Lektura szkolna ucznia z ASD. Na przykładzie W 80 dni dookoła świata Jules’a Verne’a

Author(s): Helena Balcerek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2020

The article discusses observations pertaining to one of the basic aims/objectives of education, namely: reception and analysis of a text read by students with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) at the 2nd stage of their education, as well as the form of abridgement of the text (based on the example of Jules Verne’s Around the World in Eighty Days) to suit the needs and capabilities of special-needs students. The conclusions presented herein result from pedagogical observations conducted during many years of a Polish-language teacher’s work focused on students with ASD in one of Warsaw’s elementary schools. They point to the necessity of individual facilitation of the entire process of reception, analysis, and interpretation of the text read in order to meet the needs and capabilities of a particular student-reader. Selection of suitable text and the abridgement thereof to the level of a child with developmental disorder classified as ASD, must take into account the preceding diagnosis and special educational needs mentioned in a psychological and pedagogical counselling centre’s medical opinion.

Kontekst kulturowy a program edukacji językowo¬ komunikacyjnej w L1. Głos w dyskusji

Author(s): Jolanta Nocoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2020

The article’s theme concerns challenges encountered in the 21st century in the course of language communicative education within the scope of Polish as a native language. The author expresses conviction that socialisation process does not substitute for education, and therefore one of the paramount purposes/aims of language education within the scope of native language is to cater to the language-communicative needs of students stemming from cultural transformation taking place in the contemporary world. New tasks that a Polish language teacher needs to face are developing the so-called new communicative competency which facilitates communicative acts in media-dominated world of today, including digital media. The said tasks also involve counteracting the lowering of verbal communication standards, particularly the cases of verbal aggression and primitive vocabulary.

Rozwijanie języka edukacji szkolnej na przykładzie streszczenia

Author(s): Marta Szymańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2020

The author of the article defines school communicative situation as the one requiring from the student an ability to use specialised language known as the language of school education. According to regulations currently in force, improving the fluency in the said language is a task of teachers of all school subject because knowing it is one of the conditions of attaining educational success. The article presents a proposal to work on a summary that includes the determinants of school education language.

Blackout i found poetry. Od notatki i „poezji z odzysku” do interpretacji tekstów o II wojnie światowej

Author(s): Agnieszka Kania / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2019

The author offers to use the creative activities of blackout poetry and found poetry to interpret works dealing with the subject of the Holocaust. She presents a detailed scheme of applying this form of work during lessons with students. She argues that such a solution can be an enrichment of traditional interpretation, it also allows to stimulate the creativity of students and engage them in the didactic process.

Dbałość o zachowanie języka ojczystego na emigracji (na przykładzie Szkoły Polskiej w Portland, Oregon)

Author(s): Renata Dajnowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2019

The study presents research showing the possibilities of making the mother tongue/ native language available to children whose parents do not know Polish or have minimal knowledge of it. The research was conducted on the basis of the dynamics of development of the Polish School in Portland in the years 2011—2013. Using questionnaires, a survey, community interview, and questions in an interview, comprehensive information was collected from parents, students and teachers. The information concerned, among others, the following issues: the demographic outline and cultural affiliation of parents, the level of knowledge of the Polish language by parents, as well as parents’, teachers’ and students’ beliefs about maintaining the Polish language. On the basis of the results and conclusions from the research, the author tries to indicate ways to improve the educational situation of Polonia children.

W służbie nauce i edukacji polonistycznej (o dokonaniach dydaktyków języka ojczystego w sześćdziesięciolecie działalności Katedry Dydaktyki Języka i Literatury Polskiej)

Author(s): Helena Synowiec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2019

The article discusses the contribution of native language teachers to scientific research and educational activities in the 60 years of existence of the Chair of Linguistic Didactics and Polish Literature. Circles of research work are presented, which have been constantly expanded with new issues in connection with cultural, civilization and educational transformations. The results of the research are synthetically discussed — the theories and linguistic methodologies used by the researchers are taken into account. Also, the theoretical and practical significance of publications in the field of language skills, spelling competence of students, word culture and didactic communication as well as the function and language of school textbooks have been outlined. The achievements of educators, which are directly applicable in education, have not been omitted either, e.g. sets of exercises for students, tutorials for teachers.

