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ДИСКУССИЯ О СООТНОШЕНИИ ФИЛОСОФИИ И РИТОРИКИ В ПЕРИОД ЭЛЛИНИЗМА И ПОЗДНЕЙ АНТИЧНОСТИ (ОТ СТОИКОВ К ЦИЦЕРОНУ)

Author(s): Anna S. Stepanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The article discusses the evolution of the relationship between philosophy and rhetoric in Helenistic and Roman periods. In addition to discussing the value of such factors as eloquence and usefulness for rhetoric, the Hellenistic epoch drew attention to the problem of developing the foundations of rhetoric. These ideas were developed in schools of Stoics and Skeptics. Following the Aristotelian line, Chrysippus objectively contributed to the formalization of rhetorical knowledge. Cicero, who considered this approach narrow, actualized another Platonic line aimed at the "idea," while he translated the understanding of rhetoric as this kind of dialectical knowledge, which, being experience-oriented (in theory and practice), resembles art and corresponds to the spiritual ideal as the highest value. Ciceronian project is a variant of an expansive interpretation of rhetoric as the most complete generalization of reality.

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ЭТИКА БЕЗ ТЕОРИИ? О ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВАХ ПИРРОНИЧЕСКОГО ОБРАЗА ЖИЗНИ ПЕРЕД ДОГМАТИЧЕСКИМ

Author(s): Denis Maslov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The paper discusses two interrelated problems pertaining to the Pyrrhonian way of life. We try to rise to the challenge and play devil’s advocate, arguing from the skeptical point of view. The first part portrays a reconstruction of central skeptical arguments against the dogmatic ethics that attack some epistemological, metaphysical and ethical issues of the central dogmatic concept “the good by nature”. The second part considers the arguments suggested by G. Striker and R. Bett who claim that the sceptic cannot have ethics nor be an ethical agent. Against it, we try to formulate minimal conditions for ethics without theory, namely, the conceptual ability to distinguish between “right” and “wrong” actions grounded upon the notion of “private good” and the skeptical criteria for actions. This is made possible by relativizing the criteria of the ethical and connecting it with the customs and traditions of a given community. Though Pyrrhonism is quite different from ethical relativism or ethical realism, a striking comparison to H. Putnam’s ethical approach is drawn at the end of the paper.

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МАКСИМ ТИРСКИЙ О СОКРАТИЧЕСКОЙ ЛЮБВИ (OR. 20–21)

Author(s): Alexei Garadja / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

Maximus of Tyre (fl. late 2nd century AD) is most poorly and confusedly attested by ancient sources. The best testimony to be found is his extant collection of 41 Orationes, or Dissertationes, addressing a wide range of topics, including the issue of ‘Socratic love’ (Or. 18–21), i.e. of Plato’s theory of eros dealt with by the latter, imprimis, in his dialogues Symposium and Phaedrus. Maximus of Tyre may be dubbed a ‘Platonist’, though not in a scholastic vein (as, e.g., his contemporary and sometime neighbour in the manuscripts Albinus), but rather as an author who strived to mould his own writings in the spirit and style of Plato’s works. The author closest to Maximus may have been Favorinus of Arelate (ca. 80 – ca. 160). As a widely educated person, Maximus shows a good knowledge of Plato as well as of other ancient authors, whose many fragments (e.g., of Sappho and Anacreon) are extant solely thanks to his quotations. Maximus is scarcely known in the Russian language: a few translations of the last century are based on an obsolescent edition. As an appendix, a new Russian translation of Or. 20–21 based on seriously corrected editions of Maximus’ text is provided.

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ONTOLOGY, EPISTEMOLOGY AND POLITICS IN PLATO’S REPUBLIC

Author(s): Yiorgo Maniatis / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

In the present work I examine the rational relationship that exists among the ontology, the epistemology, and the politics in Plato’s Republic, and to what degree these three theories support each other with rational foundations. In particular, this study examines to what degree the platonic ontology and epistemology support rationally and sufficiently the platonic political theory of the φιλόσοφοι-βασιλεῖς of the ἀρίστη πολιτεία in the Republic.

