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Jazyky a aktéri v jazykovej krajine obcí na slovensko-maďarskom etnicky zmiešanom území na Slovensku

Author(s): Gizella Szabómihály / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2020

The aim of this paper is to characterize the linguistic landscape of municipalities in Slovakia inhabited by Hungarian minority. Empirical data come from two sources: from BA and MA theses, which were defended in 2015 – 2020 at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Literary Studies at the Faculty of Central European Studies, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra and from research project VEGA “Minority variety of the Hungarian language in Slovakia”. As part of the above field research, the linguistic landscape of 82 municipalities in which the Hungarian population makes up at least 20% of the population was mapped. The results fundamentally confirm the research findings of P. Laihonen, who studied linguistic landscape in two municipalities. In all municipalities, the most frequent language was Slovak, this applies to all types of analyzed signs with texts (inscriptions of state and municipal authorities, commercial and private signs). Slovak occurs on at least 80% of signs, the representation of Hungarian as the second most frequent language is between 25 – 55%. The most bilingual Slovak-Hungarian signs are in the southwest of Slovakia, where the largest Hungarian minority lives and where Hungarians form the local majority. On bilingual Slovak-Hungarian signs, the preferred language is Slovak, in terms of information content, it is a duplicate publication of information. Municipal authorities and the commercial sphere have the greatest influence on the formation of the linguistic landscape.

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Počítačom podporovaný výskum maďarských nárečí na Slovensku

Author(s): Károly Presinszky / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2020

Computer supported research of Hungarian dialects in Slovakia began in 2010 at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Literary Science, Faculty of Central European Studies, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra. The research is carried out using dialectological software developed by two researchers (Domokos Vékás and Fruzsina Sára Vargha) from Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, creating regional dialect databases, first for the Žitný ostrov/Csallóköz region and then for the whole Slovakia Hungarian dialect region. Before a detailed presentation of research results and possibilities in the field of digitized dialectological data, the study briefly describes the methods and Hungarian results of digital dialectology. Based on Hungarian research in Slovakia, it shows how it is possible to generate maps showing the geographical and social distribution of linguistic phenomena and acoustic phonetic analyses of data aligned with sound files. Important results of digital dialectology in Nitra are recently published audiobooks of Hungarian dialects in Slovakia, which can be used in addition to the needs of the researchers as a collection of multimedia dialect texts in school education and in the promotion of dialects.

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Paradigma maďarských slovies zakončených na morfému -ika jej súčasný stav v systéme slovies a v komunikačnej praxi

Author(s): István Kozmács / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2020

The article deals with the typology of the paradigms of Hungarian verb and describes the phenomenon of the originally medial-reflexive -ik verbs of Hungarian. The article presents the problems caused by the use of the paradigm revived by the Hungarian language renewal in the 19th century and compares the use of the -ik verbs by bilingual Hungarian students in Slovakia with their contemporaries in Hungary. The result of the study shows that Hungarian high school students in Slovakia are more likely to search for standard variants compared to their Hungarian peers if they feel that using a non-standard solution could lead to a negative value judgment.

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Lühikroonika

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 6/2023

4.–6. mail toimus Tallinnas konverents „Dekadents eesti kultuuris: tõlge ja tõl-gendus” 11. mail peeti Tartu Ülikooli Narva kolledžis konverents „Prohvet Maltsveti jälgedes. 160 aastat eestlust Krimmis”. 11.–12. mail leidis Tartus aset noorte kultuuriuurijate konverents „Noorte hääled”. 18.–21. mail korraldati Tartus 15. rahvusvaheline konverents „Laughter and Its Features – On the Nature of Laughter” („Naer ja selle tunnused – naeru olemusest”). 18.–19. mail toimus Tallinna Ülikoolis konverents „Keel ja keeled. Õppimine ja õpetamine”. 22. mail peeti Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi online-seminaride sarja „Kultuurid sõjas” 8. kohtumine „Huumor sõjas” („Humor in the conditions of the war”). 25. mail toimus Tartu Akadeemilise Rahva luule Seltsi koosolek.

