„Stav zemiansky národa slovenského” Uhorská šľachta slovenského pôvodu

Author(s): József Demmel / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2012

In Slovak and Hungarian historiography and in the public opinions of the both nations as well, there is an extended image that in the Kingdom of Hungary before 1918 having Slovak identity and being a member of the nobility represented two opposing concepts about two irreconcilable social groups. Another widespread concept is that Slovaks were not a complete society within the Kingdom of Hungary as they lacked the nobility of Slovak origin. The aristocracy of Slovak origin (with Slovak as their mother language), had a distinguished position in the Kingdom of Hungary until the end of 1870s. Some members of the nobility of Slovak origin could be found in Hungary even in the interwar period.In the study the author argues that it is important to pay a special attention to the issue of the mother language when conducting research into particular aristocratic families whose several generations lived in the North of a Slovak-Hungarian language border. "A Slovak nobleman" is an unknown and contradictory phenomenon only from the point of view of the 21st century. The changes in ethnic identity cannot be perceived as breaking identity or being hypocritical. The fluid identities were a common matter in the Kingdom of Hungary. The biggest challenge for the study of the nobility, which has started recently, will probably be not to perceive noblemen on the basis of their ethnicity as Slovaks and Hungarians, but we should examine their features from complex perspective.

K pravopisu štylisticky príznakových etnických a obyvateľských mien

Author(s): Ingrid Hrubaničová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2023

In this article we address the issue of ethnonyms and habitational names (EOMs), especially the cases of unclear boundaries between the proper noun and the appellative in the stylistically symptomatic EOMs, and orthographic divergence in writing capital letters in this group of names. On the basis of both domestic and foreign theoretical works and corpus material (semantic analysis of the phrase GALSKÝ KOHÚT / GALSKÍ KOHÚTI) we present the basic theoretical and methodological basis for the continuation of the study, which will be devoted to the word-formation patterns of EOMs, their stylistic symptomatology and pragmalinguistic value, and the resulting issue of capitalizing letters.

K pravopisu štylisticky príznakových etnických a obyvateľských mien. 2. časť

Author(s): Ingrid Hrubaničová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

In this paper we continue to investigate the spelling of stylistically symptomatic ethnonyms and population names (EOMs) (Hrubaničová, 2023), with special attention to cases of unclear boundaries between the proprium and the appellative in so-called stylistically symptomatic EOMs, and orthographic divergence in capitalization in this group of names. We focus on the spelling of proprial suffixal derivatives (type SLOVÁČIK – SLOVÁČISKO; ČECHÚŇ, ČECHÚR, ČECHÁK, ČECHÁČIK) and abbreviative derivatives (type DEDERÓN, DEDERÁK, ENDEERÁK; USÁK) of neutral EOMs.

Ketefete: úvahy o jednom hapax legomenon

Author(s): Ľubor Králik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The author discusses the word ketefete attested in a collection of historical legends from the Central Slovakian region of Turiec (hapax legomenon with unclear meaning used in a culinary context). The word seems to be of Hungarian origin, cf. Hungarian kötyfötöl "to mix, stir; to cook badly (without knowledge, in a hurry, while combining all kinds of ingredients, etc.)" (probably onomatopoeic). In the author’s opinion, it may be either a loanword from an unattested Hungarian *kötyföt (supposed nominal back-formation from kötyfötöl) or a back-formation from an assumed Slovak verb *keťfetelovať (< Hungarian kötyfötöl). In Slovak, the noun ketefete (with unclear morphological attributes: indeclinable neuter noun? plural form of a masculine *ketefeť?) was probably modified phonetically on the model of reduplicative words.

