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The author reports the peculiarities of alternative (non-judicial) dispute resolution in the article. The influence of worldwide tendencies to widening and improvement of non-judicial forms of the rights protection on national legislations by way of the civil procedure reform of England and Wales example is researched. The development of alternative procedures on the international level is analyzed.
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The article focuses on a previously neglected public procurement research field regarding competitive effects on public service contracts. Current studies analysing the competitive effect primarily focus on the examination of public works contracts, or on examining the competitive effect of public procurement as a heterogeneous whole. The subject of this examination is a separate analysis of public service contracts. Below and above-threshold public service contracts awarded in the Czech Republic in 2014 were examined. The results of the examination of its own sample of 790 public contracts in open procedure show that, with each additional tenderer, the average price drops by 3.04%. This finding is in line with the studies that have dealt with the examination of the competitive effect in public procurement for public works contracts. The analysis also indicates a stronger existence of a competitive effect in open procedure types compared to other procedure types. The report also highlights some of the phenomena that may affect the resulting public contract price, where the higher final price does not necessarily mean inefficiency nor overpricing of the public contract (such as the difficulties with the anticipated price for IT service contracts).
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The 1947 partition plan for Palestine was certainly not a peaceful resolution to the contest for Palestine. Both Jewish and Arab armies lined up volunteers and equipped themselves as well as they could. Both sides committed terrorist acts against innocent civilians. The British folded their arms and ignored the escalating violence, as they were preparing to withdraw totally from Palestine. In this situation the Israeli army was in dire need of arms and Moscow which did not want to be directly involved in the conflict. Communist Czechoslovakia which belonged to the Soviet sphere of influence followed the instructions and supplied Israel with weapons despite UN sanctions. In the 1948 Arab-Israeli war Czechoslovakia had considerably contributed to the Israeli victory. After Israel turned to the West the USSR became the main supporter of the Arab national-liberation movement. After the 1952 military coup the Egyptian army turned out to be the real ruler of Egypt. Since armistice of 1949, the Egyptian-Israeli border had been the site of frequent hostilities. Israeli forces carried out their missions easily and emphasized their military superiority which made the Egyptians aware of the pressing need to replace the outmoded equipment left to them by the British. However, when the Egyptian president approached the West for arms, he was rebuffed. He therefore turned to the USSR that acted in a similar way as before. In September 1955 Egypt concluded an agreement with Czechoslovakia to purchase $ 200 million worth of advanced Soviet military equipment in exchange for Egyptian cotton. The so-called Czech arms deal was really a Soviet-Egyptian one and caused considerable annoyance mainly in Washington and London.
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The rise of refugee problems worldwide, particularly the African refugee crisis, inherently underlines the preponderance of the spiking degree of human insecurity in Africa and the definitional and operational shortcomings of the Geneva Refugee Convention of 1951, which was designed to protect the rights of refugees and asylum seekers to safety and express access to neighboring states. This article attempts to unpack how the spiking rate of human insecurity in Africa and the definitive and organizational shortcomings of the 1951 Geneva Refugee Convention have led to the troubling spate of the Mexico-American border African refugee crisis, amongst several unabating largescale migrations to developed world including the European countries. From a case-study methodological standpoint, this study utilizes the advantages of rigorous qualitative data and analysis techniques. Despite the development of the 1951 Geneva Refugee Convention and other international regimes, the increasing numbers of African refugees along the Mexican-American border and around the world remain alarmingly worrying. The African refugee crisis now poses unprecedented dangers to global human security, with over five million people internally displaced and thousands of African refugees seeking asylum along the Mexican-American border. A thorough human based security approach is recommended to address the ravaging human security challenges precipitating the influx of African migrants along the Mexico-American borders.
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The present study aims to present and analyze the normative acts that led to the reorganization and modernization of the local administration in the period between the reign of Alexandru Ioan Cuza and the outbreak of the First World War. The Law for Urban and Rural Communes and the Law on the Establishment of County Councils were the normative acts that regulated the proper functioning of the administration in the territory for almost half a century. The changes they were brought were not substantial and did not affect their essence, thus their spirit remained in force until the interwar period, specifically until the adoption of the 1925 Law for Administrative Unification.