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Lühikroonika

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 10/2023

3.–7. juulini toimus USA-s Bostonis Rahvusvahelise Huumoriuuringute Seltsi (The International Society for Humor Studies) konverents. 4.–8. septembrini peeti Vilniuses Euroopa Usundiuurimise Seltsi (EASR) 20. onverents „Religioonid ja tehnoloogia 5. augustil peeti Kuramaal Irē ehk Mazirbe külas Liivi liidu 100. aasta-päevale pühendatud peopäev „Um eņtš kēmi mäddõn“ („Meil on oma tee”). 24.–27. augustini toimunud Tartu semiootika suvekooli raames korral-dati rahvusvaheline tulevikuteemaline konverents „Coming soon”. 5. septembril toimus EKI veebiseminar „Kuidas edeneb ÕS 2025?”. 7. septembril esitleti Tartus „Tartu Ülikooli Lõuna-Eesti keele- ja kultuuri uuringute keskuse aastaraamatut XXI–XXII. Pühendusteos Karl Pajusalule 60. sünni-päevaks”. 7.–9. septembrini toimus Ljubljanas Slo-veenia Teaduste ja Kunstide Akadeemia Etnoloogia Instituudis rahvusvaheline konverents parömioloogia, folkloristika ja digihumanitaaria (DH) kokkupuute-punktidest läbi uute uurimisperspektiivide ja -meetodite. 11. septembril toimunud Eesti Kirjandus - muuseumi seminaril pidas Ave Goršič ettekande „Virumaa kogujad ja konteksti ringid”. 3.–15. septembrini toimus Riias rahvus-vaheline noorte folkloristide konverents, mille keskseks teemaks oli XXI sajandi välitööd. 4.–15. septembril peeti Tallinnas Kumus konverents „Keskkonnakaitse ja kultuuri-vormid Ida- ja Põhja-Euroopas – uusi vaatenurki” 15. septembril korraldasid Emakeele Selts ja Eesti Keele Instituut Jüri Viik-bergi 70. sünnipäeva puhul kõnekoos-oleku. 21.–22. septembril korraldati Tallinnas Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskuses rahvusvaheline konverents „Kriiside kujutamine varauusaja kirjanduses” („Representing crisis in early modern literatures”). 22. septembril peeti Väike-Maarjas Wiedemanni keelepäeva. 25. septembril toimunud Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi seminaril tutvustas Priit Koppel Eesti Huumorimuuseumi andme-baasi võimalusi. 28. septembril toimus Eesti Kirjandus-muuseumis Akadeemilise Rahvaluule Seltsi liikumisaastale pühendatud kõne-koosolek. 29. septembril toimus Tallinna Ülikoolis teine ühisseminar koostöös Bologna Üli-kooli Umberto Eco keskusega, mis see-kord keskendus konfliktisemiootikale.

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Odabir jezika u iskazivanju emocija kod bilingvalnih govornika: slučaj mađarskog i srpskog jezika

Author(s): Jelena Lukić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 54/2023

The aim of this paper was to explore the relationship between the two languages and emotional expression of Hungarian-Serbian bilingual speakers. A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was used in the data analysis, setting out to cover as many aspects of the phenomenon as possible. The present study employed the adaptation of the Bilingualism and Emotions Questionnaire (BEQ) alongside statistical analysis and personal interviews to gain insights into the bilingual speakers’ thought process. The results suggest that individuals show a preference for a given language when discussing or displaying emotions, owing to a plethora of subjective factors such as the age of acquisition, context of acquisition, language dominance and language socialization. Even though the results lend support to the established hypotheses, these findings are not universally applicable and solely offer a framework for further investigation in the given field.