O terénnom názve Klanec

Author(s): Iveta Valentová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

Obec Mlynky (maď. Pilisszentkereszt) sa nachádza na severozápade Maďarska v oblasti Pilišských vrchov a označuje sa za najslovenskejšiu z obcí, resp. slovenských jazykových enkláv v Maďarsku (porov. Szabóová, 2008). Hoci Slováci, ktorí žili v severných horských oblastiach dnešného Maďarska, sa pokladajú za pôvodných, autochtónnych obyvateľov, súčasní Slováci sú skôr potomkovia tých, ktorí prišli do vyľudnených a spustošených oblastí až po porážke osmanských Turkov. Podľa A. Kováčovej a A. U hrinovej (2008, s. 235) prvé rodiny prišli r. 1747 zo susedného Santova, kam sa dostali pravdepodobne z územia západného Slovenska, najmä z okolia Trnavy a Trenčína. Prevažne západoslovenský charakter nárečia obce môže tento predpoklad len potvrdzovať.

K pravopisu štylisticky príznakových etnických a obyvateľských mien. 3. časť

Author(s): Ingrid Hrubaničová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2023

In the third part of the study on stylistically marked ethnic and inhabitants’ names (Hrubaničová, 2023a, 2023b), we focus on diverse marked expressions that, to varying degrees, are in touch with the meaning of the bearer/bearers of ethnic or inhabitant affiliation and whose spelling is unstable. In describing this heterogeneous group of expressions, we rely on mechanisms of semantic transposition (semantic criterion), formal aspects, especially adaptation processes, and word formation contexts (formal criterion), and a stylistic feature associated with the axiological intention of the user of such a denomination (pragmatic criterion). We propose criteria based on which the status of these units is specified with regard to their belonging to the appellative or proper sphere of vocabulary, and we point out the borderline character of some cases (with consequences for writing an upper- or lowercase letter at the beginning).

Novšie významové vzťahy medzi výrazmi rukávnik, rukávik, rukáv

Author(s): Silvia Duchková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2023

Objective Facts, Consensus Opinions and the Study of Slovak Panslavism

Author(s): Alexander Maxwell / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

This article is a response to a discussion by Svorad Zavarský, who criticized the author's previous article on Slovak Panslavism and the historiographical misrepresentation of Kollár and Štúr. The author argues that Zavarský's positivist approach is inappropriate for historical research because it introduces anachronism and ignores the social constructivist theories of nationalism. The author also defends his use of the original nineteenth-century terminology and his analysis of the linguistic taxonomies of Šafařík, Kollár and Štúr. The author concludes that Zavarský's comments reflect his unfamiliarity with the social and political context of the early nineteenth century Habsburg monarchy and the rhetorical choices of the Panslavist thinkers.

Čeština pohledem jazykových influencerů

Author(s): Helena Láznička,Michal Láznička / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4-5/2024

The emergence and spread of social media made it possible for a large number of language users to enter into various metalinguistic interactions, including those previously controlled predominantly by language experts. An example of this is what we call language influencers, i.e. users who write posts about the Czech language and its usage. While such users lack an institutional authority, their activity has a substantially large reach and they can thus interact with language users in lieu of traditional linguistic authorities. We present a first characterization of the activities and topics of such profiles. We analyzed 312 posts of the profiles Červená propiska (Instagram), Češtinářské špeky (Facebook), and Jazykovědma (Twitter/X) with regards to the topics of their posts and user engagement in terms of numbers of comments and likes. Whereas Červená propiska is concerned primarily with orthographic rules and the use of correct (i.e. standard Czech) variants, the other two profiles combine such language-management posts with edutainment in the form of fun facts, typically opaque etymologies. The most liked posts have such edutainment form, while the most commented posts discuss language problems which regular users have direct experience with. We interpret the activities of these profiles as representing an alternative to the official language regulator, while implicitly spreading and strengthening the standard language ideology.

Motivace k popularizaci jazyka a lingvistiky

Author(s): Hana Dufková,Ondřej Dufek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4-5/2024

Popularization is often seen as an integral part of scientific work, but from our experience, in Czech linguistics, it is not an obligatory part, required for a scientist’s activities to be viewed as of high-quality or complete. Therefore, one can assume that the content, the manner and the level/quality of popularization activities depend strongly on the motivation of particular scientists, their teams or their superiors. The paper aims to map what motivates people who popularize language and/or linguistics to do so. We asses that qualitatively, using the method of semi-structured interview with both linguists and non-linguists involved in popularization. Our respondents described as their motivations the feelings of personal gratification, satisfaction, contentment, joy or pleasure of the popularization, the feeling of meaningfulness, added value, self-realization, and ego. Based on these results, we conclude that both groups of popularizers like to popularize language and/or linguistics, but for linguists, meaningfulness and little or no feedback are characteristic, while non-linguists are more focused on building social media communities that are able to digest only very simplifiedcontent.

