Nekončící příběhy s češtinou
This article is a review of Milan Hrdlička: Vo vobecný češtině a jiné příběhy. Praha: Karolinum, 2015, 266 s.
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This article is a review of Milan Hrdlička: Vo vobecný češtině a jiné příběhy. Praha: Karolinum, 2015, 266 s.
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The article discusses the changes in surnames of Czech origin in Chicago. The first part analyzes the historical aspects of the Czech immigration to Chicago during the second half of the 19th century. The second part focuses on the different types of changes of the Czech surnames. Haphazard and infrequent changes are also mentioned.
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This article draws on data obtained through research on pronunciation of loanwords among Czech speakers in the two most populous cities in the Czech Republic (Prague, Brno) in 2014. More than 60 words out of the total number of 300 expressions included in the survey were investigated from the perspective of fluctuation in voicing. Most of these words consist of Anglicisms and lexemes of Latin or Greek origin. The pairs s/z and k/g fluctuate most often; several other pairs also display some fluctuation peripherally. As concerns the pair s/z, in accordance with previous studies, it can be stated that in contemporary Czech, the preference for the voiced variant prevails. It cannot be decidedly stated, however, that voicing will spread further and that it will prevail in all cases in the future; the resultant forms are actually influenced, for example, by the language of origin, the time period of the borrowing, the distribution of the word, the type of fluctuating consonants, or the neighbouring sounds. As concerns sociolinguistic categories, age and education have proven to be especially important. For example, in some recently borrowed Anglicisms, the voicing will probably continue to prevail strongly, and on the contrary, it will likely tend to recede in the groups kr, kl in expressions adapted earlier. The fluctuation of voicing in loanwords and proper names is natural; if it does not influence the comprehensibility or the quality of the speech, it does not cause any communication problems.
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This paper examines the development of capitalization in early printed Czech New Testaments. The method employed was the same as in previous studies by Fidlerová, Dittmann and Vladimírová, who examined the majuscules in Old Czech Bibles. The research presented aimed to to confirm and further develop their results on the basis of several separately published New Testaments. The chosen editions were analysed on the lexical level. The percentage of capitals in various categories of substantives, adjectives and numerals was calculated. The increased usage of majuscules in the Melantrich prints was confirmed. Blahoslav’s New Testament was similar to the pre-Melantrich editions.
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The names of plants are presented as an example of the way in which terminological items are treated in the Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech (ASSČ). The general principles applied are accuracy and comprehensibility of explanation, while specific rules include the proper choice of the genus proximum and theparaphrasing of botanical terms necessary for the description of the plant. The treatment of the genus and the treatment of the species differ in the position of the botanical name in the entry. We also discuss the treatment of polysemic lexemes of this semantic group, as well as the treatment of plant families. The principles are illustrated using examples of completed entries.
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The article is focused on the word-forming and lexically-semantic characteristics of the expressions ostalgia/ostnostalgia, westalgia, eastalgia, yugostalgia/yugo-nostalgia and Titostalgia/Tito-nostalgia, on explaining the causes that led to the creation of their denotates and the method used to adapt these nouns in the Czech language.
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The paper outlines the conceptualization of language cultivation from the perspective of so-called ontological “socialism”. In the first part, it briefly describes this conceptualization, concentrating on its central, most relevant aspects (concepts of intersubjectivity, common knowledge and normativity of language). In the second part, it deals with its selected implications for the subject field of language cultivation, in particular with regard to the phenomenon of language correctness. In the final, third part, the paper tentatively proposes the contours of a research program that would be useful to establish in light of these implications.
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As far as the number of tongue vibration cycles of the Czech /r/ is concerned, there is a considerable difference between traditional descriptions (mostly 1–3 r-cycles) and natural speech (almost always only one r-cycle). The data in this article, based on a modest investigation of texts read by both amateurs and professional actors, confirm an absolute prevalence of one-r-cycle pronunciation in present-day Czech. This article also comments on the term “trill” and on related points of confusion in speech therapy.
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The paper deals with the question whether it is possible to combine 1) two prefixes with opposite meaning (and distinct form) and 2) two prefixes with identical meaning (and identical form) in one expression. I will argue that the combination of two prefixes with opposite meaning is quite seldom in both verbal and non-verbal expressions. Two prefixes of identical form usually may not have identical meaning when attached to verbs. In the case of substantive and adverbial derivatives, however, such combinations are very possible.