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The current paper concerns several elements of social structure as defined within the records of the Oradea Register (Regestrum Varadinense). This collection, known in the literature for almost five centuries, has been studied as a source of legal proceedings, ordeals or substantive law of the high Middle Ages in the Kingdom of Hungary. It was later explored as a source of topography, personal names and Hungarian and Slavic elements in medieval Latin. In the 19th century, the collection also became an important source on the history of medieval Hungarian society and administration. As such, social structure and social relations are not based on class definitions only. Records of the Oradea Register show interesting differences between men and women in law; while in legal proceedings, there were not any substantiated important differences, in substantive law, we find a different structure of delicts related to women. For many reasons, the Oradea register became an important role for studying societal stratification (udvornici, iobagiones, castrenses, servants, dusnici, et al.). In reflection with other diplomatic material from the Kingdom of Hungary in the first third of the 13th century, we are witnesses of a society on the verge of great changes, before the completion of the nobility and before the creation of medieval towns.
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The article is set to analyse the changes within the Romanian legislation in respect to the crime of killing or harming the newborn, committed by the mother. The crime is incriminated within article 200 of the new Romanian Criminal Code and the incrimination has suffered a series of consequences that apparently changed the whole concept of infanticide. The former legislation mitigated the criminal responsibility of a mother that committed the infanticide against her child if she had acted upon a state of disturbance caused by the process of giving birth. Apparently the new legislation dropped this concept in favour of establishing a time limit, set by the legislator to 24 hours. The article argues that the concept of disturbance caused by the process of giving birth was not in fact dropped, but the legislator opted for a legal presumption that this state is inherent in the first 24 hours after giving birth. The consequences of this theory are numerous and argued both form a historical perspective and a logical one.
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For the first time in Romanian labor legislation we have a legal definition of the legal employment relationship.by Law No. 283/2024. In the Romanian legal doctrine, it is shown that not all social relations are legal relations, but any social relation is susceptible to becoming a legal relation. In order for a legal relationship to appear and develop, it is necessary to have some preliminary factors, often called premises, which must exist (as the name suggests) before the appearance of the legal relationship, namely: the legal norm, the subjects of the legal relationship and the legal facts. Prior to the aforementioned regulation, the legal relationship was defined in doctrine. Given these consideration, the question may be asked whether a legal definition of the legal employment relationship was necessary or not.
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The “ecological transition” has constituted a priority on the political agenda of the first European Commission under the leadership of Ursula von der Leyen, who has worked assiduously from the very first days of her mandate to steer the social market economies of EU member states towards the ambitious goal of decoupling economic growth from emissions that contribute to climate change. It’s widely known that no more than ten days after taking office, the EU executive unveiled the European “Green Deal”, a pioneering strategic plan which aims to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. The Green Deal, which points the way to the realisation of what has been described as a true “revolution”, has identified a dense set of legislative proposals, financial instruments, programmes and action plans. This contribution will focus in particular on the “Fit for 55” package presented by the European Commission in July 2021 to implement the commitment set out in European climate legislation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 emissions. The approval of a large part of the program’s measures by the Union’s colegislators makes it one of the first concrete implementations of the Green Deal and provides an initial opportunity to assess the progress of the EU-led environmental transition process in relation to the greenhouse gas emission reduction target and to make some brief considerations on the measures which have been introduced to address the social consequences of such initiatives.
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This work presents globalization in its concepts and effects in the world of post-modernity, making a reflective critique regarding the generalization of the crises that occur in the most powerful countries and that permeate to other nations, to propose that, in a humanized vision that in the face of these homogenized crises, solidarity is also homogenized.
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The aim of this paper is to examine the significance of legal principles within the legal system, with a particular focus on the principle of equality. Legal principles are closely associated with the rule of law and the safeguarding of fundamental rights. The most crucial principles are established by the state through legal norms, highlighting the importance of equality and non-discrimination, justice, social protection, and others, while there are also principles that, although not formal norms, nonetheless exert a normative influence and have relative authority. Non-normative principles serve as guidelines for action or indicators for both the proper enforcement of the aforementioned norms and the equitable resolution of cases. Conversely, general principles are integrated into positive law, which creates essential rules for the operation of the system itself. Historically, legal principles in legal theory have been predominantly associated with classical legal philosophy, particularly the theory of natural law. Principles are fundamental in shaping any social system. They act as essential tools for meaningfully interpreting social reality understood as a social system. A necessary condition for the system's existence is that it has its own objectives and a significant focus, which is represented by some of its components. This is the function of principles. The rule of law serves as a guiding principle for states in exercising authority over individuals. The rule of law assumes a positivist view of law, which inherently includes the general principle of the rule of law. The entire analysis is grounded in an epistemological approach to understanding concepts and addressing issues.
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This work exposes the internationalization of fundamental rights after the last post-world war, and the globalization of neoliberal capitalism based on the phenomenon known as globalization; and presents some reflections on the evident tension between these two vectors of homogenization of current international society.