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Personaalpronoomenite ja pöördevormide sekundaarkasutusest eesti ja vene keeles

Author(s): Sirje Kupp-Sazonov / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 33/2023

The article is devoted to the metaphorical use of personal pronouns and their respective verb forms in Russian and Estonian. Personal pronouns is one of the first topics that is introduced to the learner of any language. In Russian and Estonian the systems of personal pronouns are quite similar, however their metaphorical use is not identical in these languages. Some metaphorical uses are regular in Russian but are not common in Estonian; it depends on the cultural and linguistic traditions of the language in question. While most cases of the metaphorical use of personal pronouns and related verb forms are nonetheless the same in Estonian and Russian, one can still point out some dissimilarities. Significant differences appear in two cases: 1) the possibility of replacing the 1st person plural form with the 3rd person singular form exists only in Estonian; 2) the use of the 3rd person plural form instead of the 1st person singular form in Russian requires a completely different grammatical choice in Estonian: a form of impersonal voice. It is curious that several cases of the metaphorical use of personal pronouns and verb forms appear in communication with young children. The list of cases of the metaphorical use of pronouns and verb forms analysed in this paper cannot be considered exhaustive, however it should demonstrate that every personal pronoun can be used metaphorically in Russian and Estonian. It is noticeable that these metaphorical uses can cause some difficulties in learning the language and also in the translation process. Therefore, it is important to keep all these differences between languages in mind when teaching or translating

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Translating Latvian diminutive nouns into Estonian

Author(s): Ilze Tālberga / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2023

The study focuses on the translation of Latvian diminutives into Estonian. In both Latvian and Estonian, the main goal of diminutives is to express smallness, tenderness or affection, but in some cases also pejorative meaning (Erelt et al. 1995; Vulāne 2015; Kasik 2015; Kalnača 2015). Estonian translators of contemporary Latvian literature have stated that diminutive formations are widespread in the Latvian language, and that they do not translate all Latvian diminutives into corresponding Estonian equivalents. The purpose of this study is to analyse diminutives in three Latvian works of fiction: how many diminutives occur, how many of them are translated into Estonian, and how they have been translated. In Latvian, only diminutive nouns with suffixes -(t)iņ-, and -īt- were selected from the material. The research results show that Latvian diminutives are not very often translated into Estonian, and the main equivalent of the diminutive is frequently a base word. However, in the cases when the diminutive is translated, a variety of approaches can be observed.

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«Материалы для изучения языка васюганских инородцев (остяков) Нарымского края»… за 1889 г. св. Макария (Невского): особенности памятника, глагольная морфология, превербы

Author(s): Sergei V. Kovylin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (51)/2023

The paper presents a discussion of peculiarities of the Eastern Khanty written monument in the Vasyugan dialect “Materials for studying the language of the Vasyugan aborigines (Ostyaks) of the Narym Krai” and related materials found in the essays of the monument. The data were recorded by St. Macarius (Nevsky) during his winter trips along the Vasyugan River in 1889. The objectives of the study are to discover the features of the materials of the monument by comparing them with the known data on the Vasyugan dialect in diachrony and comparing them with the materials from the Vakh dialect, description and analysis of verbal morphology and preverbs of the idiom. All examples are presented both in the original graphics without changes and in a normalized version with morphemic parsing of lexemes and reliance on parallels presented in grammars and dictionaries published on the Eastern dialects of the Khanty language. The study provides information about the details of the record and the content of the discussed materials, some general linguistic, graphical and lexical features and also the comments provided by St. Macarius (Nevsky) which are significant for understanding the data. Further, the system of verbal categories is discussed which includes realization of action, voice, mood, tense, number and person. Additionally, verbalizers and non-finite forms of the verb are presented which include infinitive, participle and gerund. At the end of the work, there is a discussion of the preverbs found in the monument with the verbs that they modify.

