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„Aż do najmniejszej kropki”: o prawie i biurokracji filomatów

Author(s): Agata Sikora / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

In this article Sikora examines what role the writing down of the law played for the Philomath Society. She focuses on the process of formulating the law and the norms regulating communication within the group. Basing her analysis on their correspondence, protocols, successive drafts of the law, etc., Sikora suggests that the behavioural formalization constituting the Vilnius students’ secret organization was accomplished principally through a regulation of writing practices. The very process of formulating the law aimed at creating a bureaucratic disciplinal system that would guarantee the founders’ influence. Exploring the contradiction between the Society’s declared values their accepted protocol of communication, Sikora also asks in how far members would have internalized the ambivalence of their protocol.

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Polityka głosu

Author(s): Mladen Dolar / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2015

For Dolar, voice represents the primordial or animal aspect of the human being, zōē, or naked life. Speech, meanwhile, is understood as voice endowed with meaning. Considering the problem of voice, Dolar argues that zōē rubs against bios, i.e. political and social life. Zōē manifests itself in many areas of life; the primordial voice appears in contexts such as justice, education or religion. It also represents an integral attribute of rulers and dictators, who use their voice to create laws, or who enforce those laws into life. Voice is indispensable for logos and the written word. Therefore it is inexorably linked with social life; it exists between naked life and social life, between sound and speech.

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ПРОБЛЕМА БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ И РЕФОРМЫ АРМИИ ДЕМОКРАТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КОНГО

Author(s): Galina M. Sidorova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3 (2)/2013

The article deals with the security issues and the related army reform in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). We focus on the continuing armed conflicts in the east of the DRC, destabilizing the situation in the region. We analyze the facts of human rights violation and the factors impeding the creation of the national army in the country. We also cover the problem of the DRC military cooperation with a number of other countries. The analysis enables us to broaden the understanding of the origin of armed conflicts in subtropical Africa and to define the specific features of the DRC military forces. We make a conclusion that the army reform in the DRC is a complicated process, which will demand great efforts and determined decisions of the DRC authorities. However, due to the lack of financing and professional personnel, these problems remain so far unsolvable.

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ОБЪЕКТ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ НЕОКАЗАНИЯ ПОМОЩИ БОЛЬНОМУ ПО УГОЛОВНОМУ ПРАВУ РОССИИ

Author(s): Liliya Maksutovna Nazmutdinova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2013

The article analyzes the elements of a crime that provides for the responsibility for the failure to assist a sick person. Based on the analysis of the current criminal law and the existing scientific data, we present our own vision of the problem. We propose making changes to Article 124 of the Criminal Law of the Russian Federation, i.e., it is recommended to define the nature of medical assistance and to add a note where necessary that specifies the concepts of medical assistance and medical workers.

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Smurto prieš moteris prevencija: nacionalinės teisės spragos

Author(s): Laima Vaigė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2016

The paper focuses on the gaps in national law in preventing repetitive violence and adopting a general strategy for the prevention of violence against women. The national legislation of the Republic of Lithuania is evaluated in relation to international law in the area of gender-based and domestic violence. Notably, Lithuania is a party to the corresponding international documents in this area. However, the national legislation at the level of laws and regulations lacks links with international law and relevant documents. The basic preventive measures are very broad and are not targeted at the elimination of violence against women; instead, they seek to decrease the numbers of crimes in the area of domestic violence. The most relevant sectors for prevention, i.e. the health care sector and the education sector, are not involved. The objectives of prevention are not placed within the gender equality paradigm, and violence against women is not seen as being connected with stereotypes and discrimination. In addition, gaps are identified in the prevention of repeated violence against women. The paper suggests that the system of protective orders should be reformed so that protective orders are available to all victims of violence and not limited to domestic violence victims. Both civil and criminal protection measures should exist, and they should be applicable to post-trial victims as well. It is also recommended that the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, which is the most thorough document on prevention, be ratified. Ratification would improve the weakest point in Lithuanian legislation on violence against women – the prevention of violence.

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Alison Young. Street Art, Public City: Law, Crime and the Urban Imagination. London: Routledge, 2014

Author(s): Ekaterina Riise / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

Review of: Ekaterina Riise - Alison Young. Street Art, Public City: Law, Crime and the Urban Imagination.London: Routledge, 2014. 177 pp. ISBN 978-0-415-53869-5.

