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Cyberprzestrzeń w polskim dyskursie parlamentarnym

Author(s): Joanna Przyklenk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2020

The subject matter of the article is the conceptualization of cyberspace in the Polish parliamentary discourse. It was recognised as important to identify how representatives of legislature perceived cyberspace in 2001–2018. The source of analyses were texts excerpted from the Polish Parliamentary Corpus. In the research ethnolinguistic and cognitive linguistics approach (linguistic and discursive worldview) and diachronic linguistics approach were applied to establish fixed and variable elements of cyberspace conceptualization. The following components were identified as fixed: the perception of cyberspace in threat terms (legal and military contexts) and its definitional elusiveness. In turn, the transition from treating the studied phenomenon as a novelty to its empowerment may be seen as the main change here.

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Badania aspektu w językach polskim, czeskim i rosyjskim za pomocą korpusów i baz danych (pierwsze podsumowanie tematu)

Author(s): Björn Wiemer,Joanna Wrzesień-Kwiatkowska,Marek Łaziński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2020

The article is connected to the project “DiAsPol250” in which Polish is compared to Czech and Russian from the perspective of the evolution of their aspect systems (http://www.diaspol.uw.edu. pl/). We make use of existing synchronic and diachronic electronic corpora and are building a corpus of our own with annotated aspect pairs; we also create a database of aspect triplets whose role we consider as particularly important for the system. We want to assess which changes have occurred since the mid-18th century in prefixing and suffixing strategies of verb stems, both in general and by comparing particular prefixes and suffixes, especially so-called natural (vs. specialized) prefixes (according to Janda et al., 2013). The article supplies a sketch of the general premises of the project, and it summarizes our experience with existing large corpora and databases which we have been employing. We also present a case study in order to demonstrate a procedure designed to compare the distribution of the Czech prefix z- in triplets and in the corpus. This procedure is meant to check more general tendencies; it also illustrates why electronic corpora cannot be replaced in research on distributional properties and why their role does not consist simply in providing examples for the illustration of hypotheses.

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Projektowanie metadanych w korpusie tekstów polskich do 1500 roku – wielopoziomowa struktura informacji

Author(s): Mariusz Leńczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2020

The subject of research are selected metadata that should characterize the texts collected in the corpus of the oldest attestations of the Polish language. The author of the article compares and analyses the factors affecting the development of the basic data structure used in synchronic and diachronic corpora (author, title, date of the text, text channel, text classification, source of citation). Without those factors taken into account the disambiguation of the object in the database becomes impossible, and the use of grammatical information is unreliable and impractical. The result of the presented analysis is a proposal to extend the level of description for individual markers.

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„Polszczyzna mówiona miast” – kontynuacja badań z lat 80. XX wieku z wykorzystaniem narzędzi lingwistyki cyfrowej

Author(s): Anna Majewska-Tworek,Monika Zaśko-Zielińska,Piotr Pęzik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2020

The subject of the research are old texts recorded as part of the “Spoken Polish of cities” project, which was carried out in Katowice, Kraków, Łódź and Wrocław in the last decades of the 20th century. The main aim of the article is to present a new study of Wrocław oral data from that period. The tools of digital humanities and corpus linguistics were used in the new study. The result of the team’s work is the Speech of Wrocław collection in Spokes resources.

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#naukanatwitterze. O multimodalnym designie informacji w dyskursie cyfrowym

Author(s): Magdalena Makowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2020

The subject of the article are the ways of popularizing scientific and popular science knowledge by using Twitter as a social media platform. The research corpus comprises 100 tweets which come from institutional and individual senders, including both representatives of the world of science as well as of the media that aim to popularize scientific knowledge. As a result of the medialinguistic analysis, which focused on the structural and functional plane of the studied media texts, the high representativeness of multimodal tweets was noted. Namely, language and image contextualize each other: the image allows us to fill the semantic gap resulting from the ellipticalness of the verbal layer of a given tweet. Thus, the contribution of the multimodal information design to knowledge transfer in digital discourse has been demonstrated.