Podoby vyjadřování osobních postojů při popularizaci češtiny

Author(s): Hana Dufková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4-5/2024

This article explores the expression of personal attitudes in the popularization of linguistic topics, particularly in Czech. It focuses on how linguists, who also also speakers of the language, communicate their knowledge to the public while inevitably presenting personal stances on language use. By analyzing examples of both professional linguists and non-experts engaged in language popularization, the article demonstrates the difficulty of maintaining a clear boundary between objective linguistic description and subjective evaluation. It shows that popularization often involves choices influenced by personal and professional judgments, particularly in relation to the standardization of language. The article also examines the ways in which non-linguists may prioritize their personal views. Finally, the study discusses how different approaches to evaluating linguistic phenomena are reflected in publicly available materials, illustrating the variability in the expression of both positive and negative attitudes towards the language.

Język polski na Ukrainie – stan, status, edukacja

Author(s): Jerzy Kowalewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

W artykule zostały przedstawione dotychczasowe badania nad językiem polskim na Ukrainie w aspekcie językoznawczym oraz socjolingwistycznym. Komentując te badania, autor stawia wiele pytań, m.in. o kryteria narodowości polskiej, o granice polskiej kultury, o rolę państwa polskiego w promocji polskości na Ukrainie, a także o status języka polskiego na Ukrainie w przestrzeni prywatnej (w rodzinach) i publicznej: mediach, Internecie, Kościele katolickim, polskich instytucjach. Język polski na Ukrainie jest językiem obcym, jednak ponad 30-letnie nauczanie języka polskiego (też jako obcego) nie przynosi efektów – co potwierdzają badania autora na Ukrainie oraz obserwacje uchodźców w Polsce. Autor sugeruje zmianę podejścia edukacyjnego: z językowego (komunikacyjnego) na kulturowe, w którym istotne jest doświadczenie kultury, przeżycie, aspekt wychowawczy. Taka edukacja ma przygotować obywateli Ukrainy do emigracji do Polski (i Europy) lub współpracy z Polską na Ukrainie.

Prisustvo turskog sufiksa –lija u rožajskom govoru

Author(s): Nerkesa Kurpejović / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 95-96/2024

The subject of this paper is the presentation of lexemes with the Turkish suffix –lija that are found in the Rožaje dialect. We know that from a large number of lexemes of Turkish origin, a certain number of suffixes have emerged that have become independent and that participate in the formation of very productive formation models. For this paper, we have isolated the Turkish suffix –lija, which appears in our language in the adaptation form –lija, which from a grammatical aspect denotes a noun derivative. The Turkish language has a large number of suffixes that are used to form new words. In accordance with the law of vocal harmony, this suffix in the Turkish language occurs in four variants (Turk. –lı / -li / -lu / -lü ), from which our suffix –lija has become. According to their formational and semantic characteristics, these derivatives represent adjectives, usually descriptive.

Fleksja imienna i werbalna XVI w. – stan badań i perspektywy badawcze. Rekonesans

Author(s): Joanna Kamper-Warejko,Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2024

The article provides a review of the literature on sixteenth-century nominal and verbal inflection of recent decades. It also addresses the issue of caesuras of language development phases, including the 16th century, an important one in the history of Polish. In doing so, we draw attention to vernacularization and literalization of the Polish language. We adopt a research perspective which assumes the separation in the synthesizing descriptions of a shorter period than several centuries, conditioned by change. We therefore postulate the need to develop a synthesis of sixteenth-century Polish using as source material Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku [Dictionary of sixteenth-century Polish] and the method of synchronic cross sections. This is justified by the current state of research, which we show on the limited material of sixteenth-century Polish inflection, as well as in the syntheses created so far (e.g. of the seventeenth or nineteenth century) covering periods shorter than the historical era. An attempt at an overview of the literature on inflection in different periods of the development of the Polish language in 2023 by Władysława Książek-Bryłowa, and here the most recent literaturę concerning the historical-linguistic epoch of interest is indicated.

