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KAS YRA TIKRASIS SENEKOS LAIŠKŲ LUCILIJUI ADRESATAS?

Author(s): Jovita Dikmonienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2015

Senecaʼs Moral Letters to Lucilius and Dialogues are the earliest surviving works of the ancient Stoics. Even though Seneca’s Moral Letters to Lucilius has attracted a great deal of scholarly attention, there is however disagreement in academia about to whom Seneca’s Moral Letters to Lucilius was actually addressed. For instance, some scholars (e. g., D. Dilytė, P. Grimal, etc.) argue that Lucilius was a real person and that the letters are real, whereas others (e. g., B. Inwood, M. T. Griffin etc.) claim that Lucilius is a literary character and consequently Senecaʼs Letters is literary fiction. Exploring various primary and secondary sources, this paper investigates the disagreement concerning the addressee in Seneca’s Moral Letters to Lucilius. The paper discusses both theories and analyses the influence of the ancient epistolary genre on Seneca’s writings. Moreover, in order to validate one of the theories, the author explores the Roman philosopher’s background, ideas of Stoicism, and the context and period during which the work was written.

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PSEUDO-PLATONO DEFINICIJOS GRAIKŲ FILOSOFINĖS TRADICIJOS KONTEKSTE

Author(s): Paulius Garbačiauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 89/2016

The article discusses a phenomenon of philosophical definitions, a common feature of almost all Greek philosophical schools, including the Pre-Socratics, and aims to cover the collection of Definitions, found in the Platonic corpus, and their place in the context of Greek philosophical tradition. This late interpolation is a dictionary of about 185 philosophically significant terms representing early Stoicism rather than Plato’s Academy. Defining the terms was a common practice of philosophical thinking exercise, as is rather reliably endorsed by the ample number of surviving titles of various philosophical treatises, as well as stories of Greek comedy and anecdotic accounts recorded by Diogenes Laertius in Lives of Eminent Philosophers.

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SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDIAN AND STOIC LOGIC

Author(s): Miguel López-Astorga / Language(s): English Issue: 90/2016

In this paper, I try to show that Indian and Stoic logic are more similar to each other than to standard logic. To do that, I analyze a passage of the Kathāvatthu that has been interpreted as proposing the definition of the conditional assumed by modern propositional logic, and argue that that interpretation is not absolutely justified. In this way, I contend that what is said in that passage and the actual view of the conditional presented in the Kathāvatthu are also consistent with the criterion of the conditional held by Chrysippus of Soli.

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VIENAS PIRMŲJŲ LOGIKOS NAGRINĖJIMŲ LOTYNŲ KALBA

Author(s): / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2016

Toliau pateikiamas tekstas – Boecijaus (Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, ~480–524) antrojo komentaro Aristotelio De interpretatione (gr. Περὶ Ἑρμηνείας) devintajam skyriui vertimas į lietuvių kalbą. Pagrindinis Aristotelio De interpretatione uždavinys – tai kategorinių teiginių tipų ir loginių ryšių tarp jų įvardijimas. Šie ryšiai nuo antrojo mūsų eros amžiaus žinomi loginio kvadrato pavidalu, kur grafiškai vaizduojamas teisingumo reikšmių pasiskirstymas tarp keturių skirtingos loginės formos teiginių.

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ARISTOTELIO KOMENTARAI: DE INTERPRETATIONE 9

Author(s): Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2016

Tai, kas bus paminėta šiame skyriuje, lyg ir priklauso samprotavimui, platesniam nei tas, kuriuo pridera užsiimti logikos moksle. Bet kadangi, kaip dažnai sakyta, kalba atskleidžiami pojūčiai, o jais, akivaizdu, suvokiame dalykų padėtį, tai nėra abejonės, kad tai, kas yra dalykų padėtyje, dažnai yra perkeliama į žodžius. Todėl teisingai nusprendžiau sudėtingiausias Aristotelio pažiūras atskleisti aptardamas jas du kartus: tai, kas yra pirmajame leidime, tarsi paruo- šia tam tikrą lengvesnį kelią besileidžiantiems į šias gilesnes ir painesnes problemas, o kadangi antrajame leidime gilinamasi į sudėtingas pažiūras, reikalingas paaiškinimo, jis skiriamas skaityti ir nagrinėti pažengusiems šiame tyrime bei moksle.