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Verejný poriadok v meste Košice v období prvej svetovej vojny

Author(s): Ladislav Gergely / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2013

Management of city of Košice was after outbreak of World War I. exposed to the various types of challenges how to deal with war situation. It was necessary to improvise and adopt measures which were not applied in peace time. During the first phase of the war it was not going well for Austria-Hungary. The pressure of Russian Army upon eastern part of Austria-Hungary resulted in large number of refugees who were looking for shelter in Košice, from north-eastern counties and from region of Galicia. It was necessary to provide sufficient supplies of food and lodging for these people. Also it was needed to fulfill government requirements in regard to taking care of soldiers. A specific problem created upholding public order and security of civilians in Košice. It was no easy task, because war situation placed difficult and for peacetime unknown challenges for the magistrate. Paper is analyzing described issues and is devoted to solving individual aspects of described problems.

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Vplyv prisťahovalectva na etnické pomery stredovekých miest na Slovensku

Author(s): Miloš Marek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2013

Medieval towns were not an isolated island, but a living organism with intense interactions with its environment. From a demographic point of view they were dependent on the flow of people from beyond its walls. The town needed new people to its natural development and functioning. In the example of five Slovak towns (Bratislava, Trnava, Bardejov, Prešov, Košice), we have shown how immigration and immigrants contributed to their demographic picture. The main sources for exploring this question were the registers of new burghers and also the tax registers. These sources, however, do not register low-income inhabitants forming a significant part of the urban population. Therefore, on the basis of their analysis, we can not form a realistic picture of the immigration. German patriciate played a leading role in researched towns, what is reflected by the data coming from the registers of the burgher rights acceptance. They provide evidence that the burgher rights were granted mostly to the persons of German nationality (except Trnava). The regular trade contacts with foreign countries have led to the immigration of foreigners mostly of German origin. Location of the city and its surrounding neighborhood with different ethnicity played also its role.

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An Inquiry into the Everyday Life of Townspeople of Košice in the 16th Century

Author(s): Bernadeta Fabová / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

Košice represents an atypical European town in the 16th century. Unfortunately, due to numerous destructive events, relatively small number of documents has been preserved from this period. The testaments, which originated in particular period, were selected as the source for the reconstruction of everyday life. The primary aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing research on the townspeople of Košice in the 16th century. Secondly, the possible difficulties that might arise during the research of the topic are being listed. The final part of the paper contains specific examples of the life experience of the selected inhabitants of the town.

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Chief Judges and Urban Elite of Miskolc in the Turkish Era (1550 – 1700)

Author(s): Éva Gyulai / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

Market town Miskolc has gone into the possession of pledge holders in the Turkish Era who preserved its medieval character and were elected by the serf-burgers. The serf-burgers continued to elect the town’s self-administration i. e. the council and the chief judge, which started to keep permanent protocols (Towns’ Book) from 1565. Chief judges emerged from among the serf citizens of the town, no nobleman could hold this position, but from mid 17th century, only noblemen, what is more, landowners filled this function. In the 16th century, the urban elite consisted of rich serf-burgers, craftsmen and a small number of merchants, but there was also a small ’outsider’ noble elite attached to the castle and dominium of Diósgyőr. In the 17th century, there were significant changes in the town’s society and elite. An increasingly larger numbers of the citizens applied for nobility, and due to the Turkish wars, a lot of noble families also moved into the town from the countryside starting to form a new noble strong group in Miskolc.

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The Monarch and the Town. Princes and Kings Versus Kraków at the turn of the 13th and 14th Centuries

Author(s): Andrzej Marzec / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The paper researches the history of manifold political relations between the Kraków monarchs, the developing towns of Lesser Poland growing into an economically important position, the clergy, and in particular the powerful bishops, and the class of knights at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. In the history of Poland this is an important period of many and varied pressures in the struggle for power and both political and economic prevalence. In particular the paper focuses on the relations of four consecutive princes, Boleslaus the Shy, Leszek the Black, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, and Wladysław Łokietek with the town of Kraków, located by the first of them, and then developing under the royal privileges, until the rebellion of Albert and loss of the political and economic position under the last prince.

