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Rozwój świadomości językowej obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej na tle procesów integracyjnych

Author(s): Mirosława Sagan-Bielawa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 06/2020

The subject matter of this paper is the development of language awareness in the society in the context of the integration of diverse social classes in Poland in the period 1918–1939. This study covers several specific aspects: 1) language awareness of the Polish intelligentsia, 2) language integration of the Polish dialectal environments, 3) language integration of other nationalities, 4) role of the regionalistic movement and the Polish school in integrating the state. In the linguistic studies on the interwar period, the researchers have concentrated on the language used by the educated class and the Polish national identity, and – as emphasised by the author – not enough attention has been given to the evolution of the language awareness of the lower social class and the complicated language and national awareness in the borderline between ethnical groups. This paper briefly discusses the source material, which could be used in further research: peasants’ diaries, Sejm records, linguistic and sociological studies from the interwar period.

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Lehçede Ödünçleme ve Türleri

Author(s): Emrah Gaznevi / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 65/2020

Linguistic borrowing is the name given to language elements taken from a foreign language that more or less constitute the mother tongue. The most important element that sets the stage for borrowing, which means word exchange in a sense, the increasing relationship level of different cultures can be shown. This increase is undoubtedly based on technological developments, internet and films. In addition, international commercial, economic, scientific, cultural and political contacts, geographical location, historical events, wars and changes in social life are among the factors that create a favorable occasion for borrowing. Borrowed words, terms, expressions of foreign origin are available in all languages in the world. It is known that hundreds of thousands of words in the current vocabulary of Polish come from other languages. The other part consists of words from old Polish language, words derived from Slavic roots or borrowed words from the other languages. These words can penetrate into Polish in two ways: through direct contact (direct borrowings) and through another language (indirect borrowings). Borrowing can occur not only on the basis of words, but also within the framework of idioms, phrases, structures, or affixes. Some of them have entered without any change, while others have been modified and adapted to the Polish word and grammar structure. However, some of the structures in Polish modelled on foreign language today are not considered correct by some linguists. In this study, it will be examined how many types of borrowing there are, the ways in which it is realized and which structures are considered as wrong.

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Auxiliary clitics in Polish

Author(s): Dorota Jagódzka / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

Polish auxiliary clitics constitute an interesting set of data which draws attention to cross-linguistic differences among Slavic languages. A general principle for clitic placement in Indo-European languages is the one described by Jacob Wackernagel in his 1892 work. He concluded that clitics appeared in the second position in the clause, after the first word in a sentence. This pattern was true to some degree in Old Church Slavonic and still holds for a number of contemporary Slavic languages e.g. Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Czech and Slovak which have second position clitics. Bulgarian and Macedonian have verb adjacent pronominal clitics and Polish has auxiliary clitics (Migdalski 2007, 2010, Pancheva 2005). Also in the older versions of Polish language the above mentioned tendency was strong. In Modern Polish auxiliary clitics attach to the l-participle most frequently. However, one of the unusual properties they possess is the ability to choose almost every clausal element for their host. Polish auxiliary clitics can trigger morphophonological alternations on their hosts, which is an affix-like property; however, at the same time they display clearly clitic-like behaviour when they attach freely to words of any lexical class. The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the morpho-syntactic properties of two kinds of auxiliary clitics: bound and free. The bound clitics carry person-number agreement markers for past tense (the so called ‘floating’ or ‘mobile’ inflections). The free clitic is the morpheme by used for conditional and subjunctive mood.

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Manifestations of Transphobia in Computer-Mediated Communication. A Case Study of Language Discrimination in English and Polish Internet-Mediated Discourse

Author(s): Magdalena Derecka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

This article aims to investigate the linguistic means of transphobic discrimination observed on the Internet. The languages analysed are English and Polish, since they both offer their speakers direct and indirect ways that discrimination manifests itself, yet Polish seems to enable a more noticeable means because of the presence of grammatical gender in the language. The paper discusses twelve samples of Computer-Mediated Communication, using the methodological tools offered by Critical Discourse Analysis and Queer Theory. Based on the analysis of the samples, the article shows that even though transphobia lies mainly in lexical choices of the speaker, it is not always direct, i.e. visible in insults and attacks on a trans person, but is oftentimes indirect, i.e. visible in the incorrect use of personal pronouns in both English and Polish, or in the incorrect use of grammatical gender in Polish. Moreover, while transphobia visible in language is not always intended by the speaker, it can still be considered to be discriminatory.