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ARISTOTELIS VS. PLATONAS: ΜΈΘΕΞΙΣ SĄVOKOS KRITIKA

Author(s): Skirmantas Jankauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2017

The paper deals with the assumptions and meaning of Aristotle’s criticism of Plato’s philosophy. The study is focused on the concept of participation (μέθεξις) which was very important to Plato and which was totally neglected by Aristotle. Assuming that radically different approaches of two philosophers should have objective grounds, an attempt is made to reconstruct the ontognoseological observations of the philosophers. The analysis of Plato’s concept of anamnesis reveals that the concept of participation is exploited to reconstruct the ontological assumptions of anamnesis. Further it is demonstrated that the concept of participation rests upon the analytically incorrect assumption about logical connection between perceptually experienced thing and intellectually perceived idea. Analytical inconsistencies of Plato’s thinking then are linked to the prevalence of the existential (ethical) intentions of his philosophizing. In the reconstruction of Aristotle’s philosophizing attention is drawn to the fact that the starting point of this thinker is the conception of true (scientific) knowledge (ἐπιστήμη), which predetermines his ontological conclusions. It is shown that Aristotle, as a more consistent analytical thinker, delimits perceptually experienced thing and its intellectually accessible reason – οὐσία – and in this way makes the Platonic concept of participation lose its meaning. At the end of the article an attempt is made to demonstrate that for Plato much higher significance of the concept of participation is determined by his existential intentions of philosophizing. The participation is interpreted here as a way in which a human being communicates with his existential media. Finally, Aristotelian concept of τέχνῃ is discussed and the arguments are put forward that it can be viewed as a clarification of Platonic concept of participation.

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PLATO’S THEORY OF LANGUAGE: THE ISOMORPHISM OF KOSMOS AND LOGOS IN THE TIMAEUS

Author(s): Alexey Pleshkov / Language(s): English Issue: 91/2017

The paper considers Plato’s theory of language through the prism of the Timaeus’ metaphysics. It is argued that the apparent contradictions of Plato’s philosophy of language are the consequence of the two-fold nature of language, and that the metaphysical scheme proposed by Plato in the Timaeus can shed a light on his coherent theory of language. The linguo-metaphysical isomorphism of the Timaeus presupposes that (1) words and material elements have their own meaning and nature respectively; (2) they can be reduced to an infinite variety of amorphic sounds and receptacle; (3) the participation in truth is possible only at the level of narrative and universe. According to this scheme the universe (κόσμος), as well as any speech (λόγος), can be explained by the reduction to its constituent elements, but it will be only necessary explanation. Whereas for Plato, the true understanding of cosmos and logos is possible only on the level of the coherent unity of the whole, which represents the ideal paradigm in the best possible way.

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ON THE SUPPOSED CONNECTION BETWEEN ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS AND LOGIC

Author(s): John Ian K. Boongaling / Language(s): English Issue: 93/2018

This paper investigates a particular strategy for establishing the deep connection between metaphysics and logic using Aristotle’s principle of non-contradiction and the theory of predication. The decisive move, according to this strategy, is to formulate and interpret the said principle as a metaphysical (or ontological) principle. In this paper, it is argued that: (1) despite the strategy’s initial appeal, a successful argument still needs to be made in order to fully establish that metaphysics and logic are deeply connected, and (2) the theory of predication is more fundamental than the principle of non-contradiction. The main reason for (1) above is that the strategy is prone to a very powerful objection that Aristotle’s criterion of primary substance is inconsistent. The main reason for (2) above is that the principle of non-contradiction itself is best explained using the theory of predication. In addition, it is the theory of predication that does all the important explanatory work in the context of Aristotle’s philosophical theory.

