Věda mnoha jmen: onomastické termíny v publicistice Českého národního korpusu

Author(s): Jaroslav David,Tereza Klemensová,Michal Místecký / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

The contribution focuses on the use and collocation analysis of basic notions linked to the field of onomastics, including those that are specialized (e.g., "proprium", "anthroponym", "toponym", "chrematonym", etc.) and the ones that are commonly used (e.g., "proper name/naming"). In the latter case, attention will be paid to whether these terms are connected to onomastic contexts. In general, the research analyses sources where the lemmata are used, including their typical surroundings. The goal of the paper is to show how the public perceives onomastics, whether it is familiar with its key terms. The analysis is based on the data of the Czech National Corpus, version 8, opinion-journalism texts.

Z historie ženských pojmenování v českých zemích

Author(s): Jana Pleskalová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

The study follows the development of naming women with names used in public during the period before surnames were introduced by law (i.e. before 1786). The analysis of anthroponyms proved that naming women reflects their social status. Daughters were most frequently identified by their first names and by their relations to their fathers, aswell as wives and widows were most frequently identified by their first names and by their relations to their husbands. Naming units of a descriptive nature have originated in this way, with a tendency towards simplification during further development, e.g., Anna manželka Matěje Jírova … Anna Matěje Jíry … Anna Jírova (these are several stages of naming a person referred to as "Ann, the wife of Matěj Jíra"). Wealthy widows or wives of a more prominent social status than their husbands had the same complementary anthroponyms as men (Anna mlynářka skalická – "Ann, the miller of Skalice") and their children or husbands were often referred to in the way the particular women were, e.g., Martin Evka (derived from Eva), Ondřejovi, Kateřininému synu ("to Andrew, the son of Catherine"). These facts prove that the way of naming women with names used in public was primarily determined by their social status, rather than by the gender.

Prečo slovo dcéra obsahuje dlhé é?

Author(s): Siniša Habijanec / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

The paper aims to explain the origin of the long é in the Slovak word dcéra ‘daughter’, which is the only word of the original lexical layer that has a long é in its root. Its length is difficult to explain by comparative Slavic accentology since relevant languages generally show a short vowel in this position. Another peculiarity of this word is the fact that é did not undergo the Central Slovak diphthongization that otherwise regularly occurs after c. The author offers a solution in the cultural influence of Czech, which Slovaks had been using as a written language for centuries. It is argued that the original Common Slavic word *dъťi had been lost in Slovak and replaced by a word *děvъka, while dcera was introduced into the Slovak vernacular through Czech religious texts. The initial Czech graphic cluster dc- had been realized as a geminated [cː] by Slovak priests, the pronunciation of which was interpreted as compensatory lengthening of the following vowel, and this length was subsequently phonologized. The lengthening of e and consequent phonologization could be linked to the spread of Czech printed books, so it must be posterior to the Central Slovak diphthongization.

NIE TYLKO PIES – O KILKU ANIMALISTYCZNYCH NAZWACH FUNKCJONARIUSZY SŁUŻB WIĘZIENNYCH W HISTORII POLSKIEGO SOCJOLEKTU PRZESTĘPCZEGO

Author(s): Jarosław Pacuła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article deals with the history of the Polish words with primary meanings ‘animal’ and analyzes different views on their origin. The article describes the phenomenon of zoosemic semantic changes in Polish prison slang from the late 19th and early 20th century. Several animal-specific nouns functioning as synonyms for jailer (prison ward) are presented. Sources of individual names are indicated and it is given a description of semantic changes which took place under the influence of foreign languages.

O BRATISLAVSKOM LINGVISTICKOM KRÚŽKU V NEMČINE

Author(s): Slavomír Ondrejovič / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Slavomír Ondrejovič - VYKYPĚLOVÁ, Taťána – VYKYPĚL, Bohumil: Cercle linguistique de Bratislava. Ein Kapitel der mitteleuropäischen strukturalen Wissenschaft . In: Travaux linguistique de Brno, zv. 16. Brno: LINCOM GmbH 2019. 222 s. ISBN 978-3-86288-944-0.

Kontúry štýlu a štylistiky od Jozefa Mistríka po digitálnu éru

Author(s): Oľga Orgoňová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2022

The aim of the study is to follow the metamorphoses of the notion of style (above all) in Slovak stylistics within the last about 30 years. From the initial recapitulation of the traditional ideas of structural linguistics as a science aimed at non-contextual linguistic models of the manners of shaping the texts, the perspective of viewing style is being shifted to viewing it as a socially conditioned speech lingual activity. The culmination is represented by the profiling of style as a construction of a contextually conditioned cultural reflection of text in context. The current communicatively conditioned concepts of style anchored in discourse reality reflect the updated needs of people of the digital era. A non-negligible prerequisite for effectively grasping style (especially in interaction) is the competence of the acting people to interact optimally and in an assimilation-accommodation manner with the surrounding world in the name of harmony, understanding and inclusive behaviour.