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EXECUTION IN SELECTION TASK DEPENDS ON CHRYSIPPUS’ CRITERION FOR THE CONDITIONAL

Author(s): Miguel López-Astorga / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Wason’s selection task is a current cognitive problem. It is a reasoning task including a conditional sentence that only sometimes is correctly solved by participants. It has been claimed that the versions of the task that are often properly executed are only those in which the conditional sentence fulfills the criterion given by Chrysippus of Soli for the conditional. In this paper, this point is checked by considering a relevant number of versions of the aforementioned task in order to review whether or not their conditionals meet Chrysippus’ requirement.

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THE DISCUSSION OF HUMAN NATURE IN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURIES BCE IN THE SO-CALLED SOPHISTIC MOVEMENT

Author(s): Zbigniew Nerczuk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The paper discusses the debate on the human nature in the sophistic thought. Focusing on the "nature - culture" controversy it presents the evolution of the views of the sophists: from Protagoras’ optimistic contention of the progress of mankind and his appraisal of culture to its criticism and the radical turn to nature in Antiphon, Hippias, Trasymachos, and Callicles. The paper aims at presenting the analysis of the ongoing discussion, with the stress laid on reconstruction of the arguments and concepts as well as the attitudes that are associated with various positions of this debate.

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SOCRATES’ “SWAN SONG” IN PLATO’S PHAEDO. SOCRATES' “SECRET DOCTRINE” ABOUT DEATH AND ETERNITY

Author(s): Kazimierz Pawłowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

In the Phaedo Plato describes Socrates’ final moments, just before his death. The statements he then makes can be treated as his philosophical creed. Socrates compares his own words to a swan song sung by the creature right before its approaching death and reminds his listeners of the swans’ prophetic gift. It can be said that in his final hour Socrates, just like Apollo’s swan, sings a song about the immortality of the human soul. Socrates refers to the Orphic “secret doctrine” (although he does not mention their name directly), revealing his thoughts on his own fate after death.

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LANGUAGE AND LAUGHTER IN THE TREATISE OF PHILO OF ALEXANDRIA “THE WORSE ATTACKS THE BETTER”

Author(s): Maksim Prikhodko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The present paper investigates the interaction between Logos and language in the treatise of Philo of Alexandria "The Worse attacks the Better". Language is regarded by Philo as the actualization of thought in its articulated expression, as the initial moment of creativity. The source of such action is the divine Logos, but the development of thought in the word happens in two opposite directions: one leads to joy, while the other, to suffering. The starting point of this separation is the initial orientation (love) of the mind to God or to self. In the first case, the mind in the act of utterance (expression) overcomes its own isolation. It comes into contact with the divine Logos and achieves joy. The crucial moment of this "leaving the brackets" of self individual thinking towards the light of the divine Logos is laughter. In another case, when the mind does not link words with their source, false creativity is produced, leading to suffering. Аpplying the concept of laughter to the doctrine of Logos and language, Philo reconciles the ideal plan of conceiving truth and its interpretation with the real functioning of the human mind and speech.

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КСЕНОФАН И ПИФАГОРЕЙЦЫ (D.L. IX, 20 = 21 A 1 DK)

Author(s): Mikhail V. Egorochkin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

According to Diogenes Laertius’ Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Xenophanes of Colophon, poet and philosopher of the 6th–5th centuries BC, was sold into slavery by the Pythagoreans Parmeniscus and Orestades (D.L. IX, 20 = 21 A 1 DK). This testimony has long been a source of concern to Hellenists, taking into account the high reputation that Pythagoras and his school gained in the history of European culture and philosophy. The paper provides a critical review of all the proposed corrections to the fragment in question. In the first part it considers conjectures and emendations made by the editors and translators Diogenes Laertius’ text since the Renaissance. Particular attention is paid to Ambrogio Traversari (1386–1439), the first translator of the Vitae philosophorum, whose translation already reveals a reluctance to follow the literal meaning of the testimony. The second part of the paper examines the restoration of the text proposed by Hermann Diels, which is still the most influential. The third part discusses the position of some modern scholars who, while refusing to correct the text of Diogenes Laertius, continue to suspect him to be mistaken. As a result, the paper shows that all corrections of Diogenes’ testimony, according to which Xenophanes was sold into slavery by the Pythagoreans, are vulnerable to criticism, and that consequently its literal reading may be correct.