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Najnowsze studia polskojęzyczne nad prasą żydowską na ziemiach polskich. Przegląd badań

Author(s): Jolanta Kruszniewska,Anna Łagodzińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2019

W minionym dziesięcioleciu wzrosło zainteresowanie badaczy historii Żydów na ziemiach polskich XIX- i XX-wieczną prasą żydowską zarówno w języku polskim, jak i w jidysz oraz hebrajskim. Przyczyny tego można szukać w większym upowszechnieniu źródeł (m.in. poprzez ich postępującą digitalizację), rosnącej liczbie badaczy posługujących się językami żydowskimi, a także w podejmowanych próbach rewizji dotychczasowej narracji historycznej oraz konieczności zapełnienia białych plam na prasoznawczej mapie.

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Basic linguistic ontology and plants: A semantic sketch

Author(s): Justyna Małek / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2019

This article is devoted to verbs collocating with the Polish lexeme roślina ‘plant’. The aim of the study is to determine the linguistic status of the plant and to investigate whether it is ‘someone’ or ‘something’ in view of the semantics of the verbs in question. The author analyses cases in which the plant appears in the semantic role of the agent. She makes conclusions about how the lexeme roślina functions in Polish and defines its unique features (semantic connectivity) and semantic roles. The study is based on language surveys conducted among native speakers of Polish. Language analysis reveals the place of the plant in the hierarchy of living organisms.

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LANGUAGES AND CULTURES IN CONTACT. THE PLACE OF NEW SPEAKERS IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN UPPER LUSATIA

Author(s): Nicole Dołowy-Rybińska,Cordula Ratajczak / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2019

Upper Sorbs are a Slavic minority group living in eastern Germany. The number of Upper Sorbian speakers is diminishing. Upper Sorbs, the majority of whom are Catholics, have a strong ethnic identity based on language, faith, and tradition and they form a rather closed community in relation to the surrounding German population. To counteract the process of language loss, the Sorbs have established an educational project called ‘Witaj’. The continuation of this project is the ‘2 plus’ program of bilingual education in schools, which has been implemented by the federal state of Saxony. The idea behind these initiatives is to connect native Upper Sorbian speakers and learners in order to facilitate the achievement of language competence and to break down existing ethnic boundaries. The realisation of this concept has encountered numerous problems. The German-speaking pupils involved often feel unmotivated to learn Sorbian and are often rejected by the Sorbian-speaking community as (potential) members. This article presents the results of a research project examining the way young people from German-speaking homes who attend one of the Upper Sorbian middle schools acquire Sorbian language competence and how they create an identity in relation/opposition to their Sorbian speaking peers. The analysis is based on the sociolinguistic observations of language practices conducted in the school in 2017 and on interviews with both native speakers and learners of Upper Sorbian.

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NEW PREPOSITIONAL ANALYTIC CONSTRUCTIONS IN CONTEMPORARY POLISH

Author(s): Monika Jabłońska / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2019

This paper presents pairs of structures in which one structure is a correct synthetic phrase and the other is a corresponding analytic structure that is incorrect according to contemporary dictionaries. The latter are nevertheless used because speakers notice subtle differences between the synthetic and analytic forms. As a result, one structure cannot be replaced with the other in all contexts. The process of replacing synthetic structures with analytic ones is evidence of the intensifying tendency towards analyzation in Polish. This process has been observed in all periods of the history of the Polish language.

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A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF FEMINITIVES IN BULGARIAN, POLISH AND RUSSIAN

Author(s): Wojciech Paweł Sosnowski,Joanna Satoła-Staśkowiak / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2019

The subject of this article is the contemporary usage of feminitives (specifically the names of occupations and functions), which traditionally are most often derived from masculine names. The article presents a contrastive analysis of feminitive usage in three Slavic languages: Bulgarian, Polish and Russian. The article examines the problem of linguistic asymmetry in the creation of feminine names in the three languages and presents the views of renowned linguists on the issue.

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A LEXICOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO THE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIAN AND POLISH PHRASEOLOGY

Author(s): Diana Blagoeva,Maciej Paweł Jaskot,Wojciech Paweł Sosnowski / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2019

This article discusses the concept behind The Lexicon of Active Bulgarian and Polish Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej] and provides an overview of the key aspects of the methodology used for selecting and composing the dictionary’s entries. The authors outline the theoretical underpinnings of this project, touching on the issue of interlingual equivalence, and explain both the process of selecting and verifying phraseological material and the methodology of presenting lexicographical information in the Lexicon. The article includes various examples of active phraseological units from both languages.