The default case in Czech

Author(s): Michaela Čakányová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This paper addresses the issue of a non-assigned case in Czech. This so-called default case can be found in many languages and its behavior seems to be largely determined by the type of the given language. English, being a poor case language, does not have many options for the default; it is basically the nominative or accusative that are somehow available. Czech, on the other hand, being a rich case language, offers a greater variety. The paper considers special environments where case is not assigned, such as those suggested by Schütze (2001) for English. From these, only the left-dislocation seems to be the right environment for the default case in Czech. Moreover, we consider post copular DPs, which show a competition of the nominative and the instrumental. The former proves to be the default option for Czech.

Štruktúrno-pragmatické posuny vo vývine novinových titulkov v socialistickom a demokratickom období

Author(s): Patrícia Molnárová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2022

The newspaper headline is the first contact between the author and the recipient and in terms of stylistics, it is one of the compositional aspects of the text. In relation to the text itself, as well as to the communication partner, the headline fulfils an informative, engaging and especially in journalistic genres, persuasive function. Following the previous research focused on the 1960s, the aim of the study is to analyse and compare headlines in Slovak newspapers in the period of totalitarian and democratic establishment with a focus on the journalistic genre. The research sample, excerpted from the official discourse of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (1948 - 1956, 1961 - 1970) and the more recent Slovak mainstream e-discourse (2011 - 2021), contains almost 800 headlines to monitor the developmental tendencies of a given text component under the influence of changed extra lingual conditions. The aim of the research is to verify the expected linguistic and communicative modifications captured, for example, in a freer approach to the use of language. The given assumption expected at the structural-pragmatic level is conditioned by the dismantling of political-ideological control of the socialist period. At the stylistic-pragmatic level, we also assume a more direct and qualitatively more elaborate expressiveness in the language.

Language discrimination in Polish public discourse (Example of Polish football fans discourse)

Author(s): Paweł Kowalski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

In the urban space of Łódź, this paper studies some anti-Semitic aspects of discriminatory discourse of football fans. Its main goal is to present how anti-Semitic discriminatory meanings are formulated and spread in the urban space and how particular socialgroups (football fans) organize the urban discourse. In the multimodal material from the urban discourse, we scrutinize verbal and visual forms of discrimination captured on the walls of buildings, parks, or shopping centres in various stickers, posters, and flags. This paper implies that the language of particular social groups goes beyond closed internet communication or stadium discourse to a more open social sphere. A consequence of the social polarization found in the analysed data may be the radicalization and vulgarization of language in general.

Morfologická variantnosť slovies v metodologickom a aplikačnom kontexte

Author(s): Alexandra Jarošová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The goal of our contribution is to find an adequate methodological platform for describing and explaining the so-called inter-paradigmatic transition of Slovak verbs from the conjugation prototype česať ("to comb", 1483 lexemes) to the conjugation prototype chytať ("to catch"). This transition is not linear and smooth. We understand the description of the given phenomenon as the construction of a linguistic model – a "transition scheme" – based on systemic linguistics (specifically, functional and structural linguistics). This platform, with the concepts of function, norm, system, center, and periphery, is compatible with the cognitive concepts of prototype and continuum, which we include in the construction of the model as certain components of the user and practical dimensions. From the point of view of formal morphology, we rely most on the description system of Slovak conjugation by M. Sokolová (2019). We drew material from the Orthographic and Grammatical Dictionary and verified the occurrence of variants on the set of corpora Omnia Slovaca IV consisting of the Slovak National Corpus, specialized corpora and web corpora. We conclude that the goal of the analyzed cross-paradigmatic movement is not the transition of verbs from the prototype česať to the prototype chytať, but rather the optimal balance of definite and indefinite forms of each verb with regard to the defined conjugation prototype under the simultaneous interaction of pragmatic, frequency and phonological factors.

"My" a "oni" v lingvistickom konštruovaní obrazu jazyka (alebo reflexia laikov v slovenskej lingvistike)

Author(s): Gabriela Múcsková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The article maps the linguistic views on the common language users as non-experts in the field of linguistics and their ability to think reflectively and rationally about issues related to language. An overview of attitudes towards non-linguists is presented against the background of the development of linguistics, ranging from a structural understanding of language with an emphasis on standard language cultivation and linguistic prescription, through a sociolinguistic approach that emphasizes the role of the language user as a creator of the linguistic norm and its variation, to the view of folk linguistics and citizen linguistics, which examine how ordinary people in various forms of public communication present their opinions, beliefs, as well as their myths and ideologies about language. At the same time, the paper argues for the view that some folk knowledge and beliefs about language are not only incorrect or inaccurate, but, on the contrary, that they provide valuable information for linguistics about the background of language behaviour and language change. The material was drawn from the databases of Slovak linguistic journals and the specialized corpus of the journal Slovenská reč.