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К ИСТОРИИ АНТИЧНОГО КЛАССИЦИЗМА

Author(s): Ilya KOLESNIKOV / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The article discusses the genesis of classicism in the Antiquity. At first, we give a brief retrospective review of the concept of “classic” until to the Renaissance, then the emergence on this concept in Aulus Gellius and Cicero. Further, we present a retrospective history of the classical tendency on the example of the disputes between Asians and Atticists, neoterics and lovers of old poetry, and in the ancient attitude towards the plastic arts. Hereafter the article focuses on the Hellenistic poets and philologists and, finally, we trace the origin of the classical tendency in the classical age – particularly, the creation of lists of «selected writers», the development of artistic canons and the relationship between classicism in arts and the pursuit of the old and «good» mores.

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МОРАЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДПИСАНИЯ И ПРАВОМЕРНЫЕ ДЕЙСТВИЯ: ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ АРГУМЕНТОВ АРИСТОТЕЛЯ В МЕТАЭТИКЕ Р. ХЭАРА

Author(s): Anton Didikin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The paper interprets the arguments of Aristotle, which characterize his ethical theory and had a significant impact on the moral theory of R. Hare. The author reveals the conceptual foundations of R. Hare's understanding of the nature of moral prescriptions and the ways of their expression in the moral language, and the controversial issues of his interpretation of the content of moral principles and other ethical concepts. The author comes to the conclusion that R. Hare's reinterpretation of the grounds for committing ethically significant actions leads him to formulate moral imperatives in the context of the method of linguistic analysis, which brings ethical theory to the meta-level.

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«ПРОТИВ СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТИ»: ЦИЦЕРОН КАК ТЕКСТУАЛЬНЫЙ ИСТОЧНИК И ИНТЕРПРЕТАТОР СВИДЕТЕЛЬСТВ О «ФИЛОСОФСКОМ ПОСОЛЬСТВЕ» И СКЕПТИЧЕСКИХ РЕЧАХ КАРНЕАДА

Author(s): Denis Fedorov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The article is devoted to the problem of reflection in the texts of Cicero of evidence of the propaganda and educational activities of the "philosophical embassy" in Rome under the leadership Carneades as the head of the new Academy, and the content of his philosophical speeches before the Roman audience. Particular attention is paid to the problem of Cicero's interpretation of the text of the famous speech of Carneades "Against Justice" that has not come down to us, which is reflected in the partially preserved third book of the treatise De Re Publica. According to the author of the article, Cicero, trying to popularize the methodological principle of philosophizing characteristic of skeptics, updated and modernized the theses of Carneades in relation to the realities of his era and his own pragmatic goals in the specific socio-political conditions of the crisis of the late Roman Republic.

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ТЕОЛОГИЯ В ГОРИЗОНТЕ ДРАМАТУРГИИ ПЛАТОНОВСКИХ ТЕКСТОВ

Author(s): Roman Svetlov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The so-called «dramatic approach» to the interpretation of Plato's texts provides us with some additional tools to explore his theological concepts. The article examines possible ways to connect with each other two "theologies" that are found in Plato's dialogues: static theology from the intelligible universe, and dynamic theology from the visible universe, which is in constant genesis. From the point of view of the «dramatic» approach, we must constantly keep in mind the various assessments of the problems posed by Plato's Socrates and other characters in the dialogues in order to have a complete picture of the analyzed matter. To reconcile these two "theologies", the description of the ambivalent nature of the human soul in «Lysis» plays a basic role, which is also confirmed in other Platonic texts.