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Funkcja politycznych słów kluczy w memach internetowych

Author(s): Agnieszka Anna Niekrewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2020

The subject of the study is the role of political key words used in memes. To determine their role, a semantic and stylistic analysis of Polish-language memetic statements from 2012–2019 was used, in which the following words were included: sorrel, mirabelles, trotyl, octopuses, light bulb, salad. The article shows that the use of key words even in a completely neutral context allows us to activate references to negatively evaluated events and situations, and to recall the emotions and views associated with them. In addition, quoting chronologically diverse examples of the use of key words has lead to the possibility of recreating the process of extending their meanings, which is the result of releasing quotes associated with a specific situation from their function.

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Budowa i zastosowania korpusu monitorującego MoncoPL

Author(s): Piotr Pęzik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2020

This paper introduces the methodology of compiling and maintaining MoncoPL, a large monitor corpus of web-based Polish. Furthermore, an overview of the search engine of the same name is provided to show how the size and composition of the corpus, currently reaching over 5.6 billion word tokens, facilitates research on distributional properties of rare words, neologisms and phraseological units. Finally, the article exemplifies some advantages of using a densely-sampled diachronic corpus for the purposes of observing frequency trends and cycles of various constructions in online media discourse.

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Cyfrowe narzędzia w dydaktyce akademickiej. Badania diachroniczne polskiej fleksji z użyciem systemu Chronofleks

Author(s): Kinga Wąsińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2020

This paper describes the possibilities of the diachronic description of Polish inflection by the Chronofleks system and using it in academic didactics of historical linguistics classes. In new didactic seems necessary to use solutions based on new technologies that use students’ digital skills. Therefore, the observations carried out were to check the extent to which Chronofleks is helpful both in verifying the information available in academic textbooks and in the independent acquisition of knowledge by students. Three grammar issues were selected for research: Kopczyński’s rules, distribution of historic singular endings of male nouns, and ending frequency of the first person plural of verbs. The tests showed that a student can successfully learn the morphology of old Polish using the Chronofleks tool. In addition, Chronofleks allows you to implement a self-study teaching model.

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ROZWAŻANIA NAD ETYMOLOGIĄ GROMU

Author(s): Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2020

The Polish appellative grom m. ‘thunderclap’ (< Proto-Slavic *gromъ m. ‘thunder, thunderclap, roar of a thunder’) should be associated with Greek βρόμος m. ‘any loud noise; crackling of fire; roar of a thunder; roaring of a storm; rage, fury’. Both these nouns derive from the Proto-Indo-European archetype *gu̯rómos m. ‘loud noise; thunder, thunderclap, roar of a thunder’ (originally nomen actionis with the meaning ‘roaring; thundering’, derived from the root *gu̯rem- ‘to roar, to thunder’, cf. Gk. βρέμω ‘to roar; to clash, ring (of arms); to shout, rage (of men)’, pol. grzmieć ‘to thunder’). The comparison of PSl. *gromъ with Gk. χρόμος m. ‘neighing or whinnying (of horse)’ is semantically doubtful.

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POLSKI GWAROWY TOK ‘KLEPISKO’ NIE JEST POŻYCZKĄ

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POLSKI GWAROWY TOK ‘KLEPISKO’ NIE JEST POŻYCZKĄ

Author(s): Dorota Krystyna Rembiszewska,Janusz Siatkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2020