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Из старой диаспоры в новую: к вопросу о сохранности языка и культуры башкирских марийцев (на материале социолингвистического обследования в марийской диаспоре московского региона)

Author(s): Marina V. Kutsaeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (51)/2023

The present work makes part in a series of articles devoted to linguistic biographies of Moscow region Mari diaspora representatives, in this case natives of Bashkortostan in the sample. The Mari internal diaspora in the Moscow region has been formed relatively recently and can be considered a new diaspora, whereas the areas of Mari settlement in the Urals and Kama region, formed during the XVI-XVIII centuries, are old diasporas, and Mari people live compactly there. Language is one of the key markers of ethnic identity in the sample, and its maintenance correlates with the degree of preservation of the borders of the ethnic group. In this regard, it is of interest to analyze the dynamics of the functioning of the ethnic language following the migration of speakers of the idiom from the old diaspora to the new one. The first part of the work presents the linguistic biographies of 18 respondents, natives of the Republic of Bashkortostan: languages of intra-family communication, preschool education, school education (language of instruction or subject of education), further education; channels for the study of the Russian and Mari languages by respondents; a comparative analysis of the present results with the linguistic biographies of the natives of the Republic of Mari El in the sample. In the second part of the work, the problem of the actual use of the Mari idiom by respondents in the Moscow region is studied: domains of use, the respondents’ speech practices and language ideologies, preservation of the idiom and the mechanism of intergenerational language transmission in the sample. Particular attention is given to the language in culture, preservation of the Bashkir Mari ethnic culture and maintenance of traditional Mari beliefs, the guardians of which they consider themselves to be, in the conditions of the group's residence in the Moscow region.

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Ауслауты глагольных основ (производных и непроизводных) в самодийских языках

Author(s): Anna Yu. Urmanchieva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (51)/2023

The purpose of this work is to determine the morphophonological classes of verbal stems in Samoyed languages depending on their final phoneme. From a diachronic point of view, it is important to distinguish between derived and non-derived stems: some final phonemes are possible only in derived stems. This question is especially important for vowel stem verbs, since it is directly related to the dilemma of reconstructing the vocalism of the late syllables in Proto-Samoyed: some vowels can appear only as a result of merging of the final vowel of a non-derived stem with a derivational marker. The article examines consonant stems verbs and vowel stem verbs. As a result of the study, a list of non-derived Proto Samoyed consonant stem verbs was singled out. The history of these stems differs in individual Samoyed languages. In Selkup, the number of such stems is reduced only due historical phonetic shifts (disappearance of final *j and *ń). In Northern Samoyed this class of stems is significantly reduced: most of them are preserved only in combination with derivational suffixes. Predominently only those final consonant of non-derived stems are preserved, that coincide with the final consonants of derived stems. The verb stems of the structure (C)VCV- are also considered. It is shown that among non-derived stems, only stems with *ə, *å, *ä can be reliably reconstructed. As for verb stem ending on other vowels, they can be divided into two groups: a) derived verbs (e.g. stative-decausative derivatives) and b) verbs that coincide with nominal stems (such as ‘knot’ ~ ‘tie’, ‘smoke’ ~ ‘to smoke’).

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К вопросу о месте верхнекамского идиома в диалектном ареале коми языка по данным платформы LingvoDoc

Author(s): Olga N. Bazhenova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (53)/2024

The article examines phonetic-etymological and lexical peculiarities of the Upper Kama dialect of the Komi language in comparison to other Komi dialects. The Upper Kama dialect, also referred to in scientific literature as the Zyuzdinsky dialect, the Zyuzdinsky vernacular, the Upper Kama dialect of the Permian Komi language, the language of the Kirov Permyaks, is the language of the ethnic group of Komi living in the upper reaches of the Kama River. This idiom developed independently of the area of distribution of Komi dialects and until recently existed only in an oral form. In Komi linguistics, the question of the place of the Upper Kama idiom in the dialectal area of the Komi language remains unresolved. This study aims to determine the degree of similarity between the phonetics and basic lexicon of the Upper Kama dialect and those of Komi-Permyak (northern and southern dialects) and southern Komi-Zyryan dialects of the Komi language. This is achieved through the use of the tools provided by the LingvoDoc linguistic platform (lingvodoc.ispras.ru). The study is based on four Komi-Permyak dictionaries, two audio dictionaries of south Komi-Zyrian dialects, and an audio dictionary of the Upper Kama dialect uploaded to the LingvoDoc platform. The analysis of the cognates showed that the Upper Kama dialect is the most similar to the Upper Sysola dialect of the Komi-Zyrian language in terms of phonetic and etymological criteria. However, according to the method of glottochronology, the Upper Kama dialect and the Kudymkar dialect of the Komi-Permyak language have the highest percentage of similarities in the basic lexicon. This apparent contradiction can explain the discussions regarding the place of the Upper Kama dialect within the Komi dialectal area.

