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Profilowanie pojęć we współczesnym polskim dyskursie publicznym na przykładzie wybranych wartości kolektywnych

Author(s): Beata Żywicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The article presents basic assumptions regarding the idea of profiling and shows the applicability of this method in research based on public discourse. Applying concept profiling is illustrated through reconstruction of specific images of society and nation. The concepts are defined as names of collective values because they function as certain ‘community complexes’ dependent on social, political, cultural, ethnic and economic factors, while their semantic structure is based on lexical dominants emphasizing the sense of community and unity. It is proved that in a certain type of discourse, a specific social subject is activated, represented by individuals, social groups, parties, institutions and organizations. The obtained research resources base is comprised of texts excerpted above all from large-circulation, opinion-forming newspapers and dailies representing diverse political affinities.

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On the perception of science by Poles: corpus-based descriptive study of public consultation data

Author(s): Małgorzata Dzimińska,Łukasz Grabowski,Aneta Krzewińska,Izabela Warwas / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This descriptive study, conducted using corpus linguistic research methods, examines the ways the Polish public perceives science. Starting from selected assumptions of Critical Discourse Analysis and the Linguistic Picture of the World, whereby language is seen primarily as a social practice and as a carrier of knowledge, opinions, beliefs and attitudes, we analyse the data obtained during public consultations on science communication which were held in 2019 in Poland, as part of the CONCISE project. The combined quantitative and qualitative analyses focus on selected collocations of a high-frequency noun nauka (‘science’) and aim to identify patterns of reference and agency within the discourse. The findings revealed citizens’ expectations concerning science, including its clarity, accessibility, understandability, visibility and credibility.

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Wariantywne wyrażenie dziesiąta, dziewiąta, siódma, piąta itp. woda na, po kisielu w słownikach i w tekstach

Author(s): Jolanta Ignatowicz-Skowrońska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The research on the title expression was inspired by its semantic actualizations which come unnoted in majority of latest language dictionaries but are found in contemporary texts. The objective was to prove the thesis that in the contemporary Polish language the unit expands its real reference and takes on new meanings – this was done by the analysis of its notation in lexicographical collections and its use in old and contemporary Polish. The findings show that the title unit has had two shades of meaning – ‘very distant relative’ and ‘loose relationship of something with something’. The latter has been inconsistently noted in dictionaries, exemplified by one quote only and has not entered majority of lexicographical collections. The research proved also that the expression was subject to various modifications which made it a multiform unit whose components undergo semantization in certain actualizations. Certain formal transformations of the unit, namely the alternation of isomorphic components and prepositions like the change of preposition ‘na’ for preposition ‘po’ (… woda na kisielu → … woda po kisielu) facilitated the arising of new motivation of the phraseological unit which appeared in Polish as a borrowing.

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„Poczta literacka” Wisławy Szymborskiej – struktura i pragmatyka

Author(s): Anna Wojciechowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The paper aims to examine Wisława Szymborska’s texts published in a weekly „Życie Literackie”. From 1960 to 1968 a future Nobel Prize in Literature Laureate was a coeditor of a column called „Poczta literacka”. Szymborska evaluated readers’ literary attempts sent in the letters to the editor. The objective of the study is to investigate the structure along pragmatic aspects of these little-known Szymborska’s texts, and to which genres’ conventions they refer to. The method involves Maria Wojtak’s approach towards genre analysis. Findings indicate that: 1) “Poczta literacka” as a column has a clear and stable genre pattern (three fixed components, understandable rules for writing titles and segmentation); 2) The sender can express herself freely in the section edited by Wisława Szymborska. In addition, the conventions of two genres are visible in that part, i.e. the response to the letter to the editor, and the editor’s advice.

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Konceptualizacje pisania i tekstu pisanego w podstawach programowych języka polskiego w perspektywie lingwistyki tekstu

Author(s): Jolanta Nocoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The paper attempts to reconstruct the concepts of the written text and writing competence as inscribed in the 21st-century Polish language curriculum, from the fourth grade of primary school to the matriculation exam, with reference to two linguistic approaches to text: static and dynamic. The goal of this analysis was to determine what it means to be able to write in L1 from the perspective of the authors of the analysed documents, and ultimately to reconstruct the structure of text writing competence as an expected outcome of the learning process. The conducted analysis reveals a certain tension in subsequent Polish language curricula between the conventionalization of texts written at school as products with specific characteristics, and the understanding of text as a form of verbal interaction. The model of a graduate competent at writing described in the core curricula is profiled differently each time, although a certain common basis in the form of sub-skills included in each of the analyzed curriculum documents is clearly visible. The analysis leads to a conclusion that what is fundamental to the educational process is not the choice of linguistic concepts of text as a theoretical basis for the construction of a curriculum, but the coherence of the overarching educational concept which should condition a particular model of writing skills and the written text.