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Problem języka w klasztorze sióstr katarzynek w Krokach w pierwszej połowie XX wieku

Author(s): Vaida Kamuntavičienė / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2019

After 1918, the two Catholic convents on the territory of the Republic of Lithuania faced the issue of Lithuanisation, which was solved in different ways. The Benedictine Convent in Kaunas, the provisional capital of Lithuania, had been firmly Lithuanised by 1924. However, St Catherine’s Convent in Krakės in Samogitia chose a different path. This article aims to find out how the Krakės convent dealt with the challenges of nationalism in the context of ongoing modernisation of its life at that time. The main objective is to present the shift from the Polish to the Lithuanian language in public and private life of the convent. The study is mostly based on original documents held in the archives of St Catherine’s Convent in Kaunas. The Polish language was very important for the Krakės convent (established in 1645). According to the modified Rule of St Catherine the Virgin and Martyr adopted in Krakės in 1673, the language of prayers and sermons was Polish. Only daughters of noblemen were accepted to join; they were obliged to donate a dowry, which meant that only wealthy girls could become nuns. The Krakės convent stemmed from the cultural traditions of the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The establishment of the independent Republic of Lithuania meant that St Catherine’s sisters of Krakės needed to re-evaluate their political (civic), national and cultural identities.

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Imiona mniejszości litewskiej w Polsce

Author(s): Justyna B. Walkowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2019

This article analyses the given names of members of the Lithuanian minority in Poland. It is based on a Lithuanian telephone directory issued in Puńsk in 1997, in which a significant number of personal names are recorded in the Lithuanian form. Their comparison with the corresponding data in two Polish telephone directories from a similar period revealed over two hundred “given name + surname” pairs in two language versions: Lithuanian and Polish. About eighty pairs in which the names differed in spelling and morphology have been extracted for analysis. In the analysis of given names, also Kazimierz Rymut’s name dictionary (1995) has been used to establish the frequency of selected names in the Suwalki region and beyond. The statistically significant higher turnout of names of Lithuanian origin in the Suwalki region than in the rest of Poland was confirmed in almost all cases. It was also established that the occurrence of Lithuanian given names in unassimilated form is more frequent there. The frequency of the given names which appear in the aforementioned Lithuanian telephone directory and on the lists of high school graduates in Puńsk from 1959–1995 was compared to the ranking lists of given names used in Poland and Lithuania. This enabled some observations concerning the choice of names by Polish Lithuanians.

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Language shift: The case of the Žeimiai area in the Kaunas-Jonava region

Author(s): Danguole Mikulėnienė,Aušra Pacevičiūtė / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2019

As a result of application of the principles of multidimensional dialectology in Lithuania in the early twenty-first century, the research discourse of Lithuanian dialectologists now covers not only the traditional dialects, but also several local language variations that continuously interact and compete with one another in the same geographical area. The processes of convergence and divergence of language variations are addressed in a more comprehensive manner, not only analysing the linguistic characteristics of a local variation, but also looking into the language environment (or language landscape) and the attitude of the local populace (especially the young generation) towards their linguistic homeland. The linguistic study presented in this article was conducted in the Žeimiai area in the Kaunas-Jonava region in 2015–2017. It involved interviews with 21 members of three generations of one family (15 females and 6 males aged 19 to 95), over 20 hours of audio material in total; the informants also answered a sociolinguistic survey. The description and analysis of collected material involved: (1) analysis of the degree of viability of language variations used in the area on the basis of a model of sociocultural networks of Žeimiai town; (2) description of the linguistic landscape of the region; (3) description of the linguistic behaviour and attitudes towards local variations on the basis of informants’ replies in the sociolinguistic survey; (4) analysis of salient phonetic features of the informants’ speech that best describe the local language variation in use. The collected and processed material allowed the researchers to investigate the competitiveness of local language variations in this area, identifying ones that have greater demand with representatives of different generations compared to others (cf. Inoue, 1997, p. 41).

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Litewska i polska spuścizna językowa Antoniego Juszkiewicza (Antanasa Juški) z perspektywy XXI wieku

Author(s): Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa,Vilija Sakalauskiene / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2019

This article presents the assumptions of new research on the legacy of Antanas Juška, recorded in Lithuanian and Polish. We assume that the forgotten works of this bilingual author from Lithuania, mainly translation dictionaries, are an underestimated study material for interdisciplinary research. They are particularly important for understanding the rich conceptualisations of the world by two collective subjects, Poles and Lithuanians, co-existing in Lithuania under the Russian partition. We have formulated two research hypotheses: (1) the bilingual dictionaries authored by Antanas Juška, who was a Catholic priest, are not only a valuable source of knowledge about the state of the Polish and Lithuanian languages in the nineteenth century, but above all specific cultural texts which form part of the social discourse of their time and place, and thus carry relevant ethnolinguistic and ethnocultural information; (2) bilingual dictionaries as a genre had an impact on the crystallisation of Lithuanian national awareness and the strengthening of cultural identity of Lithuanians in the second half of the nineteenth century. Juška’s linguistic legacy will be jointly studied by Polish and Lithuanian researchers from different perspectives, applying the tools and methods available in twenty-first-century humanities.