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ЯЗЫКОВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СПОРТИВНЫХ НОВОСТЕЙ (на материале финского языка)

Author(s): Nadezhda Stanislavovna Bratchikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2024

The article examines Finnish-language sports news, conducts a linguistic analysis of the relevant texts, and analyzes the features of sports discourse and techniques of speech influence on the audience. The object of this study is sports messages presented on the Finnish website YLE, while the subject of the study is the linguistic and syntactic means used to describe tournaments and events in certain sports in order to emotionally influence the readers. The purpose of the study is to determine whether the sports texts of the Finnish YLE news channel are a tool of non-forceful influence on the socio-political life in modern Finland. The study used the descriptive method, the semantic field method, and contextual analysis, which made it possible to identify the features of the study object, reveal common and distinctive features in interrelated components, and characterize the factors that caused their appearance. The research hypothesis was that sports-themed texts implement the function of speech influence on the audience. Speech manipulation is realized through the use of figurative expressions, phraseological units through which even a sporting failure can be presented as a step to victory. Hidden linguistic impact is based on the infusion of new meaning sand connotations into the lexeme, which change the associative range of the word. Such methods of presenting information are used to inspire national pride and strengthen the prestige of the Finnish nation. They create powerful emotional background, enhance feelings for “our” athletes, and actualize the image of “us”, forming an obvious identification with the national community. Sports news is characterized by elements of intrigue and drama, which usually develop in a positive direction. Thus, sport acts as an instrument of political influence on society at the domestic and international levels.

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Laenud tulnud, laenud läinud või jäänud: Marja- ja maaõuntest pirnide ja kartuliteni

Author(s): Jüri Viikberg / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2025

This article examines the arrival of German loanwords into Estonian through a small selection of once-exotic fruits of foreign origin (pear, plum, damson, cherry, lemon, bitter orange, and orange) alongside the potato, a vegetable of American origin. Linguistic data provides insight into when these foreign fruits and plants appeared on our tables and in our gardens, as well as the forms these loanwords took in Northern and Southern Estonia, two historical provinces with distinct dialects and written languages. The adoption of new fruit names in Estonian reflects long-term linguistic processes. In the early stages, native vocabulary was often preferred over foreign words. For example, Marja puh (1637), meaning ‘pear tree’, introduced the unfamiliar fruit by paraphrasing it with the native word mari (‘berry’). Another method of naming foreign species involved associating them with their country of origin. Since many southern fruits arrived in Estonia via Germany, Heinrich Göseken, for instance, referred to the pear as Saxa marri Oun and the plum as saxa mah marri (1660). Such explanatory names sufficed temporarily but did not endure over time. A third approach to word formation involved borrowing directly from foreign languages, initially mainly from Low German (e.g., Karsberi marri < kersebere), followed by Baltic German (e.g., kreek < Kreke, pombre marja < Bumbeere), and later from standard German (e.g., kirss < Kirsche, sidrun < Zitrone). Some of the borrowed names fell out of use (e.g., orans ‘orange’, maaõun ‘potato’), but others that entered common usage were gradually adapted to fit the Estonian linguistic system. Repeated borrowing is a well-known phenomenon in this context, occurring in different regions or at different times. For instance, the term for ‘cherry’ appeared as Karsberi marri in Kadrina (1637), Wissila Marri in Urvaste (1648), and Kirsimarri in Pärnu (1720–1730). Thus, the tree and its fruit were named differently in Northern, Southern, and Western Estonia, influenced by the contact languages prevalent in these regions.