Kaszuby w oczach Aleksandra Hilferdinga i kontekst panslawistyczny

Author(s): Daniel Kalinowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2024

The article concerns research of the Kashubian culture by a Russian linguist of the mid-19th century – Alexander Hilferding. Hilferding contributed to a comprehensive description of the Kashubian language in the arena of Slavic studies, including linguistic, ethnographic and socio-political analyses. In the article, the latter aspect is the most important. Socio-political dimension of Hilferding’s research is discussed from the point of view of the history of ideas with a special focus on the idea of Pan-Slavism. The paper also employs elements of the postcolonial discourse. The analysis results in the argument that Hilferding’s main work Ostatki Słowian na południowym brzegu Morza Bałtyckiego (The remainders of Slavs on the south shore of the Baltic Sea, 1862) provides reliable information about the Kashubian language and customs, but also functions as an ideological and political text, intended to convince the Slavic milieu that Pan-Slavism was an attractive ideological system, which could take on a culture-forming function. In the face of the then political situation and the insufficient statehood of the Republic of Poland, Hilferding’s work was an act of suppressing Polish culture and it was related to the desire of the Russian Pan-Slavists to build a sphere of influence in the region of Eastern Pomerania.

ВАЖАН ДОПРИНОС СЛАВИСТИЧКЕ ЛИНГВИСТИКЕ

Author(s): Ivan G. Iliev / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 29/2024

Review of: Ritter, N. & Henzelmann, M. (eds.) (2021) Linguistische Beiträge zur Slavistik. XXVIII. JungslavistInnen-Treffen, 18. bis 20. September 2019 in Hamburg. Specimina philologiae Slavicae, 206, Berlin et al., Peter Lang.

VATROSLAV JAGIĆ I NAPREDAK SLAVISTIKE U 19. STOLJEĆU

Author(s): Stjepan Damjanović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 35/2024

Vatroslav Jagić was born on 6th July 1838, in Varaždin. He was christened Ignatius Jacobus. Ognjoslav and Vatroslav - the Croatian versions of Ignatius, first appeared in his secondary school certificates. The latter name fully prevailed. Vinko, his father, a cobbler and Ana née Kraljek, his mother, had six children, Vatroslav being the eldest. Jagić attended primary school in Varaždin and completed secondary education in Varaždin and Zagreb. He graduated from the University of Vienna and received a degree in classical philology. In the course of his studies, he started frequenting Slavic lectures given by Franc Mikloušič, whose influence prompted him to take up writing about the issuesin Slavic philology and closely observe literary works on Slavistics, both in and out of the Slavic countries. From 1860 to 1870, he taught classical philology at the Zagreb Gymnasium. The articles from that time provide a framework for his future prominent works in Slavic studies. Despite his youth, Jagić demonstrated a fascinating superiority in introducing the latest accomplishments of genetic linguistics into Croatian philology, namely the works of Bopp, Schleicher, Curtius, Buslaev, et al. In 1864, with his fellow researchers Josip Torbar and Franjo Rački, he launched Književnik, the linguistic journal. They intended to show that Croatia has enough scientific potential to establish the Academy of Sciences. The three volumes of their journal contained 1821 pages, of which Jagić himself penned 437, or a quarter. In 1866, at only 28, Jagić was elected asthe youngest of the first 16 members of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts. By the decree of Ban Levin Rauch, he was dismissed from his post and left the Zagreb Gymnasium. In 1871, he became a professor at the Department of Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European languages at Odessa University. In 1874, he became the very first professor of Slavic studies in Berlin. Jagić held this post until 1880 when he moved again and became a teacher at the University of Saint Petersburg. In 1866, he returned to Vienna to replace Franc Mikloušič as the Chair of Slavic Philology. Jagić stayed there until his retirement in 1908. He died in Vienna on 5th August 1923 and was buried in Varaždin on 12th August. If we wished to sum up the scientific credibility of Vatroslav Jagić, we could illustrate it through the quote of Nina Aleksandrova Pogačnik. She declared that Jagić was 'an outstanding philologist who shied from philologism, a scholar who put evaluation ahead of description, historicity ahead of historicism, the literary history thought ahead of bibliographical crossword puzzles and chronological sequences.' Jagić had an inherent exploratory instinct, and through his extensive work, he strove to replace the mythically perceived collective Slavic heritage with reliable research of actual connections.