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In January 2025, several regulations were published in the Official Journal, including: Law no. 331/2024 on the Forestry Code, Government Ordinance no. 156/2024 on some fiscal-budgetary measures in the field of public expenditure for the substantiation of the consolidated general budget for 2025, for amending and supplementing some normative acts, as well as for extending some deadlines; Government Ordinance no. 1/2025 on some measures for the organization and conduct of the elections for the President of Romania in 2025 and partial local elections in 2025; GD no. 4/2025 on setting the date of the elections for the President of Romania in 2025; Order of the Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Finance no. 6830/2024 on the establishment of legal entities performing activities in the oil and natural gas sectors according to art. 46^2 of Law no. 227/2015 on the Fiscal Code; NBR Circular no. 1/2025 on the interest rate paid on minimum required reserves constituted in RON as from the application period December 24, 2024 - January 23, 2025; NBR Circular no. 2/2025 on the interest rate paid on minimum required reserves constituted in EUR as from the application period December 24, 2024 - January 23, 2025. Also, in January, several normative acts were amended, including: Order of the Minister of Justice No 177/C/2024 for the approval of the Norms on minimum fees for services provided by notaries public; Law No 217/2003 on preventing and combating domestic violence. Last but not least, Law no. 3/2021 on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of healthcare-associated infections in health units and in medical-social and palliative care institutions in Romania was published in the Official Gazette of January.
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The present study intends to outline a more delicate aspect from the painful history of Romanian education during the first years of brutal Stalinism, that is, the „purification” of the country’s educational system from unwanted elements,inconvenient for the Moscow-oriented regime, which were the foreign teachers from countries that did not belong to the so-called „popular democracies” and the tragic fate of foreign schools, both secular and confessional, in Romania People’s Republic. It is a historical fact that in 1948 the values of education and religious pluralism were seriously affected by the extremism of the far-left ideocracy and this fact is confirmed and presented in detail in a series of unpublished diplomatic reports of the Italian Legation in Bucharest kept in the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Rome and analyzed in the present work.
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This article is a book review of Verginia Vedinaș, Quo vadis, administrative law, Universul Juridic Publishing House, Bucharest, 2024, 271 p.
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The material covers issues on: • tax registration obligation for secondary establishments with more than 5 employees; • VAT registration and certain reporting obligations of taxable persons; • the declaratory obligations of taxpayers, including those temporarily in inactivity registered in the Trade Register; • issuing and communicating administrative-fiscal acts.
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Today the social media and New technologies develop very quickly and exponentially, where we do not know where and how the development will go, but we know that changes will happen. ChatGPT and related technologies are the reality of individuals and organizations. New technologies develop very quickly and exponentially, where we do not know where and how the development will go, but we know that changes will happen. It is best to start preparing for the changes today. AI is not so much a technological change as it is a business change in organizations that requires change management, strategy and vision. Social media and Artificial intelligence (AI) is not so much a technological change as it is a business change in organizations that requires change management, strategy and vision. Social media has a several reasons were identified for this and included other work requirements preventing staff from actively participating in social media use. Other suggestions were reluctance of staff to use social media for fear of saying something inappropriate about the business and lack of familiarity with social media in some staff members. This paper aims to give a clear description of technologies especially of social media and Law market in a organization.
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The article familiarizes us with the requirements for the health status of motor vehicle drivers (MVS), which is key to the safety of road traffic. The focus of the analysis is placed on some specific health conditions requiring additional medical examination by specialized committees of the Transport Regional Medical Expert Commission (TOLEK) or the Transport Central Medical Expert Commission (TCLEK). At the moment, the main accompanying problem can be pointed out as untimely information about the health status of some drivers falling into the considered category. The lack of up-to-date and complete information, as well as a mechanism regarding their subsequent certification, could lead to difficult administrative service for issuing a motor vehicle driving license (SUMPS), as well as endanger the safety of road traffic participants. With some examples, the author has tried to illustrate the seriousness of the problem. To solve the information deficit, some proposals are made in the final part of the development.
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This paper aims to review the controversial issues in the field of human rights: the status of the human embryo. Since the moment the creation of human embryos in laboratory condition became available, ethical questions continued to arise and emphasize it’s irascible status. During pregnancy, the embryo is part of another human being’s body lacking a legal status distinct from that of his mother’s. Defining the right to life and its prime beneficiaries is an important step in gaining a unitary position on a special status of the human embryo. This special legal status derives from the embryo’s recognized potential to become a human being.
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