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Võrdlevalt eesti vanemast leksikograafiast

Author(s): Madis Jürviste / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2025

The earliest Estonian dictionaries, published in the 17th and 18th centuries, have typically been studied in a narrow context, with a focus on individual sources or the authors in isolation. However, this period merits a comparative cross-source analysis, describing the lexicographical landscape from a broader perspective. This constitutes the main objective of this article. It provides a concise review of the existing literature on this period in Estonian lexicography, followed by a comparative analysis of the macrostructure and microstructure of these dictionaries. The sources analyzed in this study range from Heinrich Stahl’s Vocabula (1637), the first known printed Estonian-German dictionary, up to August Wilhelm Hupel’s Wörterbuch (1780, 2nd ed. 1818). In addition, the article covers Johannes Gutslaff ’s Nomenclator (1648), Heinrich Göseken’s Farrago vocabulorum (1660), Salomo Heinrich Vestring’s Lexicon (first half of the 18th century, originally unpublished in print), and Anton Thor Helle’s Vocabularium (1732). The analysis reveals an evolution from a rather non-systematic presentation of linguistic information in the 17th-century sources to the much stricter approach of the 18th-century dictionaries. Most of these dictionaries were preceded by grammars within the same volumes, with the dictionary entries (primary word forms, declensions) more or less linked to these grammatical descriptions, which were heavily influenced by the German language. The content of these early dictionaries still warrants further extensive research: recent studies utilizing large language models indicate that this new technology can play a crucial role in analyzing the content of historical dictionaries (Jürviste et al., in review). In-depth research in this field is essential for a better understanding of the historical development of Estonian lexical strata.

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Christoph Blume XVII sajandi teise poole kirjakeele uuendajana

Author(s): Liina Pärismaa / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2025

This article provides an insight into the language usage in the mid-17th century ecclesiastical texts by the Northern Estonian author Christoph Blume: Das Kleine Corpus Doctrinæ (1662), Geistliche Wochen-Arbeit (1666), and Geistliche Hohe Fäst-Tahgs Freude (1667). The focus is on various morphosyntactic phenomena, such as the expression of negation and future tense, the translation of the definite article, and the relationship between analytical and synthetic locative constructions. The article also explores the extent to which Blume followed in his works the example of authoritative writers or the established norms of the written language of his time. While changes at the individual level of language usage may not be as prominent in linguistic history as broader trends encompassing the shared linguistic attitudes of multiple authors, they help to pinpoint the beginnings of linguistic shifts and offer a more detailed view of the variation and development of linguistic features by highlighting differences between authors’ texts. This study reveals that, on an individual level, the changes had begun to emerge in Christoph Blume’s ecclesiastical texts in the mid-17th century, although the changes became more widespread only in the final decades of the century. The language usage in Blume’s ecclesiastical texts reflect some characteristics typical of his time (e.g., ep-negation or the saama-future). However, his works also introduced several innovative linguistic features that his predecessors, such as Heinrich Stahl, had not yet adopted in their texts or had used differently. These include ei-negation, the negative form pole, as well as the omission of the translation for the German definite article. Blume likely adopted many of these innovative forms, which were atypical for contemporary Northern Estonian literary language, either to achieve suitable rhyming and rhythmic forms for his translations of ecclesiastical songs or as a result of his observations of the local population’s language usage.

