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Caracterul substanțialist al „lucrului în sine” kantian

Caracterul substanțialist al „lucrului în sine” kantian

Author(s): Claudiu Baciu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2023

Interpreters have always had difficulties dealing with the Kantian concept of the “thing in itself”. These difficulties derive from their intention to approach it based on the German philosopher’s statement that categories can be properly used only within the framework of human experience. But Kant also acknowledges the possibility of using the categories beyond this experience, indeed, simultaneously emphasizing that, thus, we do not acquire any real knowledge. However, this is not simply an acknowledgment of an intellectual possible mental play but also an indication of what he does throughout his critical philosophy; namely, he constantly operates with the “logical use” of categories. Our assumption is that the concept of the “thing in itself” belongs to the toolkit of this “logical use” of categories and expresses a substantialist trace in Kant’s philosophy.

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Newtono matematikos poveikio atsklaida Rousseau filosofijos tyrimuos

Newtono matematikos poveikio atsklaida Rousseau filosofijos tyrimuos

Author(s): Vygandas Aleksandravičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 118/2024

Many stereotypical clichés hinder the study of the connections between Rousseau's and Newton's work. These are the beliefs that Rousseau was an enemy of science, and that Newton was exclusively concerned with scientific research, pushing it along the path of positivist progress, and that he had nothing to do with philosophy or religious pursuits. There is some stereotypical truth in these stereotypes, but what is lacking is a deeper understanding of these authors, which is a prerequisite for understanding and appreciating their interaction and its implications. It could have been, and still is, significant. A fresh and more attentive look at Rousseau and Newton, which is increasingly characteristic of recent studies of their work, reveals many things where they are fundamentally linked. The mathematical instrumentalization of knowledge of nature - which was Newton's main proposal in his epoch-making Principia Mathematica - opens a philosophical perspective that Rousseau, who knew mathematics, should not have overlooked. He also studied the mathematics of Newton's Arithmetica Universalis (1707).

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The Science of Logic According to Diego Ortiz

The Science of Logic According to Diego Ortiz

Author(s): Vytis Valatka / Language(s): English Issue: 118/2024

The article analyzes one of the most significant aspects of logical legacy of Diego Ortiz (Jacob Ortizius, 1564–1625), the professor of Vilnius University, also of Lublin, Poznan and Pultusk Jesuit Colleges. The article concentrates on the metalogical level included in Ortiz’s lectures on logic delivered in Poznan Jesuit College and Vilnius University. This level includes questions about the logic’s status, object and origin. The article concludes that, in explaining the status and object of logic, Ortiz became a participant of the scholastic controversy, siding with the Occamists in the first dispute and with the Thomists in the second. As for the origin of logic, Ortiz was faithful to the scholastic tradition that derived logic from the reflexive human experience. Ortiz also proclaimed Aristotle as the first and final creator of logic, by asserting that everything that was invented and written in logic after Aristotle could be easily derived from what magister dixit.

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The ontology of dynamic reality

The ontology of dynamic reality

Author(s): Nelia Titova / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2023

The article presents a vision of the ontology of dynamic reality. Changes in the approach from Aristotle to Alfred North Whitehead are analysed. It is shown how Whitehead’s ontology of change emerged from John Locke’s ontology of substance.

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Wątki tomistyczne w filozofii Józefa Gołuchowskiego

Wątki tomistyczne w filozofii Józefa Gołuchowskiego

Author(s): Tomasz Łukasz Stanowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2023

The article makes a controversial attempt to find Thomistic threads in the philosophy of the Polish pre-romanticist and Schellingianist Józef Gołuchowski (1797–1858). From an idealistic perspective, his metaphysics is in no way compatible with Aquinas’ thought. Therefore, it is surprising, considering that it is from metaphysics that Gołuchowski derives his entire system, that in ethical or socio-political issues, it is so consistent with Saint. Thomas Aquinas. The article first shows the controversy related to the above research, which is further intensified by the conflict at the level of idealistic and realistic systems. Gołuchowski’s early and youthful education was presented in order to demonstrate possible contacts with Thomism as a way of shaping youth or as a possible element of education. Finally, five questions were identified, based on which the analysis of Thomistic threads in his thought began. These were: (1) are there real ethical principles? (2) Is society an organism or an aggregate of entities? (3) Is there hierarchy or egalitarianism in the social world? (4) Does tradition bind the authorities, the legislator, the member of society? (5) Does religion have its place in life?