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O komunikacyjnych uwarunkowaniach polszczyzny w środowisku frankofońskim (na materiale wybranych podręczników z początku XX w.)

Author(s): Rafał Zarębski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The article aims to analyze three textbooks for teaching the Polish language to Frenchspeaking people created at the beginning of the 20th century from the perspective of community communication, and more specifically, in three aspects: a) teaching (the influence of teaching methods on the type of language material taught), b) linguistic and cultural (the role of the linguistic layer – especially the lexical one – of sources in the transmission of culture, e.g. numerous proper names and widely understood culture-bound items, e.g. Jan Sobieski, Mickiewicz, Warszawa, Wilanów, szlachcic, ułan), and c) discursive (within memory and identity discourse). It was concluded that the applied methods and the multifaceted communication approach (considering institutional, ideological, and situational context, as well as the specificity of teaching methods, a given communication community and a type of receiver, the relation between language and culture, discourse types and axiology) as regards the analyzed textbooks may not only extend the spectrum of observations but also constitute a valuable interpretative proposal of the old teaching sources.

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Nazwy restauracji w łódzkim Orientarium proponowane przez internautów a współczesne tendencje onimiczne

Author(s): Katarzyna Burska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The aim of the article is to verify which contemporary onymic tendencies of marketing chrematonymy can be seen in the names of restaurants submitted to the competition for a restaurant name in the Łódź Orientarium organized on the city’s official Facebook profile in February 2022. The research base is 1,200 naming creations. The following names can be distinguished in the analyzed material: those referring to the place where the restaurant is to be located; those based on vocabulary from the semantic field ‘food’ those highlighting locality; those pointing to the owner of the restaurant; those using broadly understood cultural connotations, as well as names-postulates thanks to which the Internet users manifested their views. The proposals lacked examples that would illustrate the interior design or characterize the owner, there were only few referring to specializing in a specific cuisine or dishes served. Many names contained positive evaluation. The Internet users applied all possible formal methods of creating onyms, i.e. transonymization (adding new lexical meaning to words), onymization (turning generic names to proper names), and also used new words and word combinations.

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Nazwy miejscowości w gminie Rzeczenica w województwie pomorskim

Author(s): Zenon Piotr Lica / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The article focuses on names of towns and villages in the municipality of Rzeczenica in the Pomerania Province, Poland. 120 Polish and German names were collected (including phonetic and morphemic variants) to be subjected to structural as well as geneticetymological and semantic analysis. Among the analysed names, most are topographic. The second most numerous group were possessive names, followed by cultural and family/ ancestral names. Structurally, the Polish names are primary as well as secondary, while the German ones are occasionally primary and most often composite. There also appear Slavic-German hybrids. Regarding linguistic matters, it is worth emphasizing that the analysed research material contains dialectal elements, both Low German and Kashubian. The collected data also allow one to draw conclusions as to the settlement chronology – Slavic as well as from periods of German and Teutonic colonisation, and later times.

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Anna Rudyk: Zwroty adresatywne w języku polskim i rosyjskim. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego

Author(s): Agnieszka Gasz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

Review of: Anna Rudyk: Zwroty adresatywne w języku polskim i rosyjskim. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Rzeszów 2021, ss. 254

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Struktura syntaktyczna a psychologiczne prawo bliskości

Author(s): Aleksander Kiklewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The subject of the article is a special type of non-accommodative relationship of syntactic components, defined as a correlative relationship: it occurs between collaterally subordinated syntactic actants that are located in the immediate closeness – in a linear contact order. The correlative relationship is based on the sentence structuring in terms of the linear order of components, and the psychological law of proximity plays a decisive role in its formation. Correlative groups are additionally conditioned by such factors as lexical identity of components, high frequency of reproduction, regularity, i.e. correspondence to the phrase patterns. Some correlative groups are compact – they have a common position and a common syntactic function, and they have partly also a phraseological character. One of the widespread types of correlative groups is realized within the bounds of coordinate relationship, e.g. ma i.

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Przestrzeń ojczyzny – przestrzeń języka. Polscy emigranci z północnej Francji o pierwszej i drugiej ojczyźnie

Author(s): Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The Polish understanding of homeland has a concentric structure: it progresses centrifugally from “little” homeland (linked with one’s family, neighbourhood, or region) to the national, European, and global homeland. In this way, various profiles of homeland and patriotism arise, underlain by values. This study reports on the reverse, centripetal direction of mental scanning, performed “from outside” by immigrants living in a foreign country and missing their home. This first homeland (one’s native land, country of origin) functions as a remembered impression, a reminiscence. An immigrant constantly travels in the new “socio-semantic space” between two worlds, and a major role in the process is played by one’s native and second language. New rules for the range of usage of both languages are being negotiated. The key aspect in that process is the reverse viewing perspective of one’s native country: the image of the lost homeland, viewed from afar, is highly selective, minimized, emotional. In this study, I focus on the accounts of Polish immigrants to northern France.

