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ROLA AKTYWNOŚCI TWÓRCZEJ W PREWENCJI UTRATY SENSU ŻYCIA WŚRÓD MĘŻCZYZN ODBYWAJĄCYCH KARĘ POZBAWIENIA WOLNOŚCI

Author(s): Anetta Jaworska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2014

The paper examines the role of art (creativity) in the development of the sense of lifeof inmates. The goal of this study is to show the relationship between creative activity ofprisoners and their understanding of the meaning of life. The study was conducted on theset of natural groups: from the group of 41 men, 19 qualified for the experimental group(active creatively) and 22 qualified for the control group (uncreative activity). The twogroups did not differ in terms of age, marital status, length of sentence, education, criminalrecord, or a sense of loneliness. The results show that men undergoing imprisonment andexhibiting interest in some form of active participation in the arts were characterized bya higher level of search for the meaning of life in comparison with the prisoners having nocreative activity. The results are consistent with the other studies carried out among thesocially disadvantaged.

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Lichwa, prawo i emocje w Kupcu weneckim Williama Szekspira i polskiej adaptacji Krystyna Ostrowskiego Lichwiarz (1861)

Author(s): Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51 (5)/2024

The paper discusses the representation of usury in William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice and the Polish adaptation Lichwiarz by Krystyn Ostrowski. This research aims to show how Shakespeare presented usury in his play and how Ostrowski modified it in 1861. As it is demonstrated, usury is a legal term that has always generated many feelings and provoked debates. This is reflected in the literature, Shakespeare’s play being the most illustrative example. Krystyn Ostrowski developed the theme of usury and emotions in his adaptation, introducing many additions and alterations all to criticise the Jewish community vehemently.

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Pecunia otiosa and a risky business plan of Pliny the Younger (ep. 10.54)

Author(s): Maciej Jońca / Language(s): English Issue: 51 (5)/2024

Two letters that have survived in a collection of correspondence between Pliny the Younger and Emperor Trajan constitute a fascinating source for the study of financial policies of the Roman state at the beginning of the second century AD. Pliny, as governor of the province of Bithynia and Pontus, sends a very unusual proposal to his emperor. He suggests that public money not invested in buying real estate be forcibly loaned to representatives of the local municipal elite (decurioni). Trajan, however, rejects this idea. So far, the imperial decision has been considered in legal terms (a loan is a contract and therefore both parties should reach an agreement that they intend to enter into it) and ethical terms (forcing citizens to take loans is not worthy of a just ruler). However, it turns out that Trajan may also have been motivated by other motives: he wanted to protect the market from being flooded with cheap money and inflation.

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Pecunia otiosa i ryzykowny plan biznesowy Pliniusza Młodszego (ep. 10.54)

Author(s): Maciej Jońca / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51 (5)/2024

Two letters that have survived in a collection of correspondence between Pliny the Younger and Emperor Trajan constitute a fascinating source for the study of the financial policies of the Roman state at the beginning of the second century AD. Pliny addresses his emperor as a governor of the provinces of Bithynia and Pontus with a very unusual proposal. He suggests that public money not invested in buying real estate be forcibly loaned to representatives of the local municipal elite (decurioni). Trajan, however, rejects this idea. So far, the imperial decision has been considered in legal terms (a loan is a contract and therefore both parties should reach an agreement that they intend to enter into it) and ethical terms (forcing citizens to take loans is not worthy of a just ruler). However, it turns out that Trajan may also have been motivated by other motives: he wanted to protect the market from a flood of cheap money and inflation.

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Finanse klimatyczne jako instrument realizacji prawa człowieka do bezpiecznego klimatu – podejście oparte na prawach człowieka z perspektywy finansów klimatycznych

Author(s): Iwona Wrońska,Maciej Nyka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51 (5)/2024

Climate change poses significant threats not only to the environment, but also to human rights. Paradoxically, these threats may result from changes in climatic conditions themselves, but may also be a consequence of the use of measures aimed at protection against these changes. Providing appropriate financial resources is becoming a key instrument for mitigating and adapting to climate change. Climate measures and funds play an important role in implementing a human rights-based approach to climate change.