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Gesture, Language and Affect: Rousseau, Condillac and Their Relevance for Linguistic Research Today

Gesture, Language and Affect: Rousseau, Condillac and Their Relevance for Linguistic Research Today

Author(s): Josef Fulka / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2014

The aim of the present text is to consider 18th century language genealogies, as pro posed by Rousseau and Condillac, in relation to the question of gesture and affectivity. For it seems that a certain form of affect – need in Condillac, passion in Rousseau – comes to play a central role in the speculations concerning the possible origin of human communication whose nature is invariably considered to be gestural as well as vocal. Our aim will be to show that the insights both thinkers present on the subject corresponds, quite remarkably, with certain findings of modern linguistics and psychology. It is, of course, impossible to treat the issue in all its complexity; all that we will attempt to do is concentrate on certain significant passages and pinpoint what we consider to be the most remarkable arguments.

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Evangelická láska. Bůh, člověk a ctnostné mravy mezi tradicí a osvícenstvím

Evangelická láska. Bůh, člověk a ctnostné mravy mezi tradicí a osvícenstvím

Author(s): Sixtus Bolom‑Kotari / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2014

This paper considers various approaches to love and morality in Protestant society in the late 18th century, as illustrated in Czech language religious and educational literature (Korunka, aneb Wjnek Pannenský wssechněm pobožným a sslechetným Pannám toho Gazyku užjwagjcým, Litomyšl 1784; Kazatel Domovnj, Brno 1783). Our focus is on divine love, man’s love of God, marital love, paren tal and filial love, and definitions of immorality. We also examine some contemporary reactions to re ligious and educational writings in the memoirs of one of their readers, the rural preacher and Bible scholar Tomáš Juren (1750–1829), as well as the differences between the Christian confessions in their attitude to the emotions.

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Mogens Lærke (ed.), The Use of Censorship in the Enlightenment

Mogens Lærke (ed.), The Use of Censorship in the Enlightenment

Author(s): Josef Táborský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2011

Review of: Mogens LÆRKE (ed.),The use of censorship in the Enlightenment. Leiden: Brill, 2009. x, 203 p. Brill's studies in intellectual history v. 175. ISBN 978-90-04-17558-7.

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Tzvetan Todorov, L’Esprit des Lumières

Tzvetan Todorov, L’Esprit des Lumières

Author(s): Tomáš Dufka / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2011

Review of: Tzvetan TODOROV, L’Esprit des Lumières, Paris: Robert Laffont 2006, 132 p.

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Nietzsche, Nihilism and the Crisis of Piety

Nietzsche, Nihilism and the Crisis of Piety

Author(s): Kyle Pooley / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This essay aims to provide another perspective on how the problem of nihilism operates within Nietzsche’s works by reading him against the thought of Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, one of the first philosophers to introduce the classical modern sense of nihilism. Since Nietzsche makes no mention of Jacobi, this essay reads Nietzsche’s analysis of nihilism as a silent reply to the founding problem of nihilism as Jacobi conceived it, namely the crisis of piety, and against the historical backdrop from which Nietzsche first truly encountered nihilism as a phenomenon, namely the 1881 assassination of Russian Tsar Alexander II. This essay will, additionally, briefly outline the various sources (historical, literary) Nietzsche had access to and contributed to his knowledge of nihilism.

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Spinoza on Envy and the Problem of Intolerance

Spinoza on Envy and the Problem of Intolerance

Author(s): Keith Green / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

In this paper, I examine Spinoza’s account of envy (invidia) with specific attention to his con-sistent remarks about envy in the context of “superstition” — how “superstition” amplifies envy as an affect, that along with fear and ambition, motivates intolerance. Spinoza counterposes his methodological commitment to view the affects, on a “geometric” model, to Aristotelian and scholastic accounts, and to Descartes’ Passions of the Soul. But they inform his account of the relationship between envy, esteem (gloria), pride (superbia), self-depreciation (abjection), and ambition (ambitio). Spinoza argues that envy just is a form of hate, it encompasses both sadness at another’s good, but joy at others’ misfortune, and he regards it as evil, even though he refuses to describe it as a vice. Within his methodological framework, it is a consciousness of weakness with an idea of others’ good as the cause. This accounts for its amplification by “superstition”, and its role in motivating ambition and intolerance. I focus, in particular, on the implications of Spinoza’s discussion for tolerance of moral disagreement and difference.