Aneks

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2019

Legendy i wierzenia Słowian oraz ich odzwierciedlenie w polskich i angielskich nazwach roślin

Author(s): Alina Szwajczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Jadwiga Waniakowa (2012) twierdzi, iż wraz z nazwą kwiatów wędrowały wierzenia, tak jak miało to miejsce w przypadku „niezapominajki”. Bogactwo nazw, skrywane tajniki i wędrówki myśli ludzkiej, nawiązanie do kontekstów politycznych i historycznych oraz właściwości leczniczych i zjawisk okultystycznych sprawiają, że symbol kwiatu staje się pojęciem wielowymiarowym. Niniejszy referat ma na celu zobrazowanie sposobu postrzegania rzeczywistości przez symbolikę rośliny odzwierciedloną w nazwach. W szczególności, punkt wyjścia stanowią legendy i wierzenia Słowian. Głównym założeniem jest wstępna weryfikacja, czy w języku polskim słowiańskie skojarzenia związane z rośliną odzwierciedlone są w nazwach roślin oraz czy, tym samym, nastąpiła migracja wierzeń słowiańskich poprzez migrację nazw do kultury anglosaskiej. Fitonimy przedstawione zostały z perspektywy diachronicznej i synchronicznej. Nieodzownym elementem poszukiwań oraz wyzwaniem jest również podjęta próba tłumaczenia zwyczajowych nazw dawnych. Dociekania badawcze rozpoczęły się od analizy nazwy „wyżlin większy”/Antirrhinum majus L. Polska nazwa rośliny („wyżlin”) oznaczająca dawniej „pysk zwierzęcy, szczególnie psi albo cielęcy obrany ze skóry i mięsa” 1 odzwierciedlona jest w dawnych nazwach angielskich takich jak Dog’s-mouth [pysk psi] czy Calf’s-mouth [pysk cielęcy](Nowick 2015: 36). W języku polskim zaś roślina znana jest jako lwia paszcza. Waniakowa (2012) advocates migration of plant names together with associated folk beliefs as in the case of ‘forget-me-not’. The abundance of names, concealed secrets and wandering nature of human mind, reference to political contexts and historical backgrounds as well as healing properties and occult phenomena render the symbol of a flower multidimensional. The paper is supposed to depict the manner in which the reality is perceived via the plant’s symbolism embodied in its name. In particular, these are Slavic legends and beliefs analyzed as semantic motivation of the plant’s denomination process that constitute the paper’s main thrust. The key assumption, however, is initial verification whether Slavic associations with plants are reflected in their names in the Polish language, and whether the migration of Slavic beliefs via migration of names into the Anglo-Saxon culture has taken place. Phytonyms are presented from a diachronic and synchronic perspective. Further, an integral element of the study shall be an attempt to translate old and contemporary Polish and English plant names.

On the Principles and Postulates of Cultural Linguistics (as Exemplified by a Definition of WORK)

Author(s): Jerzy Bartmiński / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The study consists of four parts. The first part is devoted to the beginnings of cultural linguistics in Poland, connected with the Wrocław-based programme for research on Polish national culture, the emergence of the “Language and Culture” research network (and a publication series with the same title), and the launch of the Lublin-based journal Etnolingwistyka in 1988. The second part contains examples of linguistic facts being viewed in cultural perspective, with a special role of the lexicon as the “mirror of culture”. Part three presents a repertoire of seven conceptual constructs proposed in Lublin cognitive ethnolinguistics (linguistic worldview, stereotypes as cultural concepts, cognitive definition, viewpoint and interpretive perspective, profiling of base images, values, and the experiencing, conceptualizing, and speaking subject). Finally, the fourth part illustrates the application of this theoretical framework in an analysis of the Polish cultural concept of PRACA ‘work’. Artykuł składa się z czterech części. W pierwszej autor przypomina początki formowania się lingwistyki kulturowej w Polsce, związane z wrocławskim programem badań nad polską kulturą narodową, utworzeniem konwersatorium „Język a Kultura” (też serii wydawniczej pod takim tytułem) i lubelskiego rocznika Etnolingwistyka w roku 1988. W drugiej podaje przykłady traktowania faktów językowych w perspektywie kulturowej, eksponując rolę słownictwa jako zwierciadła kultury. W trzeciej przedstawia 7-punktowe instrumentarium pojęciowe wypracowane w ramach lubelskiej etnolingwistyki kognitywnej (językowy obraz świata, stereotypy traktowane jako koncepty kulturowe, definicja kognitywna, punkt widzenia i perspektywa interpretacyjna; profilowanie bazowych wyobrażeń; wartości; podmiot doświadczający, konceptualizujący i werbalizujący). Na koniec na przykładzie jednego konceptu PRACA pokazane zostają efekty analizy z zastosowaniem przedstawionego tego instrumentarium pojęciowego.