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Climate finance as an instrument to implement a man’s right to safe climate – a human rights-based approach from the perspective of climate finance

Author(s): Iwona Wrońska,Maciej Nyka / Language(s): English Issue: 51 (5)/2024

Climate change entails emergence of crucial threats, not only for the environment but also for human rights. Paradoxically, these threats may both result from the very changes in climatic conditions and be a consequence of employment of measures intended as protection against these changes. Ensuring adequate funds is becoming a key instrument in mitigating and adaptation to climate change. Climate resources and funds play an essential role in implementing a human rights-based approach to the climate change issue.

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Reflections of “Otherness” in William Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra

Author(s): Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup,Maciej Jońca / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2024

The paper discusses the representation of “otherness” in William Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra. In this tragedy, Shakespeare weaved the ancient concept of otherness to elaborate on the social cleavage in Elizabethan society. Cleopatra, the main female character of the play, is depicted as the other, an alien blamed for the downfall of the Roman Empire. She is the epitome of all evil who destroys the power dynamics of the Roman world by seducing the Roman general. The analysis shows the dichotomies that Shakespeare builds, such as Rome versus Egypt, barbarity versus civilisation, and land versus water to list just a few. The study offers a new reading of the tragedy through the lens of alienation and otherness.

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МЕЖДУНАРОДНОПРАВЕН РЕЖИМ НА ДУНАВ В EВРОПЕЙСКАТА ВОДНА ТРАНСПОРТНА СИСТЕМА РЕКА – МОРЕ

Author(s): Sibila Simeonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The main objective of this study is to establish the regime of navigation on the Danube in the conditions of the expanding and uniting Europe. The work focuses on issues related to the international legal regime of navigation and in particular - the revision of certain provisions of the Danube Convention of 1948 within the unified European water transport system river-sea, which is being developed. Special attention is paid to the ongoing negotiations on updating the existing Danube Convention and its coordination with European law, including negotiations between the EU and the Danube Commission.

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PROBABILITY MODEL OF SAFETY AT SEA

Author(s): Alexander Alexandrov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Research shows that ususally Master is the main guilty, if any catastrophy arrises. Obviously, it is not truth. In realising the transport task many other participants take part. A principel relative model is formulated. It is accepted the errors are ocasional and equaly distributed. It is demonstarated Master is burden wrongly.

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ПО НЯКОИ ВЪПРОСИ ЗА ДЕВИАЦИОНИТЕ РИСКОВЕ В ИЗБОРНИЯ ПРОЦЕС

Author(s): Yordanka Gancheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

In the report, the author examines issues defining risks that presuppose or could presuppose deviations in the course of normal electoral process. Examples are also discussed.

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STRATEGIC GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF SERVICES FOR OLDER PEOPLE AND ELDERLY PEOPLE

Author(s): Tanya Vazova / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2024

This paper examines international and national legal frameworks, policy documents and initiatives that aim to improve the quality and accessibility of social services for older people. It focuses on the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Social Charter, which lay the foundations for the protection of the rights and dignity of this group. At the national level, Bulgaria implements numerous laws, including the Social Services Act and the Disability Act, which guarantee legal protection and access to social services. Despite the established legal framework, challenges have been identified such as fragmented legislation, insufficient resources and lack of coordination between institutions. The study highlights the need for an integrated approach to provide quality services, including active living, deinstitutionalisation and social integration measures. Guidelines for policy improvement and adaptation to demographic and socio-economic changes are proposed.

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THE IMPACT OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL MECHANISMS ON THE STABILITY AND ADAPTATION OF THE FINANCIAL SYSTEMS OF EU COUNTRIES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLAND AND BULGARIA