Regionalny w języku polskim tok ‘klepisko’ od dawna uważany jest za pożyczkę ruską. Już Samuel Bogumił Linde [1807–1814 V; 1859, 683], powołując się na Michała Dudzińskiego, twierdził, że wyrazu tok ‘klepisko’ używa się na Rusi. Michał Dudziński [1776, 31] w pominiętym przez S.B. Lindego tekście umieścił go w grupie „Słowa żadnego do Polskich podobieństwa nie maiące: abo choć Polskie, ale w inszym zgoła znaczeniu: np. tok za klepisko”. Nitsch [1914] WPP II 261, wyliczając nazwy ‘klepiska’ w gwarach polskich konstatuje „ukraińsko-polski (u Polaków na Rusi) tok”, później [1918] WPP II 62 pisze: „natomiast w tymże powiecie [tomaszowskim] nieco dalej na wschód, w Tynowcach, znów bojowisko, gdzie jednak wszędzie – jak czasem podobno w Janowskiem – bywa też ruski tok”. Brückner SE 537, a także MAGP II [1959] m. 71, s. 74–76, stwierdzają, że tok w znaczeniu ‘klepisko’ ma zasięg wschodniopolski (też MAGP XII 597, s. 188–189, ale bez izoleksy na mapie), o możliwości pożyczki wschodniosłowiańskiej nie wspominają. Doroszewski 1949, 416–417 przywołuje informację S.B. Lindego o używaniu wyrazu tok w znaczeniu ‘klepisko’ na Rusi i przytacza z utworów Tomasza T. Jeża tok w wielu innych znaczeniach, ale nie wypowiada się, czy wszystkie uznaje je za pożyczki.

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ORTOGRAFIE KOCHANOWSKIEGO, GÓRNICKIEGO I JANUSZOWSKIEGO NOWYM KARAKTEREM POLSKIM ZŁOŻONE

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ORTOGRAFIE KOCHANOWSKIEGO, GÓRNICKIEGO I JANUSZOWSKIEGO NOWYM KARAKTEREM POLSKIM ZŁOŻONE

Author(s): Wanda Decyk-Zięba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2020

Review of: Wanda Decyk-Zieba - Jan Kochanowski, Łukasz Górnicki, Jan Januszowski. PEŁNY TYTUŁ: Nowy karakter polski z Drukarnie Łazarzowej i ortografia polska: Jana Kochanowskiego, Jego M. P. Łukasza Górnickiego, etc. etc. Jana Januszowskiego. MIEJSCE WYDANIA: Kraków. ROK WYDANIA: 1594. LICZBA KART: A-H4v (64 strony). JĘZYK: polski.

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Lingua receptiva. Wyzwania wielojęzycznej komunikacji receptywnej w Europie

Author(s): Magdalena Steciąg / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The aim of the paper is to present the latest proposals within the framework of studies on receptive multilingualism. It contains a more detailed discussion of the concept of lingua receptiva, i.e. multilingual receptive communication based on (related) native languages of its participants, both in a representational aspect – in relation to actual multilingual practices, and in a configurational aspect – in relation to other categories in the conceptual grid of the research discipline. The conclusion points out that the co-occurrence of lingua receptiva and lingua franca in international communication in Europe seems to be an existing yet insufficiently recognised linguistic reality.

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Kompetencja fonologiczna w nauczaniu języka polskiego Słowaków. Trudne miejsca w wymowie (i ortografii)

Author(s): Magdalena Zakrzewska-Verdugo / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The paper analyses Polish phonetic system points which are difficult for Slovaks, and shows how shortcomings in phonological competence may also affect spelling correctness in texts written by students. The paper is of a comparative nature, so the problematic issues are presented separately in the Polish vowel, consonant and accent system compared to the Slovak one. In each of the three parts, typical pronunciation and spelling errors are present that occur in students’ spoken and written work. The aim of this contribution is to present the importance of phonological competence training during the foreign language course in such a way as to minimise negative language transfer.

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Nauczanie fonetyki języka polskiego z perspektywy logopedycznej – studium przypadku studentów z Chin

Author(s): Iwona Kaproń-Charzyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The paper discusses the inclusion of speech therapy stages and methods used in speech therapy in the process of teaching phonetics of Polish as a foreign language. The case study shows that their application made it easier to determine the nature of the deviations from the standard occurring among the students and to design a comprehensive set of targeted measures to improve phonetic and phonological competences. The proposed solutions refer to a group of people whose first language was Chinese, but they can be applied in the teaching of phonetics of different foreign languages.