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In dictionaries, exemplification serves to illustrate the use of headwords. This article attempts to contribute to the elaboration and specification of the general exemplification principles, as demonstrated on the material of the manuscript of The Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech. It deals with the adequate length of the exemplification as a whole and the length of individual examples. It also devotes attention to content-related aspects, with emphasis on the socially sensitive topic of gender. Examples should not have controversial content, otherwise the reader’s attention can go off in an unwanted direction. They should not insult or hurt anybody, yet typical examples cannot be entirely ignored either, as the dictionary must not be censored.
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This article is a review of Ivana Svobodová a kolektiv: Psaní velkých písmen v češtině. Praha: Academia, 2015. 350 s.
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This article is a review of Pavel Štěpán: Pomístní jména v Čechách z pohledu slovotvorného. Praha: Academia, 2016. 347 s.
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This article is a review of Eva Minářová – Jana Marie Tušková a kol.: Čeština v pohybu. Kapitoly ke zkoumání jejíhostavu a proměn. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2015. 153 s.
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This article defends the (at least potential) presence of long r and long l in the system of Czech phonemes; these phonemes can emerge through the lengthening of the phones in some derivational processes. The article then shows that the vowel can also be lengthened in some derivational processes in roots whose representation employs the grapheme ě.
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This article shows the answers of the language counselling center of the Institute of the Czech language of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic on the question of the word 'zverimex', its origin and meaning.
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The paper analyses vocalic quantity in the sermon by Valentin Šubar Lanškrounský which was published in 1578 under the collaboration of Daniel Adam ofVeleslavín and Jiří Melantrich of Aventyno in their printing workshop. The conjunction nébrž, which according to J. Porák has not appeared in print since the 1560s, can be found in The Sermon. The analysis further reflects the current discussion on the amount of influence the typographer had on the final visual form of the print, reaching the conclusion that the distribution of the variants <ů> and <uo> in The Sermon retains random character.
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Based on language material gained from a database for the upcoming Dictionary of the Czech Language Dialects, the contribution deals with verbal intensives in Czech dialects. They are formed by suffixation. Whereas in Standard Czech these verbs end especially in -tat (chechtat se), -otat, (chichotat se) and -chat (šplouchat), in dialects they are formed using some specific dialectal formants. These expressive verbs most often end in -ýňat (hopýňat), -úňat (łamúňat), -ýzňat (řehýzňat sa), -úzňat (havúzňat), -ázňat (hulázňat) a -ýcat (pluvýcat). Verbs with other endings are rare. The above-mentioned dialectal intensives have been found particularly in Moravian Wallachia.
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The article provides insight into the language creativity of the Czech musician, composer, songwriter and activist, but also prose writer Jaroslav Hutka by selecting the word forms, words with specific word-formation patterns and specific syntactic patterns found in his prose. This prose is written in sophisticated and imaginative language containing many linguistic means that are rare and atypical and many of them are very likely individual creations of the author himself. The syntactic structures or patterns found include: atypical ellipsis of the object in transitive verb predicates, stylistically marked passive structures, and atypical causative predicates.
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The article deals with Czech toponyms with the neuter ending -o, occurring almost exclusively in Southwest Bohemia. These neuter forms are regarded as (mostly unofficial) variants of masculine names. These forms are attested both in non-settlement names (mostly field names) and settlement names. Especially the settlement names data are rather rich; they include unofficial variants of toponyms and their historical records (some of the historical records are very old, beginning as early as in the 12th century). The area of occurrence of toponyms of this type has been compared to the dialectal area of the indeclinable form of possessive adjectives ending in -ovo found in Southwest Bohemia; the correspondence of these two areas is striking and can hardly be coincidental. According to the author’s hypothesis, the change of the toponyms ending in -ov and -ín to -ovo and -ino started in the historical period in which the original possessive function of the names and their connection with possessive adjectives was still transparent. Based on the toponymic evidence, it seems that the Southwest Bohemian dialectal phenomenon of possessive adjectives ending in -ovo must be extremely old, reaching as far back as the 12th century.
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