Author(s): Pawel Frankiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2024

This article examines how administrative and legal mechanisms influence the stability and adaptability of financial systems in European Union (EU) member states, through a comparative analysis of Poland and Bulgaria. Using a doctrinal and comparative legal research approach, it analyzes the role of supervisory institutions, financial legislation, EU law transposition, and national crisis-response strategies in shaping financial system resilience. Both qualitative and quantitative data – including macroeconomic indicators, legal frameworks, and case studies from the 2008 global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic – are used to evaluate outcomes in Poland and Bulgaria. The study finds that Poland’s financial system has benefited from proactive supervision, a flexible monetary regime, and timely legal reforms, enabling it to avoid recession during the 2008 crisis and to weather COVID-19 with limited instability. Bulgaria’s financial system, in contrast, has faced greater volatility due to a rigid currency regime and past institutional weaknesses, suffering a sharp contraction in 2009 and a significant banking scandal in 2014. However, Bulgaria’s commitment to strict fiscal discipline and accelerated integration with EU mechanisms (such as Banking Union membership in 2020) has improved its adaptive capacity. The comparative analysis highlights best practices – including robust deposit insurance, coordinated financial oversight, and macroprudential safeguards – as well as legal gaps and challenges such as foreign-currency lending risks and cross-border supervisory coordination. It concludes with practical legal and policy recommendations to enhance financial stability and resilience in EU member states through strengthened governance, comprehensive regulatory frameworks, and adaptive crisis management mechanisms.

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Застраховане на космически рискове в контекста на опазването на околната среда

Author(s): Irena Markova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The study describes the insurance as a mechanism for increasing national security in the state policy on environmental protection against space risks. Their wide range figures out the scientific relevance of our analysis. On the one hand, these risks affect the development of the space industry, and on the other, the development of the international space insurance market. So, we could classify them considering the insurance point of view. The results emphasise the importance of space risk insurance, considering environmental protection at the micro and national levels.

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Поглед към административноправните режими на лечебните заведения

Author(s): Nina Chilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Medical institutions carry out their specific activities following various administrative law regimes, which the Medical Institutions Act mainly sets up, and the legislator has provided registration and authorisation regimes related to different requirements and conditions so far. The analysis of the health care legislation, albeit with certain specificities, supports the principle view in the doctrine that the registration regime, given the requisites to fulfil, is lighter than the licensing one; the respective authority acts under a bound competence. On the other hand, the authorisation or licensing regime is principally more onerous since the authority issuing the license or the authorisation decides at its discretion.

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Legal measures relating to the freedom of speech and the right to personality protection

Author(s): Michal Maslen,Martin Solík / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

The study focuses on the analysis of the constitutional and legal limits of the exercise of freedom of speech. This freedom forms one of the pillars of a democratic and legal state. However, the Constitution of the Slovak Republic and the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms allow for its legitimate limitations. The authors therefore examine the limits of restrictions on freedom of expression under the conditions of Slovak legislation. The role of independence and autonomy of media are also emphasised, and a specific case demonstrates the interaction between the personality protection of a public figure and freedom of expression.

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Praktyczne aspekty wykorzystania oprogramowania ChatGPT 3.5 przez adwokatów w komunikacji procesowej w polskim postępowaniu procesowym

Author(s): Jakub Stolarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 38/2024

Increased use of large language models (LLMs) that are part of artificial intelligence has been found in the practice of law application. ChatGPT 3.5 software can be a useful support for attorneys acting as an attorney, as it has a wide range of applications, first of all, it can create ready-made letters after entering a formula on the command line. The present study includes a qualitative analysis of the use of ChatGPT 3.5 software on the example of two process-relevant documents: a motion for appointment of an attorney ex officio and a settlement agreement reached in the course of litigation. The author set two research hypotheses: (1) the obligation to act diligently for the benefit of the principal is not a negative premise for the use of LLM in procedural communications, (2) at the current stage of development, LLMs do not allow the creation of content in procedural communications that would be completely consistent with the given legal state and would not require verification.

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FUNDAMENTAL DIMENSIONS OF THE PERSONALITY OF THE ADULT ON DIALYSIS IN THE PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION PROCESS

Author(s): Oxana Paladi,Diana Cecan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

This study examines the fundamental dimensions of adult personality undergoing chronic hemodialysis treatment in the psychosocial adaptation process. The research sample consisted of 115 subjects, adults undergoing chronic hemodialysis treatment at Dialysis Center No. 1 in Chisinau. To determine the fundamental dimensions of personality, in the research, we administered the FPI personality questionnaire. This study highlights the complexity of psychosocial adaptation depending on the estimated states and personality traits of each patient undergoing hemodialysis treatment and suggests the need for specialized individualized psychological intervention. In fact, psychological support for patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment is the main objective of the clinical psychologist's activity within the Dialysis Center.