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Moral Perfection and Freedom in the Philosophy of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury

Moral Perfection and Freedom in the Philosophy of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury

Author(s): Adam Grzeliński / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

In the article, I analyze the significance of moral disposition and freedom concepts in the philosophy of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713), and their connec-tion to the issues of personal identity and aesthetic experience. I point out that personal identity and freedom are not inherently given to a person but rather the goal of personality development. In this way, I compliment the interpretation presented by Laurent Jaffro and Ruth Boeker, indicating that the moral rigour characteristic of the Stoic stance is mitigated in Shaftesbury’s view by the belief in the sympathy that connects people and the importance he attaches to the experience of beauty. Shaftesbury thus understands freedom as the result of self-improvement and internal teleological determination of the person, as well as political freedom, which is the outcome of free public debate. The postulate of social and political liberty links Shaftesbury with freethinkers such as John Toland and Anthony Collins.

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A Story of Three Fables: Mandeville, Montesquieu, and Spinoza on the Development of Secular Morality

A Story of Three Fables: Mandeville, Montesquieu, and Spinoza on the Development of Secular Morality

Author(s): MATTHEW J. KISNER / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

With the development of secular moral philosophy in the seventeenth century, moral philoso-phers began to explain morality as originating not in God’s plan but rather in nature, often in human ends and planning. A central challenge for this view was explaining how natural or human moral standards derive legitimacy and authority. In early modern moral philosophy, these issues played out dramatically in the genre of moral genealogy, which often took the form of fables. This paper examines how three fables addressed these issues: Mandeville’s fable of the bees, Montesquieu’s fable of the Troglodytes, and Spinoza’s “fable” about the origin of moral concepts from artifacts. This examination will show that secular or secular-leaning early modern moral philosophy pursued two general strategies for explaining the natural origins of morality and, consequently, its legitimacy and authority.

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The Role of Toleration in Spinoza’s Epistemic Democracy

The Role of Toleration in Spinoza’s Epistemic Democracy

Author(s): Andre Santos Campos / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise (TTP) contains two main arguments for toleration, one theological, the other political. In light of the latter, the capacity for judging is embedded in each individual’s power and cannot be overcome or dismissed. The individual, not the state, is the subject par excellence of judgment concerning the true and the good. In the Political Treatise (TP), howev-er, multiplicity takes centre stage. The multitude, a concept that Spinoza had seldom used until then, appears to emphasise that the more powerful individuals become with others, the more likely they are to avoid error in judgment. Does this contrast mean that the TP’s argument from multiplicity undermines the TTP’s political argument for toleration? In this paper, I demonstrate that the strain under which the political argument for toleration seems to be due to the TP’s emphasis on the epis-temic competencies of the many is only apparent. To achieve this, I show that Spinoza, under Machi-avelli’s influence, endorses a particular form of epistemic democracy, which in turn requires both multiplicity and diversity. The upshot is that we find a third argument for toleration in the TP em-bedded in the argument from epistemic democracy.

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On Freedom in Hobbes's Philosophy

On Freedom in Hobbes's Philosophy

Author(s): Krzysztof Wawrzonkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This article aims to present Thomas Hobbes’s views on freedom. I discuss how the philoso-pher understands freedom and the realm of human actions within which, according to him, it can manifest. In this context, I reconstruct both the state of nature, in which humans lived in less socialized times, and the state of polity, within which they have functioned since creating that artificial body known as the state. Hobbes’s reference to the Latin terms jus and lege, meaning right and law and their consistent application in the philosopher’s subsequent writings facilitates a more precise definition of the scope of human freedom and explains the differences in this matter between the subject and the sovereign. Ultimately, it is this relationship, subject–sovereign, that proves central to a clear and complete understanding of the issue of freedom. Therefore, I devote relatively the most space in the article to its discussion.