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ПРАВОВОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ КОМПЛЕКСНОГО УЧЕТА МНЕНИЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ПРИ ВЫРАБОТКЕ ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ

Author(s): Elmira Faatovna Nigmatullina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2015

The paper analyzes in detail the role of public hearings in drafting the law-governed social state as a whole and in formulating recommendations for the territorial building of municipalities in particular. The problems arising from considering comments and suggestions of citizens on drafts of the master plan, as well as their recommendations for land use and development of municipalities are studied. It is argued that procedural and administrative matters for holding public hearings of the adversary character should be introduced in the urban planning legislation.

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СМЕРТНАЯ КАЗНЬ – НАКАЗАНИЕ ИЛИ РАСПРАВА: О КОНЦЕПЦИИ ПРОФЕССОРА ИМПЕРАТОРСКОГО КАЗАНСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА А.А. ПИОНТКОВСКОГО

Author(s): Fedor Romanovich Sundurov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2015

The paper presents a detailed analysis of the views expressed by A.A. Piontkovskii (1862–1915), the professor of Imperial Kazan University, on death penalty as a form of criminal punishment. Attention is paid to various arguments for death penalty abolishment, which were laid out by A.A. Piontkovskii in his monograph “Death Penalty in Europe” (1908) and remain relevant in our contemporary world.

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ОГРАНИЧЕНИЕ КОНКУРЕНЦИИ: МЕЖОТРАСЛЕВЫЕ СВЯЗИ УГОЛОВНОГО ПРАВА И ИНЫХ ПРАВОВЫХ ОБРАЗОВАНИЙ

Author(s): Mikhail Yuryevich Chelyshev,Maria Vcheslavovna Talan,Andrey Valeryevich Mikhailov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2015

The paper discusses elements of a crime encroaching on the basics of free market, fair competition. The elements and features of this type of crime, as well as the practice of applying the above-stated norm, are analyzed. Current trends in the legal policy of foreign countries concerning the field of antitrust legislation are studied. The statistical data on accountability for crimes against competition in Russia are considered. Weaknesses are identified in the legal technique of criminal legislation regarding the relations associated with the activity of economic entities. The dependence of effective law enforcement for preventing, eliminating, and restricting competition on the commensurate and adequate correlation between the norms of civil, administrative, and criminal legislation is proved. The need to strengthen the cross-sectoral links of antitrust legislation is substantiated.

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From the “Judicialization of Politics” to the “Politicization of Justice” in the UK and Switzerland

Author(s): Lucia Della Torre / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Not very long ago, scholars saw it fit to name a new and quite widespread phenomenon they had observed developing over the years as the “judicialization” of politics, meaning by it the expanding control of the judiciary at the expenses of the other powers of the State. Things seem yet to have begun to change, especially in Migration Law. Generally, quite a marginal branch of the State's corpus iuris, this latter has already lent itself to different forms of experimentations which then, spilling over into other legislative disciplines, end up by becoming the new general rule. The new interaction between the judiciary and the executive in this specific field as it is unfolding in such countries as the UK and Switzerland may prove to be yet another example of these dynamics.

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ЖИЛИЩНОЕ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВО: ИСТОРИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ ОЧЕРК

Author(s): Valentina Dimitievna Ruzanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The paper deals with issues related to identification of the causes of formation of independent legal regulation of the housing relations in Russia, description of the development of housing legislation, and influence of the doctrine on this process. During the post-revolutionary period, the burden of solving the housing problem was taken by the state, which is reflected in the regulations. The normative material was then intensely accumulated and served as the basis for further codification of housing legislation. Originally, the legislator demonstrated a comprehensive approach to the regulation of housing relations. Subsequently, however, the focus shifted mostly to the normalization of tenancy agreements in the codification acts of civil legislation. After having been established in 1977, the constitutional right of citizens to housing became a prerequisite for housing legislation. Thus, the basics of housing legislation and the Housing Codes of the Union Republics developed. During the period of transition to market relations in the housing area, normative legal acts were published. They were intended for the adaptation of the institutions of the Soviet housing legislation to the recent political and socio-economic conditions that were in effect until the adoption of the new Housing Code. It is emphasized in the paper that the historically doctrinal research in this area has been always directed at finding the most appropriate legal regulation of housing relations. The conclusion is made that the modern housing legislation is a stable complex array of regulations, having the ability to adapt to the changing political and socio-economic conditions.