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Dwupiśmienność (biliteracy) szansą na zrównoważony rozwój dziecka dwujęzycznego

Author(s): Aneta Nott-Bower / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The author draws attention to the phenomenon of biliteracy, i.e. the ability to read and write in two languages. She presents the ways in which the phenomenon is understood in the context of research on bilingualism and literacy tuition. The high scientific and practical value of the concept is emphasised. A broad and integrated approach to biliteracy is proposed. The acquisition of biliteracy is presented as a multiannual, lifelong process. The author shows the potential of biliteracy in terms of improving bilingual functioning (strengthening the motivation to learn a minority language, supporting linguistic and cognitive development, improving emotional and social comfort of bilingual individuals).

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Percepcja zmian w języku polskim u uczniów dwujęzycznych w Anglii (na przykładzie słownictwa młodzieżowego)

Author(s): Kamila Kuros-Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The paper presents the results of research making it possible to reflect for instance on whether staying in a multicultural environment makes one break bonds with the living Polish language. The tool used to seek an answer to this question was a survey checking the understanding of the most popular youth words of the recent years. The youth word of the year, chosen every year, makes it possible to discover the features of the Polish language used by the young generation. The competition makes it possible to explore and follow the linguistic fashion. Words classified as youth words are not necessarily new or slang ones, but they are used much more often by the analysed group. The survey covered more than 200 students attending Polish community schools in the UK. The results were compared to those related to a group of young people from Poland.

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Feminatywy w stanowiskach Rady Języka Polskiego. Język a ewolucja normy społecznej

Author(s): Agnieszka Latos / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The paper attempts to reflect on the evolution of the social norm and on linguistic and codification-related changes with regard to feminine personal nouns. The main aim is to posit and reflect on the problem of feminine forms in contemporary Polish on the basis of a critical comparison of opinions on their creation and use formulated by the Polish Language Council, a body issuing opinions and giving advice on the use of the Polish language. The significant differences in positions taken by scientists over the course of just a few years suggest that the issue of feminine forms was and continues to be to a large extent an element of the sociopolitical debate with an ideological, social and emotional tinge, rather than an issue resulting from the actual limitations of the language system.

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Melioration in South Slavic. The case of Slavic *gyzd-

Author(s): Marc L. Greenberg / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2020

The article discusses the origin and development of the Proto-Slavic word *gyzd-ъ/-a and its derivatives in the Slavic daughter languages with particular attention to the formal and semantic developments that help to explain why the word went from a negative meaning (‘mud, excrement’, ‘something disgusting’) in Northern Slavic (West and East) to a positive meaning (‘adornment, embellishment’, ‘showiness, suavity’) in South Slavic.

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A Simplified Grammar of the Polish Language Williama Morfilla – o pierwszej angielskojęzycznej gramatyce języka polskiego

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A Simplified Grammar of the Polish Language Williama Morfilla – o pierwszej angielskojęzycznej gramatyce języka polskiego

Author(s): Irmina Kotlarska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2021

William Richard Morfill, A Simplified Grammar of the Polish Language (Uproszczona gramatyka języka polskiego), Nicholas Trübner, London, 1884. Review by Irmina Kotlarska.

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Poświątecznie o dudkach, dudach, gajdach i cymbałach

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Poświątecznie o dudkach, dudach, gajdach i cymbałach

Author(s): S. D. / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2021

W słownikach polszczyzny wyraz dudka jest defi niowany jako ‘stary (najstarszy) instrument ludowy; piszczałka, fujarka’ i takie znaczenie nasuwa się w pierwszej kolejności w odniesieniu do zacytowanego fragmentu pastorałki.

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