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Kant’s Critique of Political Reason

Kant’s Critique of Political Reason

Author(s): Aleksander Bobko / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Although considerations regarding the political sphere do not occupy much space within Im-manuel Kant’s system, the influence of his concepts on our contemporary critical thinking is enormous. The coherence of Kant’s political concept also remains a problem, where the highest good to be achieved by humanity is eternal peace, within the entirety of critical philosophy. In this article, I attempt to show that such a connection exists, and the vision of political order can be interpreted as the highest form of realization of rationality, whose source is reason. The reali-zation of such a goal can only be thought of hypothetically, but most surprisingly, it is condi-tioned on the assumption of the existence of God as the creator of a universal community of people of good will.

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THE ILLIBERAL FOUNDING OF MODERN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONTEMPORARY STUDY OF POLITICS

Author(s): Peter Rožić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

What philosopher should be conferred the prestigious title of the founder of modern political science? This article claims that Thomas Hobbes most deserves to be called the founding father of the modern scientific discipline tasked with the study of politics, state and government. Disapproving of its ancient founder, Aristotle, the discipline begins anew with a combination of arguments from Machiavelli and Hobbes. More precisely, modern political science is founded on the Hobbesian correction of Machiavelli as Hobbes not only focuses on the separation of morals and science, by relying on an illiberal conception of human nature, but also radically redefines science as such. This paradigmatic shift has in turn subverted the discipline. The legacies of Hobbesian scientific revolution have provided contemporary political science with a justification for its fascination with order and metrics. Denying the intrinsic value of the normative nature of political realities, a coherent conception of politics and, consequently, a coherent conception of the purpose of the study of politics remain incomplete and illiberal.

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FRANCISKO SUAREZ O PREDMETU METAFIZIKE

Author(s): Predrag Milidrag / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2013

For Suárez, the object of the metaphysics is being insofar as it is real being (ens reale). In order to explain this, the author analyzes Suárez’s notions of formal and objective concept (conceptus formalis, conceptus objectivus). Suárez finds that the primary feature of the objective concept of being is its unity; nevertheless that does not imply the univocal concept of being because the objective concept of being is applied on its instances on diverse ways. When considering what is being (ens), Suárez makes the difference between being taken as a noun and being taken as a participle. The later one signifies everything actually existing; being as a noun signifies everything which have the real essence (essentia realis), with actual existence or without it. The real essence he defines as something that is not repugnant to actual existence and which is not a figment of mind. The objective concept of being is a result of precisive abstraction and encompass all real essences, actual as well as non-actual. As such, for Suárez, it is the object of the metaphysics as a science.

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RELATIVIZAM I RELACIONIZAM PRILOG ANALIZI ONTOLOŠKOG UTEMELJENJA VREDNOSTI

Author(s): Iva Draškić Vićanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2013

The paper is an investigation on one of the key philosophical problems – value foundation problem – in axiological area of the Enlightenment philosophy. Dominant value foundation principle until 18. century was objectivist, that is to say thesis that the essence of value posseses objective reality had been primarily claimed. By this claim philosophers (from Plato to Lord Shaftesbury) confronted both gnoseological and axiological relativism and had tried to save the essence of value. In this text author analyzes the way that principle transformed into it’s contrast, into subjective reality principle and the way Enligtenment thinkers tried to save the essence of value, despite subjective value foundation, defending subjective reality as ontological value foundation, both from gnoseological and axiological relativism.

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BOJLOVA KORPUSKULARNA TEORIJA I UVOĐENJE DISTINKCIJE IZMEĐU PRIMARNIH I SEKUNDARNIH KVALITETA

Author(s): Mašan Bogdanovski / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2012

The distinction between primary and secondary qualities was not only motivated by the epistemological consequences of the corpuscular hypothesis. The way Boyle introduced the distinction for the first time in its modern sense had been largely determined by the details of his corpuscular theory of matter. This paper examines Boyle’s justification for his inferences from observables to unobservables, and the way methodological backgrounds of his arguments shaped the character of the distinction.

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