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МЕСТО ДОГОВОРА ПРОКАТА В СИСТЕМЕ ГРАЖДАНСКО-ПРАВОВЫХ ДОГОВОРОВ

Author(s): Guzel Firdinatovna Nagumanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The paper analyzes the place of hiring contracts in the system of civil law. The relevance of this problem is justified by the current situation in the system of civil law when the hiring contract can be concluded between economic entities and physical persons, thereby giving them identical legal status. We consider this situation as contradicting to the economic nature of relations between consumers. The aim of this research is to identify the correct place of hiring contracts in the system of civil law and, thus, to spot certain measures to be applied in order to ensure fulfillment of the liabilities of contractors, as well as to protect their rights. Attention is also paid to the specific rules of legal regulation of hiring contracts. The hiring contract is bilateral in its nature (since two sides take part in it), commutative (each side offers something to its partner), concensual (the contract is concluded when both sides reached their agreements), and public (the lessor cannot deny concluding a hiring contract if they possess the property to be rented). These properties of hiring contracts determine their consumer nature. The results obtained during the analysis allow making the following conclusions: the hiring contract should be exclusively consumer-oriented, being considered only as the contract between consumers and not providing any possibility to use a hiring property for entrepreneurial activities; the distinctive feature of the hiring contract is the impossibility of its prolongation, which ensures protection of the rights of consumers when the lessor aims to impose an extra period of rent.

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ХЬЮИ ПЕРСИ НЬЮТОН – ЛЕВЫЙ РАДИКАЛ И ОСНОВАТЕЛЬ ПАРТИИ «ЧЁРНЫЕ ПАНТЕРЫ»

Author(s): Oleg Vyacheslavovich Bodrov,Ramil Ilgizovich Akhmetshin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

The paper is devoted to the political biography and ideological views of H.P. Newton, who was an outstanding fighter for civil rights of African Americans, political thinker, human rights activist, and internationally recognized scholar. The aim of this paper is historical analysis of the phenomenon of the radical leftist current in the movement of African Americans for civil rights and liberties during the second half of the 20th century based on the research of the political views of H.P. Newton, the leader of the “Black Panthers” party. In order to achieve the set aim, the following tasks are solved: (1) to consider the reasons, conditions, and actualization of radical leftist currents in the African American movement for civil rights and liberties during the second half of the 20th century; (2) to reveal the occurrence, major historical and ideological events in the activity of African American radical leftists by the example of the “Black Panthers” party, as well as to show the role and place of the party in the social and political life of the USA; (3) to analyze the consequences of the development of radical currents in the African American movement for civil rights and liberties during the second half of the 20th century. The scientific novelty of the paper is that it, for the first time in the modern Russian historiography, provides a complex analysis of the phenomenon of leftist currents in the movement of African Americans for civil rights and liberties during the second half of the 20th century using the views of H.P. Newton, the leader of the “Black Panthers” party, as the example. For a long time, there was a stereotype of social and political life in the United States, according to which the “Black Panthers” party headed by H.P. Newton was a criminal terrorist organization. However, an alternative point of view based on newly emerging data from the declassified archives has recently gained strength in the US historiography. This paper is one of the first attempts in Russian historiography to give an objective and undistorted image of H.P. Newton as a representative of radical leftists in the movement of African Americans for civil rights during the second half of the 20th century.

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Prijedlog mjera za ravnopravnost lezbejki, gejeva, biseksualnih, transrodnih i interspolnih (LGBTI) osoba u Bosni i Hercegovini za period 2017.-2019. godine

Author(s): Vladana Vasić,Saša Gavrić,Emina Bošnjak / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/2016