Ke koncepci proprií a deproprií v akademickém slovníku současné češtiny

Author(s): Jana Georgievová,Jan Křivan,Michaela Lišková,Martin Šemelík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2023

This paper is a conceptual supplement sui generis, the aim of which is to present a modified treatment of proper names and deproprial expressions in the Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech (ADCC). The focus of the study is both a reflection on the past and current lexicographical practice and a discussion of the key issues related to the treatment of the respective lexical subsystem in the dictionary. First, we summarize the basic facts concerning the lexicographic processing of proprial and deproprial lexical units in the field of explanatory lexicography. Second, we provide some more general information about the ADCC and, most importantly, about the macrostructure and microstructure of the dictionary in reference to the topic of the present study. We focus on the inclusion of proprial and deproprial entries in the ADCC and the specific treatment of proper names contained in phrasemes. Special attention is paid to the microstructure of proprial and deproprial entries, as well.

Ňeropťe s toho klebeti, čo som vám povedala!

Author(s): Stella Ondrejčiková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

Priezviská Dula, Dulka, Dulík

Author(s): Iveta Valentová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2024

The article deals with the motivation, origin and formation of the surnames Dula, Dulka, Dulík, or more generally surnames with the base dul-. The most probable interpretation is that they are related to the name of the tree or shrub dula (Cydonia, English quince). However, due to interlingual contacts, they could have been formed from other appellatives or proper names and their onymic motivation could have been different. The author also analyzes these other possibilities.

Malí nezbedníci v slovenských nárečiach (2. časť)

Author(s): Miloslav Smatana / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2024

O niektorých pravopisných javoch v názvoch firiem, produktov, aplikácií a služieb s ohľadom na súčasnú jazykovú prax

Author(s): Kristína Piatková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2024

This paper explores the spelling of proper names, business names, and app names in the Slovak language. It focuses on proper names that start with a lowercase or uppercase letter in a compound word. The motivation behind names is examined, including the ownerʼs name, generic designation, foreign words, and acronyms. Similar names are found across various companies, products, and services. Creating words in an individual way allows for the investigation of authorial invention and exploration of the word-forming potential of language. The creation of new words contributes to the expansion of vocabulary, while also observing its influence on Slovak orthography.

Niekoľko diskusných poznámok o derivátoch cudzích geografických názvov v Pravidlách slovenského pravopisu

Author(s): Ivor Ripka / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2024

The document discusses the formation of resident names from foreign geographical names in Slovak orthographic rules. It highlights the historical and systematic approaches to creating these names, focusing on the use of suffixes and infixes. The text provides examples of how different geographical names are transformed into resident names, considering factors like syllable count and phonetic characteristics. It also examines the inconsistencies and challenges in standardizing these names, particularly with non-declinable toponyms. The study references various linguistic sources and previous research to support its analysis. It concludes by emphasizing the need for updated orthographic guidelines to address the evolving linguistic landscape.

Jaki śi mudri, taki śi glupi (Zo zemplínskej lexiky)

Author(s): Martin Chochol / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2024

The document delves into the lexicon of the Zemplín region, focusing on expressions related to human psychological traits and behaviors. It builds on previous research, expanding the semantic field to include a variety of expressive and idiomatic phrases. The text provides numerous examples of how different characteristics, such as intelligence, foolishness, and emotional states, are described in the local dialect. It also highlights the use of metaphors and similes to convey these traits, reflecting the rich cultural and linguistic heritage of the region. The study emphasizes the importance of preserving these expressions as part of the broader Slovak linguistic tradition. It concludes by acknowledging the support of various grants and the contributions of dialectological research.

Krátky slovník slovenského jazyka ako potrebný typ jednozväzkového slovníka a ako dôležitá súčasť kodifikačných príručiek spisovnej slovenčiny

Author(s): Ján Kačala / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2024

The topic of the article is the characteristics of the Short Dictionary of Slovak Language as a special one-volume type of explanatory dictionary of the Slovak language and its place in the context of codification manuals of the contemporary written Slovak language. The author pays attention to the methods of lexicographic work in the design of a one-volume explanatory dictionary and particularly points out the changes in the methods of interpretation of some types of denotations and the groups of denotations that have been enriched by the 5th and unchanged 6th edition of the Short Dictionary of the Slovak Language in Matica slovenská publishing house.

Z úcty k poznaniu nášho jazyka

Author(s): Pavol Žigo / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2024

The article discusses the historical development of Slovak orthography, focusing on the principle "Write as you speak" and its application by codifiers Anton Bernolák and Ľudovít Štúr. It examines the simplification of spelling rules based on pronunciation, particularly the treatment of vowels 'y' and 'i'. The text highlights the morphological approach in Slovak orthography, comparing it with neighboring languages like Czech and Polish. It also addresses the limitations of dialects in forming a standardized language, emphasizing the need for a supra-dialectal form to serve public communication. The article concludes by reflecting on the evolution of linguistic terminology and the importance of historical context in understanding language codification.