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ПОДЛИННАЯ ДАТА НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ ЛЕТНЕГО СОЛНЦЕСТОЯНИЯ МЕТОНОМ АФИНСКИМ

Author(s): Dmitri Panchenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The date assigned to Meton’s highly reputed observation of the summer solstice in the Almagest implies June 27, 432 BC. Since the solstice took actually place a day later, such an inaccuracy presents a puzzle. It can be demonstrated, however, that Meton’s observation was in fact accurate, for he made it on June 28, 433 BC. This follows from adequate interpretation of chronological indications in Thucydides and finds support in various data of the ancient sources. The mistaken date arose, and was maintained, because of the misleading assumption according to which the Athenian archon year invariably began after the summer solstice. It was wrongly decided that Meton had observed the summer solstice at the end of the year of the archon Apseudes and not at its initial part. The true date of Meton’s solstice presents in new light the observation of the summer solstice by Aristarchus of Samos, Eudoxus’ preoccupation with the octaeteris and early Greek astronomy in general. The beginning of the Peloponnesian War is now firmly established at early April (almost certainly, April 6), 431 BC.

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ГРУППОВОЙ ПОРТРЕТ СОФИСТОВ

Author(s): Nadezhda Volkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The article is devoted to a major change of meaning of the word "sophist" (σοφιστής) in the testimonies of ancient authors. Initially term “sophist” was applied to various groups of people – poets, rhapsodes, sages and legislators were called sophists, it was synonymous with the word "sage" (σοφός). But in the middle of the 5th century it was used to refer only to the teachers of virtue and rhetoric, which appeared in Greece and began to call themselves sophists following Protagoras. Most or all of the fifth-century sophists tend to require a fee, to travel from city to city, to educate young people, promising to teach virtue and rhetoric. The influence of Plato in determination and evaluation of the sophists played a decisive role. In his dialogues, Plato calls Protagoras, Gorgias, Hippias and others as sophists. Besides that, Plato gave the word σοφιστής all well-known negative connotations, among them a liar and a charlatan. Negative assessments of the activities of the sophists persisted until the middle of the 19th century, until the English historian of Antiquity George Grote began a long process of their rehabilitation.

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MARTA NUSBAUMA: HUMĀNISMS, EMOCIJU TERAPIJA UN RELIĢISKĀ IECIETĪBA

Author(s): Velga Vevere / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 1/2021

American philosopher Martha Nussbaum has been one of the most prolific authors in the world’s philosophical milieu during the last three decades (more than 35 books, numerous scientific articles, etc.). However, it is difficult to attribute her writings to any particular philosophical approach, rather we can talk about a number of philosophical influences, such as classical Greek philosophy (Socrates, Aristotle and Stoics), liberalism, pragmatism and theory of justice ( John Rawls and Lionel Trilling), social economic research (Adam Smith and Amartya Sen), and others. Her thought moves along the margins and into the overlapping fields of different approaches and social practices. In the secondary literature her route has been described as the one of realistic humanist and/or neo-stoic. The focus of the present article is Nussbaum’s analysis of the phenomenon of contemporary religious intolerance (paying special attention to the book The New Religious Intolerance. Overcoming the Politics of Fear in an Anxious Age) along the lines of the medical model of philosophy proposed by her in The Therapy of Desire. Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics. This accounts for the structure of the article – from diagnosis to therapy of emotions.

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Anonymus seguerianus и „аристотелизмът“ в реториката на Късната античност..

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Anonymus seguerianus и „аристотелизмът“ в реториката на Късната античност..