Obaveza Bosne i Hercegovine i njenih entiteta, Republike Srpske i Federacije BiH, da izradi detaljan set mjera kojima će unaprijediti poštivanje i zaštitu ljudskih prava lezbejki, gej muškaraca, biseksualnih, transrodnih i interspolnih (LGBTI) osoba proizlazi iz njenih obaveza preuzetih potpisivanjem i ratificiranjem međunarodnih dokumenata, kao i iz članstva u međunarodnim organizacijama. Članstvo u Vijeću Evrope obavezuje je da provodi kako presude Evropskog suda za ljudska prava u Strazburu tako i preporuke koje Vijeće Evrope upućuje svojim državama članicama. Najznačajniji dokument u ovom pogledu svakako je Preporuka CM/Rec(2010)51 o mjerama za suzbijanje diskriminacije na osnovu seksualne orijentacije i rodnog identiteta koju je 31. marta 2010. godine na 1081. sastanku zamjenika ministara usvojio Odbor ministara_ica Vijeća Europe i uputio je državama članicama, a kojom se preporučuje vladama zemalja članica da: • ispitaju postojeće zakonske i ostale mjere, drže ih pod revizijom, i prikupljaju i analiziraju relevantne podatke u cilju praćenja i obeštećenja bilo koje direktne ili indirektne diskriminacije zasnovane na seksualnoj orijentaciji ili rodnom identitetu; • obezbijede usvajanje i efikasnu primjenu svih zakonodavnih i drugih mjera u borbi protiv diskriminacije zasnovane na seksualnoj orijentaciji ili rodnom identitetu kako bi se osiguralo poštovanje ljudskih prava lezbejki, gej, biseksualnih i transrodnih osoba, i promovirala tolerantnost prema njima; • osiguraju da žrtve diskriminacije budu upoznate sa pravom na efikasan pravni lijek kao i da imaju pristup državnim organima, i da mjere borbe protiv diskriminacije uključuju, gdje je potrebno, sankcije za povredu prava i adekvatnu nadoknadu žrtvama diskriminacije; • države članice treba da se u svojim zakonodavstvima, politikama i praksama rukovode principima i mjerama sadržanim u Dodatku ove Preporuke; • obezbijede odgovarajuća sredstva i akcije da se ova Preporuka, uključujući i Dodatak, prevedu i distribuiraju što je šire moguće. Ova Preporuka je prvi pravni dokument koji se na ovako detaljan način bavi diskriminacijom po ovim osnovama i koji pruža konkretne instrumente za njeno otklanjanje, te unapređenje stanja ljudskih prava i položaja LGBTI osoba u jednom društvu. Kao preporuka, ona nije pravno obavezujuća, ali se, kako je već navedeno, svaka mjera definirana njenim Dodatkom čvrsto zasniva na postojećim pravno obavezujućim međunarodnim i evropskim dokumentima vezanim za poštovanje ljudskih prava, koje BiH ima obavezu da provodi i poštuje, kao što su Evropska konvencija o ljudskim pravima i osnovnim slobodama, Evropska socijalna povelja, Međunarodna konvencija o pravima djeteta, Međunarodni pakt o građanskim i političkim pravima, Međunarodni pakt o ekonomskim, socijalnim i kulturnim pravima i drugi. Jasno je, dakle, da su država BiH, njeni entiteti Republika Srpska i Federacija BiH i Brčko distrikt BiH dužni da provode glavne elemente definirane ovom Preporukom i njenim Dodatkom. Dodatkom ove Preporuke definiraju se prioritetne oblasti, te mjere i aktivnosti koje trebaju biti poduzete u okviru svake od ovih sedam oblasti u cilju otklanjanja neravnopravnosti LGBT osoba u bosanskohercegovačkom društvu. Prioritetne oblasti definirane ovim Dodatkom podijeljene su u 11 poglavlja: I. Pravo na život, bezbjednost i zaštitu od nasilja (zločini iz mržnje i govor mržnje); II. Sloboda udruživanja; III. Sloboda izražavanja i mirnog okupljanja; IV. Pravo na poštivanje privatnog i porodičnog života; V. Zaposlenje; VI. Obrazovanje; VII. Zdravstvo; VIII. Stanovanje; IX. Sport; X. Pravo na azil; XI. Državne strukture za zaštitu ljudskih prava. Predložene mjere i aktivnosti su izvedene i definirane na osnovu navedenih principa, za BiH pravno obavezujućih evropskih i drugih međunarodnih instrumenata i detaljno razrađene u cilju adekvatnog provođenja pojedinačnih preporuka i što lakše primjene u državama članicama. Prijedlog mjera za ravnopravnost LGBTI osoba u BiH izrađen je u cilju unapređenja društvene i pravne ravnopravnosti LGBTI osoba u Bosni i Hercegovini, provođenja mjera definiranih ovom Preporukom, ali i dosljedne implementacije Zakona o ravnopravnosti spolova BiH i Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije BiH u pogledu otklanjanja diskriminacije na osnovi seksualne orijentacije, rodnog identiteta i spolnih karakteristika. Prijedlog mjera izrađen je za period od 2017. do 2019. godine i predstavlja prijedlog strateškog dokumenta koji sadrži strateške ciljeve, programe i mjere za ostvarivanje ravnopravnosti LGBTI osoba u svim oblastima društvenog života i rada, u javnoj i privatnoj sferi. Prijedlog mjera predstavlja paket aktivnosti koji bi trebao da se provede u skladu sa ustavnim nadležnostima u Bosni i Hercegovini, na nivou BiH, odnosno entitetskom, kantonalnom i lokalnom nivou, uključujući i Brčko distrikt BiH, uz poštovanje prava LGBTI osoba, te jasno definiranje obaveza i odgovornosti nadležnih institucija na svim nivoima vlasti.