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TARIAMAI FINOUGRIŠKOS KILMĖS LIETUVOS VANDENVARDŽIAI

Author(s): Simonas Noreikis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2024

The study aims to verify the Finno-Ugric etymology of 40 Lithuanian hydronyms suggested by Aleksandras Vanagas and other linguists comparing them to Finno-Ugric appellatives and proper names that sound similar. However, such a comparison is not suitable as the supposed contacts took place 4000 yers ago when Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages had different phonological structures. Therefore, there was made historical-phonological reconstruction of the compared forms and scrutinised if the Lithuanian form could have been developed from the reconstructed Finnou-Ugric form. If the answer was negative, then the Finno-Ugric etymology was rejectable. It was also verified if the Finno-Ugric appellative to which a Lithuanian hydronym was compared was used in Finno-Ugric toponym formation. In case of a negative answer the Finno-Ugric etymology was rejectable. Finally, the etymology of the compared Finno-Ugric appellative was verified and in some cases it appeared that they were loanwords from other languages borrowed later than the supposed contacts between Balts and Finno-Ugrians took place in Lithuania. After investigating the suggested etymologies it appeared that all of them were wrong. According to recent archaeological data it can be claimed that there cannot be Finno-Ugric substrate in Lithuania from the Stone Age. Nevertheless, it is not excluded that in Lithuania there could be Finno-Ugric (VoticKreevin) proper names, which the author of the article is looking for in his PhD studies.

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Translators’ Resource Dominance and the Success of Finding the Target Terms in Human Translation and Post-editing of Machine Translation

Author(s): Márta Lesznyák,Eszter Sermann / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

This study presents the first results of process-oriented research on the types of online translation resources used by first- and second-year translation trainees when translating and post-editing a legal text from English into Hungarian. Based on the screen recordings of the students’ workflow, the possible relations between resource dominance (termino-lexicographic or text-based), time on task and the success of finding the correct target terms were analysed. Our results indicate that students generally prefer termino-lexicographic sources to text-based sources. Interestingly, in most cases, the success of finding the correct target terms showed no significant correlations either with time on task or with resource dominance. The only exception was the post-editor group, where there was a significant correlation between the frequency of using text-based sources and the success of finding correct terms. In addition, evidence was found that post-editors worked more efficiently than from-scratch human translators in terms of time and search effort. The paper ends with possible explanations of the findings and suggestions for translator training.

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Movements and Directions, Constructions and Forces: Prevalent Metaphorical Source Domains in Hungarian Legal Texts

Author(s): Réka Sólyom / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

By employing a functional cognitive frame, this paper focuses on the semantics of metaphorical technical terms in the Hungarian legal language. Although the importance of unambiguous terms in such language use is often emphasised, conceptual metaphors foster understanding of technical texts. The present research concentrates on three types of frequently occurring metaphors in the Hungarian technical texts of quality management and Hungarian laws. These metaphors and metaphorical expressions contain the source domains MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES. The analysis characterises these prototypical metaphors and their functions in legal texts, employing examples from the Hungarian texts of two important laws, namely the Fundamental Law of Hungary, and Act C of 2012 the Criminal Code of Hungary.

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Diagnosing Kazym Khanty unpossessives, or how to tell a synchronically independent marker from its diachronic source

Author(s): Stiopa Mikhailov / Language(s): English Issue: 04 (55)/2024

Uralic possessive agreement suffixes often develop determiner-like functions. Several authors have suggested monosemic analyses of such functions as derived from the basic possessive meaning. However, recent studies have argued that the functions they investigate must be treated as synchronically independent markers because they do not behave morphosyntactically in the same way that their corresponding proper possessives do. Building on the work of my predecessors, I develop several unpossessive diagnostics to test whether a non-possessive function displays the same behavior as the proper possessive function of the same exponent with respect to several morphophonological, morphosyntactic, semantic, and pragmatic parameters. I apply these diagnostics to the Kazym Khanty second-person singular possessive -en/-an in its three non-possessive functions. I argue that these functions must be treated as three distinct unpossessive markers: the associative possessive, the salient article, and the proprial article. These markers are homonymous with the proper possessive but are synchronically independent from it. Furthermore, I develop an analysis of these markers within the framework of Distributed Morphology, which allows us to model their differences while also accounting for their similarities. I address some potential weaknesses of this analysis, justifying them by appealing to how grammaticalization processes normally work. The approach to nonpossessive functions of possessives presented in this paper should be applied to data from other languages that feature extended possessives.

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