The Usage of Diminutives by Children in Polish as the Example of Imitating Mother’s Speech

Author(s): Paulina Biały / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The aim of this paper is a review of most common situations in which children use diminutive formsin Polish, excluding the reference to the smallness of an object being pointed at, illustrated with the examples of the usage of diminutives, collected by the author of this paper. The examples are taken from everyday conversations of children aged 2-10. It is claimed that children imitate adult speech and borrow certain features, such as the usage of diminutive forms, as they shape their language mainly following the example of relatives. As the review shows, children use diminutives in various contexts, from establishing emotional contact with other children or their toys, familiarizing themselves with the reality and everyday life, or diminishing their fault to even flattering or buttering up the hearer. Artykuł stanowi przegląd najbardziej powszechnych kontekstów użycia w języku polskim zdrobnień przez małe dzieci, z wyłączeniem odniesień związanych z małym rozmiarem danego przedmiotu. Ilustrowany jest przykładami użycia tych form, zebranymi przez autorkę artykułu, a zaczerpniętymi z codziennych rozmów dzieci w wieku od dwóch do dziesięciu lat. Uważa się, że dzieci imitują mowę dorosłych oraz zapożyczają od nich pewne cechy, kształtując w ten sposób swój własny język. Przegląd pokazuje, iż dzieci używają zdrobnień w różnorodnych kontekstach, począwszy od nawiązywania kontaktu emocjonalnego z innymi dziećmi czy swoimi zabawkami, oswajania się z otaczającą ich rzeczywistością i życiem codziennym, czy też umniejszania swoich przewinień, aż do schlebiania swojemu rozmówcy.

JESZCZE SŁOWO O <JEDNYM> SŁOWEM

Author(s): Magdalena Danielewiczowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2020

This paper discusses the Polish expression <jednym> słowem (in a word) and its lexical variants. The author offers arguments in favour of the hypothesis that one of these variants may be, despite all formal differences, the expression krótko mówiąc (in short). The analysed unit represents particles and, as such, belongs to the class of metatext operators. The main purpose of this study is to show that there is a conversion relationship between the expression <jednym> słowem and the word mianowicie (namely), which are conclusively described by Bogusławski (2004). The claim is supported by examples many of which correspond to the ones presented in the abovementioned work by Bogusławski.

O TAK ZWANYM SAMOOSZUSTWIE W ŚWIETLE ZNACZEŃ WYBRANYCH CZASOWNIKÓW

Author(s): Joanna Zaucha / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2020

This paper is dedicated to the analysis of semantic properties of three Polish verbs: okłamywać się, że [p] (to lie to oneself that [p]), oszukiwać się, że [p] (to deceive oneself that [p]) and wmówić//wmawiać sobie, że [p] (to convince oneself that [p]). The author presents arguments in favour of the thesis that these are separate lexical units, which cannot be reduced to appropriate addressative verbs. In their semantic structure, she distinguishes, apart from the agent (epistemic subject), also the position of the controller-sender (metasender), and uses a conceptual distinction between quotative speech (present in the structure of the examined units) and assertoric speech in her analysis. By clashing the properties of Polish exponents of ‘samooszustwo’ (self-deception) and two competing types of philosophical interpretation of the phenomenon, the author supports anti-reductionist approaches, which do not identify self-deception with a lie or deception. She emphasises that none of the lexical exponents referring to this phenomenon implies ‘oszustwo’ (a deception) or ‘kłamstwo’ (a lie). None implies such a characteristic of the agent as is a sine qua non condition for the occurrence of any of the two situations either. From the perspective of language, ‘samooszustwo’ (self-deception) is not deception. It is a kind of an irrational action that is inconsistent with the agent’s knowledge.

CZY WYCZYN TO WYJĄTKOWY CZYN? O SEMANTYCE LEKSEMÓW WYCZYN I CZYN UWAGI WSTĘPNE

Author(s): Agnieszka Świątek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2020

In this paper, the author analyses the Polish nouns czyn (an act) and wyczyn (a feat). She aims to find semantic differences between these units. The author quotes selected dictionary definitions, analyses examples from NKJP (National Corpus of Polish); in her discussions, she refers to both philosophical theories (by H. Arendt, Cz.S. Bartnik, R. Ingarden, K. Wojtyła), and linguistic diagnoses (by A. Bogusławski, M. Danielewiczowa, I. Duraj-Nowosielska, A. Wierzbicka). The author concludes that, despite the guidance provided in some lexicographic studies, the lexeme wyczyn cannot be defined with the phrase ‘wyjątkowy czyn’ (an exceptional act).

RĘKOPIŚMIENNA GRAMMATYKA IĘZYKA POLSKIEGO DLA SZKÓŁ WYŻSZYCH PIOTRA SIEMIĄTKOWSKIEGO

Author(s): Anna Jaworska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2020

Review of: Anna Jaworska - Piotr Siemiątkowski, Grammatyka Ięzyka Polskiego dla Szkół wyższych, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich we Wrocławiu, sygn. 513/III. LICZBA STRON: 380.3 JĘZYK: polski.