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Godišnji izvještaj o stanju prava žena u Bosni i Hercegovini tokom 2013. godine

Author(s): Esther Garcia Fransioli / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2013

Žene u Bosni i Hercegovini se još uvijek suočavaju sa diskriminacijom i sa nejednakim mogućnostima pri pristupanju i ostvarivanju svojih prava u odnosu na muškarce. Formalno zakonodavstvo i javne politike koje se odnose na zaštitu prava žena u Bosni i Hercegovini znatno su se poboljšale tokom proteklih godina. Kreiran je Zakon o ravnopravnosti polova (2003. i 2009. godina sa usklađenom verzijom iz 2010. godine), te novi Gender akcioni plan (2013. - 2017.) na državnom nivou (usvojen u septembru 2013. godine); rodna kvota od 40% uvedena je u Izborni zakon BiH (april 2013.), a kreirane su i nove odredbe na entitetskim nivoima i javnim politikama za prevenciju i borbu protiv nasilja u porodici. Uz sve ovo, Bosna i Hercegovina je potpisala i ratificirala sve važnije međunarodne dokumente iz oblasti ljudskih prava žena, uključujući i Konvenciju Vijeća Evrope o prevenciji i borbi protiv nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u porodici (Istambulska konvencija) 2013. godine. Međutim, istinske promjene u praksi su veoma spore; žene ostaju bez mogućnosti uživanja ljudskih prava kako u privatnoj tako i u javnoj sferi, a dijalog i partnerstvo između vlade i nevladinih organizacija za unapređivanje i zaštitu ljudskih prava i dalje su daleko od zadovoljavajućeg. Prisutan je ozbiljan problem nejednakosti utemeljenih na rodu i diskriminacije žena pri pristupu tržištu rada koje se obično dešava u kombinaciji sa strukturalnim stereotipiziranjem i problemom neplaćenog rada koji neproporcionalno pogađaju žene. Trenutne strategije za zapošljavanje ne pristupaju ozbiljno pitanju učešća žena na tržištu rada tako da se ne dešava poboljšanje koje bi trebalo doprinijeti smanjenju siromaštva. Svi ovi faktori odražavaju se na veoma nizak broj zaposlenih žena u 2013. godini: samo oko jedne trećine (37,3%) zaposlenih su žene, što znači da se u 2013. nije desio značajan napredak u odnosu na prethodne godine. Također, činjenica da postoji dva puta više nezaposlenih žena sa univerzitetskom diplomom nego nezaposlenih muškaraca je alarmirajuća. Imajući u vidu činjenicu da su porodiljski dodaci regulirani drugačije u različitim dijelovima BiH, te da postoje mjesta gdje žene nemaju pristup porodiljskim dodacima ili dobivaju otkaze nakon što ostanu trudne, može se zaključiti da je situacija po pitanju prava roditelja također stagnirala tokom 2013. godine. U javnoj i političkoj sferi žene i dalje nisu dovoljno zastupljene; situacija je gora za žene koje pripadaju nekoj od grupa koje se suočavaju sa duplom diskriminacijom i koje su pod većim rizikom od socijalne isključenosti. Značajan problem se očituje u lošoj uvezanosti i nedostatku sistematizacije kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih informacija o ovim grupama žena (tj. nisu dostupni podaci o ženama sa posebnim potrebama). Također, alarmirajuće je to što tokom 2013. godine potrebe žena nisu specifič- no izražene pri reviziji mnogih postojećih akcionih planova za čije sprovođenje još uvijek ne postoji