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ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO BARBARAS

Author(s): Živilė Pabijutaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 93/2018

The paper deals with the problem of the “two Barbaras” in the Aristotelian modal syllogistic. The problem consists in Aristotle’s differing views on two at a first sight similar in nature syllogisms of mixed assertoric (X) and necessary (L) premises: Barbara LXL and Barbara XLL. The fact that Aristotle believed the first syllogism to be valid and the second one – not, has been received either 1) negatively, because both Barbaras have been held to be invalid, or 2) negatively, because both Barbaras have been held to be valid, or 3) positively, by giving a reason why the two Barbaras differ. We commit ourselves to the position (3) by proving that modal propositions for Aristotle have their modalities de dicto and that Aristotelian modal operators act according to their own separate rules where only the type of the modality of a major premise is relevant for the modal status of the conclusion.

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Text tradition of Aristotle’s on rhetoric: from Post-Aristotelian Athens to Rome

Author(s): Vita Paparinska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2009

The purpose of this article is to investigate the reception of Aristotle Rhetoric in the Roman rhetoric culture. The reception of cultural ideas is usually based on texts. Therefore, the history of Aristotle Rhetoric in later times helps to uncover the transcendence of ideas. The study is based on ancient sources that provide information on the history of Aristotle's esoteric works, as well as the sources of ancient rhetoric in which Aristotle's Rhetoric deals in a general rhetorical context and reflects the reception of Aristotle's rhetorical ideas. In this regard, the texts of particular importance are two Ciceron treatises (De oratore, De inventione) and Rhetorica ad Herennium. The discussion of Aristotle's influence on Roman rhetoric (especially Cicero's treatise De oratore) focuses on the similarities and differences between perceptions and interpretations of correlated concepts in Greek and Roman cultures, which can give an answer as to why the influence of Aristotle's Rhetoric on the Roman rhetoric tradition was relatively small.

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Concept of generation in the early Greek philosophy

Author(s): Saulius Šileikis / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2006

The article has two objectives. Firstly, I shall reconstruct the change of conceptualization of genesis from the Ionian philosophy till the early atomists in order to explain how the idea of transformation and regularity of genesis was shaped in the early Greek philosophy. Secondly, I shall analyse the conception of regularity of generation in the fragments of Anaxagoras and the early atomists in order to reject F. Solmsen’s thesis that Epicurus’ negation of spontaneous genesis was not related with the early atomists. The methodology of the study is based on the semantic analysis of the philosophical texts. The linguistic method is applied to contextualize the philosophical concepts in the literary tradition and language use. In the reconstruction of development of conception of genesis I will try to prove that there has been an important shift in the meaning of genesis from the Ionian philosophers to Parmenides.

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Discipleship theme in Plato’s Cratylus

Author(s): Mantas Adomėnas / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2006

The article analyzes the dialectics of the one of the most bizarre Platonic dialogues that make up hidden references to the interactive dimension. The primary, superficial topic of dialogue - etymological accuracy and the significance of words - is addressed in the wider context of "teaching" and "authority" philosophy in the context. Through subtle authoring, each character in the dialogue - Socrates, Hermogenes and Kratila - is revealed in his own particular relationship with the philosophical truth and its searches. Plato criticizes the "school" model, the authoritative relationship between the teacher and the student, which is the most common and traditionally used in Greek culture, and aims to replace it with a "common search" relationship and a philosophical quest for a critical dialogue. An analysis of Plato's dialogue, based on the method of explication du texte, highlights the structuring themes of this dialogue, interpreting the work as a philosophical "letter to Plato" for his teacher of youth, Kratil.

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KASDIENYBĖ KAIP KLASIKINĖS FILOSOFIJOS PARAŠTINIS FENOMENAS

Author(s): Nerijus Milerius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 94/2018

The article deals with the relationship between philosophy and the everyday in the classical paradigm. The separation between philosophy and the everyday, embedded in the story of Thales and a servant, is transposed into the discourse of ontology and gnoseology. Plato’s cave allegory is interpreted as ontological, and Descartes’s theory as gnoseological way of transcendence and elimination of the everyday life. The article argues that under the domination of classical paradigm the everyday is treated as an obstacle to the achievement of philosophical knowledge. That is why contemporary philosophy, which rehabilitates the everyday, seeks to diversify the unified concept of everyday life and to show that everyday life is a multi-faceted entity in which different powers of the everyday can coexist.