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Bearbeitung der Termini in bilingualen Spezial- und allgemeinen Übersetzungswörterbüchern

Author(s): Marie Vachková / Language(s): German Issue: 42/2023

The article is based on experiences from the compilation of the Large Academic German-Czech Dictionary (Großes Akademisches Wörterbuch Deutsch-Tschechisch, GAWDT). This long-term research project covers not only the general vocabulary of contemporary German, but also core areas of terminology which are being developed into smaller bilingual special dictionaries. For this reason, the scope of the information offered appears in double perspective. The text uses some examples to illustrate the processing of terminological synonyms in the German and Czech parts of a dictionary article or a database input.

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The Influence of the English Language on the Polish Youth Speak

Author(s): Anita Jagun / Language(s): English Issue: 44 (49)/2023

The aim of the following article is to discuss the impact of the English language on Polish youth speak. First, the paper demonstrates databases that can be useful while analyzing the language of contemporary Polish teenagers. Next, it presents the English-origin lexical units that were classified to the final stage of the Polish Youth Word of the Year 2022 plebiscite. Finally, it highlights the similarities and differences between the use of a specific term in Polish and English. The results of the study show that the English-speaking culture has an enormous impact on how Polish teenagers communicate and perceive reality. Twelve of twenty lexical units selected in the plebiscite can be linked to the English language. Some of them loosely refer to English expressions or sounds. Many words are directly transferred from slang. They often originate from the world of computer games or social media. In today’s day and age, common access to the Internet makes them well-known in various parts of the world.

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Mieszana odmiana językowa jako sposób na wielojęzyczność i wieloetniczność pogranicza (na przykładzie Śląska Cieszyńskiego w Republice Czeskiej)

Author(s): Irena Bogoczová / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The present paper discusses the linguistic situation in the Czech–Polish borderland, particularly in Zaolzie, which is the Czech part of Cieszyn Silesia. This region is inhabited by an autochthonous population comprising both Czech and Polish nationalities. Before moving on to the more important topics of the cultural and linguistic identity of the local Polish community, the author introduces Zaolzie from the geographical, social, political point of view. In addition to the majority Czech language and the standard Polish used in Polish minority schools, the Cieszyn dialect plays a significant role in local communication. Due to the unique political and social conditions in this region, a spoken mixed language called “po naszymu” has emerged. This language is not associated with any particular ethnic group, and it mitigates the differences between the various language codes while easing tensions between the two ethnic groups. The analysis of the spoken mixed language “po naszymu”, carried out on the basis of extensive excerpts from authentic statements by Poles from Zaolzie in the “O naszych po naszymu” podcast, allows for several important conclusions: “po naszymu” speech does not have an unambiguous norm, which does not mean that it is the result of an accidental mixing of languages; it contains a lot of lexical Bohemisms; its phonetic and inflectional base is formed by the Polish dialect of West Cieszyn, nevertheless the users of “po naszymu” are aware of the incorrectness of their utterances in the sense of their incompatibility with the standard Polish language.

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Pietų aukštaičių šnektose vartojamų slavizmų vertinimo atspalviai

Author(s): Vilija Ragaišienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2023

The article discusses the connotation, context of usage and tendencies of loanwords (nouns and adjectives) from Slavic languages used in the subdialects of the Southern Aukštaitians. The research conducted revealed that the constant connotation is usually characteristic of loanwords that name persons and other living beings by their character traits, habits and inclinations, less often by their physical characteristics. Loanwords acquire a contextual connotation in contexts (combinations of words and sentences) in which the physical characteristics and appearance of the object under discussion (a person or other living being) are assessed from a certain aspect. The positive or negative shade of the assessment of loanwords with constant connotation can be used not only in a word taken separately but also in a wider context of usage. Loanwords of Southern Aukštaitian subdialects usually have a negative connotation. The spectrum of the assessment of the object in question is quite wide: from teasing to ridicule or even bullying. Loanwords in certain contexts are used as having a greater emotional expression than standard language words.

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ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМИ С ОПОРНА ДУМА СЪС ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ‘КОТКА’ В СЛАВЯНСКИТЕ ЕЗИЦИ

Author(s): Iliyana Garavalova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02/2023

Phrasemes with a main word with the meaning of ‘cat’ have a universal character because they reflect physical and behavioral traits of animals and, hence, constitute a significant part of the animal phrasemes in the Bulgarian language as well as in every other Slavic language. They are exceedingly expressive and detailed. The reason for this should be sought in the long-standing co-existence of people and their pets, which has led to an excellent knowledge of the habits of these animals and thus to the use of their interesting peculiarities as a parallel for human relations and types of behaviour. The parallels in the phrasemes relating to the cat in the case of related languages are of particular interest and are, indeed, the object of research of this article.