JOLENTA BRZEZIŃSKA, NIEZNAJOMI

Author(s): Anna Kostecka-Sadowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2020

Review of: Anna Kostecka-Sadowa - JOLENTA BRZEZIŃSKA, NIEZNAJOMI. Na podstawie pierwodruków i materiałów archiwalnych opracowali i do druku podali Marcin Brzeziński, Justyna Kobus, Jerzy Sierociuk, Poznań 2020, Wydawnictwo Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk, ss. 267

STULECIE EMANCYPANTEK EWOLUCJA GNIAZDA LEKSYKALNEGO <EMANCYPACJA>

Author(s): Radosław Pawelec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2018

The word emancypacja (emancipation) in Polish is a 14th-century borrowing from Latin. It was used to refer to the process of gaining freedom and independence by various people and social groups, in particular peasants, Jews and women in the Poland of that time. The lexeme is recorded and accurately described in dictionaries, which also point to a special position of emancipation of women among emancipation processes: it concerned the largest number of people and assumed the form of a decades-long and complex process. The quotations collected in the Files of Słownik języka polskiego (Dictionary of Polish) edited by W. Doroszewski prove the power and diversity of emancipation movements and permit the reconstruction of the controversies behind emancipation of women. Nowadays, the words from this nest can be seen mainly in books and are often used in historical contexts. The current problems related to the question of women’s status are referred to with words from the feminism nest, some of which are similar to and others different from emancipation.

MNIE CZY MI ? O UŻYCIU ZAIMKA PIERWSZEJ OSOBY W CELOWNIKU

Author(s): Hélène Włodarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2018

Contemporary native Polish speakers experience difficulties with the choice of one of the two possible forms of the dative case of the 1st person singular pronoun (mnie or mi). Based on prosodic and morphological characteristics, two variants, called enclitic and orthotonic, are usually distinguished in the inflection of personal pronouns. This paper presents the pragmatic conditions underlying the use of orthotonic and enclitic forms of personal pronouns as part of the Meta-Informative Centering Theory (MIC). These conditions refer, among others, to phrases pointing to the speaker’s attention and directing the listener’s attention. Then, on the basis of Polish language history and the comparative grammar of Slavic languages, a hypothesis is put forward in order to explain how the alteration of the grammatical norm came about. In the last decades, the form mi has been used more and more ambiguously (either as enclitic or orthotonic) just as is the case with the 1st person singular genitive-accusative form mnie. The cause of this situation is probably the disappearance of the enclitic form mię. Hence, a new paradigm of the inflection of the 1st person singular pronoun is emerging with only one dative form mi. This new paradigm is thus comparable to that of the 1st person plural pronoun where there has only ever existed one dative form nam.

GRAMMATYKA JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO PRZEZ MAXYMILIANA JAKUBOWICZA UŁOŻONA

Author(s): Alina Kępińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2018

Review of: Alina Kępińska - Maxymilian Jakubowicz, Grammatyka języka polskiego przez Maxymiliana Jakubowicza ułożona, Nakładem Fr. Moritza, w Drukarni przy ulicy Świętojańskiej pod N. 431 [na karcie skrót Sto-Jańskiey]. MIEJSCE WYDANIA: Wilno. ROK WYDANIA: 1823. FORMAT: 40 (18 cm). LICZBA STRON: [t. 1.]1. XXXVI, 336, nlb. 14, T. 2. 190, nlb. 5. JĘZYK: polski.

O kategorizaciji modalnosti u normativnim sintaksama

Author(s): Dubravka Sesar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/1989

In this article the author discusses the question of the categorization of modality in the syntax of some Slavic languages (Croatian, Serbian, Czech, Slovak, Polish and Russian).

GALANTY I GALANCIE JAKO LEKSYKALNE WYKŁADNIKI STOPNIA NATĘŻENIA CECHY W GWARACH I POLSZCZYŹNIE OGÓLNEJ

Author(s): Irena Jaros / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2020

The author presents the functions of the lexical exponents of gradations with a dialectal origin, namely of: the adjective galanty and the averbs galancie, galancio, galanto in the colloquial Polish language and Polish dialects. Based on dialectal and general Polish data coming from published works (dictionaries, atlases, dialectal monographs) and unpublished collections of vocabulary, she discusses their gradational meanings falling into three semantic categories: sufficiency (e.g. galancie osób pojechało (‘quite many’ people have gone)), completeness (e.g. zupa galanta (‘quite a good’ soup)), and intensity (e.g. galancie wąski (a ‘very’ narrow)). The identification of the meanings of the discussed forms as exponents of the intensity of a characteristic is, in most cases, conditioned on the context. They express various values of many gradational characteristics which are extracted while being actualised in a sentence. Due to their limited distribution (mainly Greater Poland, Kuyavia, Łęczyce and Sieradz Land, northern Lesser Poland, Masovia, Chełmno and Dobrzyń Land) and presence in the colloquial Polish language, the discussed forms can be classified as regionalisms with a dialectal origin.