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Herakleitas: λογος kaip φυσις bylojimas

Author(s): Skirmantas Jankauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 95/2019

The article presents a specific interpretation of the Heraclitean Logos. Initially, general ontological and gnoseological assumptions of early Greek philosophy are discussed. The relativity of the boundary between the subject of thought and the object of thought is considered to be the most important feature of this philosophy. Therefore, the Heraclitean aphorisms are treated as phenomenological insights. Following this approach, an attempt is made to explore the content of the main Heraclitean aphorism DK22 B1. The meaning of this aphorism is gradually revealed through other aphorisms of Heraclitus. Since individual aphorisms and their groups open up different aspects of the Heraclitean philosophy, these aspects are consistently discussed in the article. Presuming that early Greek philosophy presents by itself an attempt of theoretical thinking to assimilate the concrete thinking of the time, it is shown that the measure of the same of theoretical thinking determines the three-dimensional concept of reality and poses to the thinker the problem of the existential assuredness. As a philosopher locates himself in the sphere of awakening, and the existential assuredness can be expected only in the sphere of the Logos that satisfies the measure of the same, he is faced with the problem of thematizing this realm of reality. Dream, awakening, and the Logos are treated by Heraclitus as incommensurable realms of reality, so the question arises how to thematize all of them exploiting one and the same language. This problem is further complicated by the fact that Heraclitus prioritizes the object of thought, and therefore is forced to over-emphasize the etymology of language. It is shown that Heraclitus copes with the above-mentioned problem exploiting total metaphoricalness of ontologically treated language, or reality itself. The article concludes with the inferences about the mission of Greek philosophizing and the existential obligations imposed upon a man by the hierarchically treated three-dimensional concept of reality.

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Kas yra antikinis politinis mąstymas?

Author(s): Vilius Bartninkas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 96/2019

This paper examines the origins of ancient political thinking from (roughly) 750 to 348 B.C. The analysis of authors who had been discussing political questions over this period shows that ancient political thinking can be classified into three discourses: political thought, political theory, and political philosophy. The purpose of this paper is to define the characteristics of each discourse and to illustrate them with specific historical examples which show how these discourses interacted with the Greek political experiences and how political thought transformed into a theory and philosophy.

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Tikinčiųjų ir ateistų dialogas: platoniškasis modelis veikale Įstatymai

Author(s): Simonas Baliukonis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 100/2021

This paper examines the question concerning the right model of epistemically rational dialogue. First of all, the main, though not undisputed, principles of rational dialogue are defined according to the contemporary field of the epistemology of disagreement. It then explains why even these principles are not sufficient for making the disagreement between believers and atheists not only a rational discourse but also a fruitful dialogue. This paper defends a thesis that the latter aim can be achieved with a proper model of dialogue, which is found in Plato’s Laws – one of the first discussions between the believers and the atheists in the Western intellectual tradition. This model not only includes the contemporary principles of rational argument but also provides some new guidelines for the solution of problems that lead the believers and the atheists to the communicational dead end.

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Stawanie się osobą jako proces

Author(s): Piotr Leśniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The first three sections of this paper are introductory. Their task is to define basic terms such as corporeality, person, stages, phases, and dimensions of the process of becoming a person. A correct understanding of the concept of God turns out to be of particular importance for understanding the concept of the human person. The thesis about the superiority of Platonic theology over Aristotle’s is justified. The following sections discuss the stages of becoming a human being: childhood, adulthood, and maturity. Each of them is presented from a perspective that combines the bodily dimension with spirituality. In the last section I attempt to express some of Plato’s psychological intuitions in modern language, focusing in particular on his notion of becoming a mature person through spiritual and psychological development. This tends to show Platonism as the basis of modern therapeutic practice.