dovoljno novca (tj. Revidirani Akcioni plan Bosne i Hercegovine o obrazovnim potrebama Roma iz 2010. godine). Tokom 2013. godne u Izborni zakon Bosne i Hercegovine uvedena je rodna kvota od 40% učešća spola koji je manje prisutan u vladajućim strukturama, što označava povećanje u odnosu na prethodnih 33%. Imajući u vidu činjenicu da su trenutno žene nedovoljno zastupljene na svim političkim poljima, istinski napredak će biti moguće vidjeti samo ukoliko se navedeni zakon bude pravilno primjenjivao tokom izbora u 2014. godini. Inicijative koje su se desile tokom 2013. godine su: uspostavljen je Klub parlamentarki Predstavničkog doma Federacije (mart 2013.), nekoliko NVO-a kreirali su Žensku platformu za ustavne promjene i rodne perspektive, a potpisan je i prvi Memorandum o razumijevanju za nadgledanje sprovođenja Akcionog plana UN rezolucije 1325 (oktobar 2013.). Rezultati ovih inicijativa će biti praćeni tokom narednih nekoliko godina. Nasilje nad ženama i djevojčicama je i dalje ozbiljno pitanje u BiH. Za nadati se da će novi podaci iz oblasti nasilja u porodici, koji su dostupni od početka 2013. godine pružiti dobru osnovu za buduće mjere prevencije i intervencije nad žrtvama. Nalazi pokazuju da je gotovo polovina žena u BiH starijih od 15 godina najmanje jednom u životu bila žrtva neke vrste nasilja, te da su žene izložene izrazito visokom riziku od nasilja: prvo u njihovom neposrednom intimnom okruženju i odnosu sa partnerom i porodicom, a onda i u široj zajednici. Još jedan dugotrajan i ozbiljan problem u BiH jeste ratno seksualno nasilje nad ženama koje je prije 20 godina pretrpilo desetine hiljada žena. Ovim ženama je još uvijek potrebna pomoć, pogotovo u traženju pravde i reparaciji za proživljene traume. U okviru posjete Specijalne predstavnice za seksualno nasilje i konflikt Generalnog sekretara UN-a u 2013. godini, potvrđeno je da je BiH napravila skandalozno malo napretka pri radu na ovim slučajevima, te da je potrebno da se razvije sveobuhvatni pristup za unaprjeđivanjem statusa i pozicije svih žena žrtava rata, uključujući borbu protiv stigme vezane za seksualno nasilje, te proširenje odredbi za kompenzaciju, podršku i mjere rehabilitacije, beneficije, kao i osiguranje jednakog pristupa takvim uslugama za sve žene žrtve bez obzira na njihovo mjesto stanovanja. Kada govorimo o trgovini ljudima u toku je pitanje efikasne procedure identifikacije žrtava, naročito Romkinja i interno raseljenih žena koje su sve više pogođene ovim problemom. Nije se poboljšala ni saradnja između državnih institucija i nevladinih organizacija koje su angažovane na sprječavanju trgovine ljudima. U ovom tematskom radu o ljudskim pravima pokušava se staviti naglasak na status prava žena u Bosni i Hercegovini tokom 2013. godine, kako bi se istakao dosadašnji napredak, te kako bi se naglasila marginalizacija i sistematska diskriminacija koju žene konstantno doživljavaju. Ovaj rad sadrži informacije zasnovane na analizi sadržaja najrelevantnijih i skorih dokumenata koje su objavile vladine institucije, nevladine i međunarodne organizacije, nedavne podatke lokalnih i državnih istraživanja o ženskim pitanjima, te zapažanja sa terena.

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