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Kościół ewangelicki augsburskiego wyznania na Śląsku Cieszyńskim na przełomie XIX i XX wieku a poszukiwanie tożsamości językowo-narodowej

Author(s): Beata Kubok / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2019

The article analyses the constituent parts of the identity of the Evangelical Church Augsburg Confessions (Lutheran) in Cieszyn Silesia from the 2nd half of the 19th century to 1945. The statutory time frames have allowed to trace the correlates of national culture, which is sourced in 19th century national movements. They led to the construction, of a retrospective national history, in which in first place was a unique position of the Polish language and the confessional identity was defined in terms of Polishness. This predetermined national-religious pattern set for a period of about 100 years the nature of the Lutheran Church in Cieszyn Silesia. The article, in addition to the theoretical part, was supplemented with the author’s own study of archival documents of the seven Zaolzian Protestant congregations.

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The New Polish Cyrillic in Independent Belarus

Author(s): Tomasz Dominik Kamusella / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2019

After the fall of communism and the breakup of the Soviet Union, the religious life of the Roman Catholic community revived in independent Belarus. The country’s Catholics are concentrated in western Belarus, which prior to World War II was part of Poland. In 1991 in Hrodna (Horadnia, Grodno) Region, the Diocese of Hrodna was established. Slightly over half of the region’s population are Catholics and many identify as ethnic Poles. Following the ban on the official use of Polish in postwar Soviet Belarus, the aforementioned region’s population gained an education in Belarusian and Russian, as channeled through the Cyrillic alphabet. Hence, following the 1991 independence of Belarus, the population’s knowledge of the Latin alphabet was none, or minimal. For the sake of providing the faithful with Polish-language religious material that would be of some practical use, the diocesan authorities decided to publish some Polish-language prayer books, but printed in the Russian-style Cyrillic. This currently widespread use of Cyrillic-based Polish-language publications in Belarus remains unknown outside the country, either in Poland or elsewhere in Europe.

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Formy reprezentacji argumentu propozycjonalnego w bułgarskich, polskich i rosyjskich zdaniach ufundowanych na predykacie mentalnym

Author(s): Aleksander Kiklewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2019

This article offers a discussion of Bulgarian, Polish and Russian mental verbs from the perspective of syntactic valence. The author examines grammatical forms of propositional argument in sentences with mental verbs which represent predicate-argument structure P (x, q). All syntactic forms in the focus of this study are classified into several patterns: observance, compression and splitting. The author demonstrates that what they involve is analogical reflection of propositional structure, greater or smaller compression of propositional argument, or its segmentation and doubling of syntactic position. The author examines the regularity of implementation of each grammatical form in Bulgarian, Polish and Russian on the basis of relevant quantitative data.

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Phraseology in Dokładny słownik polsko-angielski i angielsko-polski… (1851) by Erazm Rykaczewski

Author(s): Monika Rychlicka / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2019

Phraseologisms, or multi-word items, occur in most languages, but they may cause serious problems for foreign language learners. This article describes what Polish multi-word items were included and how they were translated into English in the first bilingual Polish-English dictionary by Erazm Rykaczewski. No fully-fledged diachronic study on phraseology in Polish-English and English-Polish bilingual dictionaries has ever been carried out, so the present article is a modest introduction to this field of research. A modern typology of phraseologisms has been applied for this purpose.

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Trwałość synonimii w polskiej terminologii medycznej przełomu XIX i XX wieku

Author(s): Lucyna Agnieszka Jankowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2019

This article presents the results of an analysis of 940 synonymic strings excerpted from two translated medical dictionaries: Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej [A Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology], published in 1881, and Słownik lekarski polski [A Polish Medical Dictionary], published in 1905. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative changes in those strings indicates a significant persistence (703 preserved strings) and stability of synonymy (320 strings with the same number of terms and the same composition of synonyms).

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О вербализации концепта «место кофепития» в русском и польском языках

Author(s): Ewa Straś / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2018

The present paper is devoted to issues related to creating a universal concept of café in the mentality of Russian and Polish speakers. In this paper, it is descriptively presented as ‘a coffee-drinking place’. The results of the analysis do not allow for clearly establishing the name of this concept in the consciousness of Russian-language speakers. By contrast, in the mentality of Polish speakers, the discussed concept is included in the notion of “kawiarnia“ (i.e. ‘café’) and it is verbalised by the same word kawiarnia.

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