be the slave of the passions. But this famous Humean expression does not exclude the involvement of reason in ethics, nor does it grant reason only a subordinate role in its relation to the passions. This study supports the hypothesis that reason is indispensable in Humean ethics and that the relation between reason and passions is mainly one of collaboration, not opposition. Moreover, according to Hume, the difference between man and animals regarding the sense of morality is made rather by reason, which is the privilege of man alone, than by feelings and passions, which are also common to animals.

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