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ODRODZENIE W PRAWDZIE MIŁOŚCI

Author(s): Stanisław Grygiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

In his philosophical and, at the same time, poetic essay, the author describes the crisis of contemporary culture and reflects on its causes, while looking for the sources of hope for the future and indicating possible paths leading to a renaissance. The main inspiration for the considerations presented in the essay is the output of Karol Wojtyła—John Paul II, but the author draws also on works by such thinkers and poets as Plato, Dante Alighieri, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, and Thomas Stearns Eliot.

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BEZGRANICZNOŚĆ GŁUPOTY I GRANICE MĄDROŚCI. NA ROZDROŻACH SOKRATEJSKIEJ PEDAGOGII NIEWIEDZY

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BEZGRANICZNOŚĆ GŁUPOTY I GRANICE MĄDROŚCI. NA ROZDROŻACH SOKRATEJSKIEJ PEDAGOGII NIEWIEDZY

Author(s): Marek Rembierz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The relationship between stupidity and wisdom is marked by a multitude of dramatic and not entirely transparent tensions. While stupidity grows abundantly like self-seeding weeds, finding fertile ground in every area of human activity, there is a constant lack of wisdom. Since antiquity, the conviction seems to prevail—also in the tradition of the Socratic pedagogy—that there is ‘too much’ of both overt and hidden stupidity and that its ‘excess’ keeps growing, continuing at the expense of the desired wisdom and values associated with it. In Western culture, the complexity of the relationships between wisdom and stupidity is scrutinized already in Plato’s classical works The Apology of Socrates and The Symposium: namely, in the speech of Socrates, and in the story of Eros begotten as the child of Poverty and Resource, respectively. Both texts manifest the key ideas of the Socratic pedagogy of ignorance and the condition of Eros symbolizes that of a philosopher, a lover of wisdom who is “betwixt wisdom and ignorance,” and incessantly striving to overcome this state. The story about Eros has largely determined the ways in which the complexity of and tensions between stupidity and wisdom have been perceived in Western culture as such and, in particular, in its philosophy and pedagogy. The lack of a critical discernment of stupidity is coupled with a persistent failure to recognize or respect boundaries. While stupidity appears in the outlined perspective as dangerously infinite, still unimaginable for its cognitive penetration and untamed despite the pedagogical activities directed against it, somehow spilling its limitlessness into relatively ordered spheres, it reflects its limits due to the pursuit of wisdom.

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KOSMOPOLITYCZNY MONIZM VERSUS KOSMOPOLITYCZNY PLURALIZM: CYNICYZM I STOICYZM – DWA FILARY MORALNEGO KOSMOPOLITYZMU

Author(s): Maciej Chmieliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 121/2021

Background: At the turn of the XXI Century, cosmopolitanism became the subject of intensive research. One of the key points of this research questions the relationship between national and cosmopolitan identity. Research purpose: The purpose of the conducted research is to compare the two models of cosmopolitanism in which the abovementioned relationship is the central point of reference. The most instructive examples come from the ancient conceptions of moral cosmopolitanism: the Greek Cynics on one hand, and the Stoics on the other. Methods: Using the historical comparative and the critical method, the article examines the two ancient answers to the crucial question. The Cynic conception relies on the monistic, whereas the Stoic on the pluralistic model of the relationship between national and cosmopolitan identity. According to the monistic approach, the commitment to the universal, cosmopolitan „laws of virtue” always enjoys priority over the commitment to the national or local community. By contrast, the pluralistic conception of the Stoic oikeiosis grants priority to the local and the national, rather than to the cosmopolitan identity. Conclusions: The comparison between the two opposite moral-psychological attitudes indicates that the “crude” monistic attitude of the Cynics is more morally consistent than the more psychologically sublime, pluralistic attitude of the Stoics. Similar to the Cynics, the Stoics strongly emphasize the universal standards of virtue, but at the same time they require following local conventions. The constant tension between particularism and universalism included in the Stoic conception may result in deep moral conflict between universal cosmopolitan standards of humanity and particular “partisan” rules required by the nation-state.

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