ДОБРОМИРОВОТО ЕВАНГЕЛИЕ ВО ИСТРАЖУВА АТА НА ВАТРОСЛАВ JАГИK

Author(s): Emilija Crvenkovska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 35/2024

Vatroslav Jagić devoted substantial attention to Macedonian contribution to Old Slavonic/Church Slavonic, implying that the foundation of this language rests upon in Macedonian dialects from the Thessaloniki area. Thus, together with Vatroslav Oblak, he established the Macedonian theory regarding the folk foundation of the Old Slavonic. Jagić research was primarily centred on the canonical gospels. His interest in gospels continues with the paper on the oldest Cyrillic Church Slavonic four-gospel which is placed on the borderline between Glagolitic and Cyrillic literacy, which is the Dobromir Gospel from the XII century. Jagić highlights the Macedonian features of the manuscript, determines its Macedonian origin based on orthographical, phonological, morphological, and lexical attributes, and identifies its similarities with the Glagolitic literary tradition. He dated the time of origin of the manuscript, named it according to the record of the priest Dobromir, identified its similarities with the Glagolitic literary tradition, and emphasised its features that relates it with the Macedonian language areal. Jagić uses the term Macedonian school, Macedonian area. Later on, Dobromir Gospel has become a subject of interest of many eminent Slavistics scholars. This paper summarizes the basic conclusions emerging from the Jagić’s study, compared to the latest research of this manuscript which supplements Jagić’s conclusions, as well as some points of view which differ from his opinions. This manuscript offers rich material for Church Slavonic, especially through the abundance of lexical forms, and it also points out to interlinguistic contacts.

O jazyce, prababičce a vládě menšin

Author(s): Oksana Lebedivna / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2024

Language choice is a powerful act, as illustrated by a poignant memory of a visit to a great-grandmother who had read all of Shevchenko's works. This encounter sparked a deeper engagement with Ukrainian literature and culture, highlighting the importance of language in shaping identity. Jurij Ševelov's insights on the political, social, and cultural dimensions of language underscore the complexities faced by Ukrainians under minority rule. The phrase "kakaja raznica" (what's the difference) epitomizes the aggressive linguistic assimilation experienced by Ukrainians, reflecting broader issues of cultural dominance and resistance. The narrative draws parallels between historical and contemporary struggles, emphasizing the enduring impact of language on national consciousness and the ongoing fight for linguistic and cultural autonomy.

Zur phonologischen Adaptation der deutschen Entlehnungen in der südmährischen Varietät. Einige Bemerkungen zum deutsch-tschechischen Sprachkontakt

Author(s): Dalibor Zeman / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2024

The article concerns lexical borrowings from German into Czech. It is a continuation of our previous paper which deals with German-Czech language contact in Central Europe.2 Due to the longstanding coexistence of both the Czech and German/Austrian ethnics, lots of German/Austrian loan-words became naturalized in Czech. A significant language contact area in Central Europe is the contact area based on the former centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. From this contact area, a remarkable territory emerged in Vienna that was particularly affected by the influence of Czech on German. Although there always existed a high degree of inter-national mixing at various stages in history, there was never done any real harm to the essence of either of the two languages. A fascinating aspect is the parallel changes in pronunciation in both languages, for example, in vowel sounds and diphthongs. Today it is generally accepted that, to make these sound changes, both languages had to develop similar internal expectations and that these developed in parallel. The objective is to offer a brief description of phonological and morphological adaptation of German loan words in the south Moravian variety. The author concludes that the phonological and morphological structures of German loan words in the south Moravian variety are more differentiated than those of German.