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HIRING A PERSON IN A SITUATION OF ILLEGAL STAY IN ROMANIA, KNOWING HE IS A VICTIM OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Author(s): Ciprian Coadă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The legal protection of the victims of human trafficking requires that, in the fulfillment of substantial positive obligations, states discourage infringements of fundamental rights and freedoms, by criminalizing some conduct with criminal significance, repress by international legal instruments.In the last decades, the criminalization of trafficking activities and the exploitation of vulnerable persons as criminal acts is an object of concern on the part of all states and even more so on the part of Romania, as a country facing a phenomenon, the diversity and extent of which is a unprecedented.Being at the intersection of several international trafficking routes, Romania has become in recent years not only a country of transit and recruitment of these victims, but also a country of destination for people looking for a better future and who, once drawn into various lucrative activities, can become targets of trafficking and victims of labor or other exploitation actions.Although it is not so publicized and is not yet under the special attention of the judicial bodies, the phenomenon of labor exploitation is felt in many sectors of activity in Romania, as a result of the appearance on the labor market of some workers who come from poorer countries, not as well remunerated and protected as Romanian employees.These new social realities require that the fight against the phenomenon of human trafficking also be carried out by combating criminal acts that affect the smooth running of employment relationships, among which is also the crime of hiring a person in the situation of illegal stay in Romania, knowing that she is a victim of human trafficking, provided by art.265 paragraph 2 of the Labour Code.Due to this fact, we have proposed that in the pages of this study we analyze one of the crimes that has retained less attention from Romanian doctrine, being aware that although this approach cannot exhaust the entire issue of the subject, it can prove extremely useful for legal practitioners and may be open to future debate.The usefulness of these debates also lies in the fact that the phenomenon of human trafficking is in a continuous dynamic, the clarification of the problems of the application of labor legislation contributing to the knowledge of the normative framework in the matter and to the consolidation of the vision that Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and The Council prints it in the matter of preventing, combating human trafficking and protecting its victims.

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RULES OF COMMUNITY BEHAVIOR IN THE TRADITIONAL ROMANIAN MENTALITY AND IN THE PRAVILA OF GOVORA. A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Author(s): Cezara Georgiana Danciu (Puchin) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

This study explores the rules of community behavior in traditional Romanian mentality and compares them with those found in the Pravila of Govora, one of the oldest legal codes in Romania. It examines how social norms, customs, and moral principles shaped communal life and how these were reinforced or modified by written laws. By analyzing both folk traditions and legal provisions, the study highlights similarities and differences in the regulation of social conduct, offering insight into the historical evolution of Romanian legal and moral frameworks.

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Human rights cities and good administration

Author(s): Irina Moroianu Zlătescu / Language(s): English Issue: 12.1-12.2/2024

Good administration, a key element of good governance, is often used as a synonym for good governance, although this refers to a broader concept, which concerns a system of values and principles that regulate the exercise of power in a society. The need to ensure better administration and, implicitly, better governance makes us remember that the rule of law, democracy, respect for human rights, constitute common values on which the European Union is founded, that in a rule of law, power belongs to the people, its exercise belongs to the state, which has the role of holder of power, together with its citizens and local communities. The practical expression of executive power, the technical component of state power, is public administration, whose main objective is to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. However, although states are the ones who must be the first to guarantee respect for human rights, local and regional communities are the ones that, according to the powers they have, must take numerous measures legislative, budgetary, administrative, educational, etc. that lead to the respect of these rights. Since recent years more and more people live in urban areas, globally reaching even half of the planet's inhabitants living in urban areas, in many cities around the world and obviously in European EU member states, there has been a move to reimagine urban governance and community life by incorporating the principles of international and regional human rights instruments, to better organize cities, so that human rights are respected, even launching a campaign that aims to establish an active community of cities and urban territories at a global level, which promotes public action based on human rights.

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