Author(s): Gerasim Petrinski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 27/2021

The rhetoric in Late Antiquity is mostly Platonic in its philosophical fundaments and many of the rhetoricians identify themselves as ‘platonists’. In spite of this, Aristotelianism, the Aristotelianclassification of rhetorical genres and the inclination towards logical argumentation, are not completely absent. This research is dedicated to one of the rare texts which show a keen interest in these problems – the so-called Anonymus Seguerianus (2nd or 3rd c. A.D.).This text is considered by most modern scholars (FriedrichSolmsen, George Kennedy, Michel Patillon et al.) as the main representative of the ‘Aristotelian’ rhetoric in the Late Antiquity. I will make an attempt to challenge this well-established thesis. To this end, an analysis of the treatise’s functions will be made as well as acritical survey of its sources.

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Демоничният Ерос на Платон в диалозите Федър и Пирът

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Демоничният Ерос на Платон в диалозите Федър и Пирът

Author(s): Milena Popcheva / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2021

The purpose of the current study is to present an interpretation of Eros and its dаemonic aspect as it is described in Plato’s dialogues Phaedrus and the Symposium as well as to attempt to shed some light on the question in which way the erotic as such influences Plato’s notion of the philosophic way of life. In the first part of the study an account is given of the Platonic Eros as a unifying element and as striving for Being. I defend the position that in the context of the interpreted dialogues, philosophy is thought of as an erotic enterprise which manifests itself as a coming closer to the object of love. This coming closer takes place as recollection in Phaedrus and as creating in beauty in the Symposium. Further, I suggest that the creative activity in which the philosophic lover is involved lets a certain daemonic time arise. In the second part of the study, I identify and discuss a twofold structure in the erotic dynamics which consists of a daemonic pull on the side of the beloved giving rise to an erotic striving on the side of the lover. The lover is pulled towards the beloved which is perceived by the lover as something daemonic, as the effect of a foreign commanding power over him. What pulls the lover is the beautiful itself and it is the way in which Being appears to the philosophic lover. At the end of this part, I discuss the consequences of this way of appearing of Being for Plato’s thinking. In the third part of this study, I focus on mindfulness as a necessary condition for the initiation of a philosophic life. I maintain that the purpose of mindfulness is the attainment of freedom and a reflective stance in respect to one’s erotic strivings;

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Skolastik Felsefede Ahlâkın İnsan Doğası ve Tanrı ile İlişkisi

Author(s): Mustafa Çakmak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 44/2021

In scholastic philosophy, the discussion of how morality becomes embedded in human nature and God’s role is in this process goes back to Ancient Greek philosophy. This article deals with the relationship of morality with human nature and God, based on two important theologians who present two different periods of Scholastic philosophy. In early scholastic philosophy, Thomas Aquinas advocated a theological natural law theory that emphasized the potential for an inherent morality in human nature. In contrast, John Duns Scotus did not deny the potential for morality in human nature, but nevertheless advocated a soft divine command theory in which he claimed that morality was grounded in divine commands. Aquinas and Scotus had a serious disagreement on two issues. The first of these is the debate whether the consciousness of being moral in human beings is based on intellect (ratio) or will (voluntas) as a part of human nature. While Aquinas claimed that reason was decisive in this matter, Scotus thought that it was not reason but will that was decisive. The second point of disagreement is the issue of which precepts of the Decalogue can be known by natural law. While Aquinas claimed that all the precepts of the Decalogue could be the subject of natural law, Scotus believed that only the precepts in the first table of the Decalogue could be known of natural law, while the other precepts could only be determined by divine commands. This article has tried to examine the differentiation process in morality, human nature and divine commands in the scholastic era through two important theologians.

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Narodziny terapii filozoficznej z ducha antyku . W kierunku stawania się osobą

Author(s): Tomasz Femiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

This paper lists the problems that philosophical therapy deals with and tries to provide a definition of philosophical therapy. In particular , we find references to Homeric psychology, contemporary therapeutic trends, and examples of the use of philosophical therapy (observation records after individual sessions of philosophical therapy or group work). This article develops the connections between philosophical therapy and the ancient understanding of philosophy (ancient spiritual exercises). The focal point of our considerations concerns the application of philosophical therapy to the process of becoming a person.

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