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BAUDOUIN DE COURTENAY: PRETEČA SAVREMENE LINGVISTIČKE MISLI

Author(s): Dijana Kapetanović-Ljubas / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 24/2023

The paper examines the scientific contribution and creative work of the lesser-known Polish linguist, Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929), a distinguished Slavist and Indo-Europeanist. The paper discusses numerous aspects of his modernist theories and provides an overview of the most significant reflections on language that can be considered as precursors to contemporary linguistic thought. In his long academic career from the Kazan period to his engagement at the universities of Dorpat, Kraków, Saint Petersburg, and Warsaw, the paper highlights the various influences he exerted on the linguistic research of his time as well as on the later generations of linguists with a special reference to de Courtenay's influence on Ferdinand de Saussure and the development of general and structural linguistics. The paper examines the evolution and development of de Courtenay's thought in various domains such as the theory of phonemes and phonetic alternations, which positioned him as the forerunner of the Prague Linguistic Circle, psycholinguistic research and the definition of language as a psychosocial phenomenon, South Slavic dialectology and lexicology, as well as the study of the use of language in other sciences and disciplines.

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Uwagi o języku Elementarza Henryka Balka i Zofii Charszewskiej z 1940 roku jako przyczynek do badań polskojęzycznych podręczników w Związku Radzieckim

Author(s): Tamara Graczykowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present a new object of linguistic research, namely theentirety of publishing activities (mainly textbooks) intended for the Polish minority livingin the USSR. This paper is divided into two parts. In the first section, the author shows the historic and political kontext of this publishing activity for Polish citizen speaking Polish in the interwar period. Thanks to autonomy, there appeared the possibility of education in Polishand publishing of textbooks for the Polish education, which was a part of the Soviet Union’sschooling system – the most important tools for the indoctrination and sovietisation of allnationalities, including the Polish minority.The second part presents the textbook entitled Elementarz by Balk and Charszewska, pub-lished in Moscow in 1940 and intended for learning Polish to children starting primary schooleducation. The paper focused on the description of how propaganda and ideology were im-plemented in the Polish-language textbooks (eg. portraits of Stalin, Lenin, short readings con-tained difficult, clearly political context for young children). In the second part some distinc-tive features in the field of syntax, inflexion and lexis found in Elementarz are also presented.Analysis shows that deviations from the general Polish are not numerous (only 12 items). Mostof them represents sovietisms – lexems denoting new objects and phenomena of Soviet reality,mainly borrowed from Russian (eg. kołchoz, szturmowo).

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Niedaleko pada kokos od palmy. O innowacjach przysłowiowych we współczesnej polszczyźnie

Author(s): Tomasz Szutkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

The research on the phenomenon of variantivity in natural languages should comprise all their subsystems. Much attention has been given to phonetic, morphological, lexical,phraseological phenomena, while strictly paremiological ones have been handled to a less-er extent to date. The discussed issue of proverbial innovations in the contemporary Polishlanguage partly fills in the research gap. The factographic material collected in the paper hasshown a significant nominative and expressive potential of paremic units fulfilled as a result ofnumerous modifications of the canonical form of the proverbs used commonly in the Polishlanguage. The said results could be obtained from the paremiological material excerpted withthe use of www.google.com search engine in generally available online resources. The criterionadopted for selecting the initial units was the indicator of their frequency based on the so-called paremiological minimum. Afterwards, a secondary modified proverb was compared toits original, which enabled a description of basic innovation mechanisms and identification ofthe function of a specific registered innovation.

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NOWE NAZWY POTRAW, NAPOJÓW I PRODUKTÓW SPOŻYWCZYCH W POLSZCZYŹNIE ͵ FORMALNOͳGENETYCZNE MECHANIZMY NOMINACYJNE ΈREKONESANS LEKSYKOGRAFICZNYΉ

Author(s): Małgorzata Witaszek-Samborska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2023

This article is an attempt to present the formal and genetic nominative mechanisms in the new nomenclature of dishes, beverages, and foods in the Polish language. The author adopts a comparative perspective, making the description of these mechanisms in the monograph Studia nad siownictwem kulinarnym we wspofczesnej polszczyžnie (Studies on the culinary vocabulary in the contemporary Polish language) of 2005 the basis for her review. The contemporary material comes from two online lexicographical sources that are being developed on an ongoing basis. An analysis of the formal and genetic structure of the most recent names of dishes, beverages, and foods with the structure of the analogous lexical and semantic field from almost 20 years ago leads to the conclusion that the nominative mechanisms are characterised by flexible stability, and the predominance of the activity of the word-formation system over the importation of foreign lexemes that is observed currently (in contrast to the early 21st century) results from extralinguistic changes.

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