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Maďarské lexikálne prvky v českom slovníku Juraja Palkoviča

Author(s): Péter Király / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2011

The Slovak evangelical priest Juraj Palkovič (Georg Palkowitsch), who worked as a professor in Bratislava, collected 240 loanwords borrowed from Hungarian or through Hungarian mediation in his two-volume dictionary published in 1820 and 1821 as a Czech language edition. His work reflects the language situation of Slovak evangelical people living in Hungary in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Zuverlässigkeit älterer mehrsprachiger Wörterbücher am Beispiel des fünfsprachigen Dictionariums von Faust Vrančić

Author(s): István Vig / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2012

Historical lexicography and history of words fail to examine the validity of the words in old dictionaries. This gap is attempted to be filled up with this present study on the five-language dictionary (Latin, Italian, German, Croatian, and Hungarian) compiled by Faust Vrančić, a Croatian author, published in 1595, which is analyzed by seven criteria. The words analyzed are equivalent to Latin nouns and adjectives. The Latin lexemes comprise more than half of the entries, which is a substantial sample to draw general conclusions. It is pointed out in the study that the dictionary provided help primarily in understanding Latin texts. It may have been to the greatest use of speakers of the four (non-Latin) vulgar languages at mother tongue competence or those who were familiar with them. The dictionary seems not to have been adequate in all cases for those interested in these languages to enlarge their vocabulary.

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O spójności syntaktycznych kryteriów systematyzacji polskich i węgierskich części mowy

Author(s): Elżbieta Artowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2010

The aim of the paper is to verify the possibility of the parallel use of the formal criteria of systematization for parts of speech proposed by Polish and Hungarian linguists in their recent works dealing with problems of morphological description. Two possible approaches are considered: the morphological and the syntactic approach. The paper focuses on the syntactic criteria regarded as more universal. The term has several interpretations. Some authors understand it as e.g. the autonomy of a lexeme in utterance, linking functions, types of syntactic relationships, superiority or subordination in a phrase, morphological accommodation within a syntactic group. Some selected recent approaches to the systematization of Polish and Hungarian parts of speech are discussed. The Polish model drawn up by Roman Laskowski is based on the top-down principle and the use of several syntactic properties of lexemes. The approach adopted by István Kenesei for Hungarian lexemes follows a method formulated within generative grammar, which may be described as the grass-roots method. The results of the comparative analysis are summed up in a tabular form.

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Tyle, co kot napłakał, czyli krótkich zdań kilka na temat językowego obrazu kota w polskiej i węgierskiej frazeologii

Author(s): Dorota Dziewońska-Kiss / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2010

In this paper the author presents the linguistic image of the lexemes with cat in Polish and in Hungarian phraseological units. The analysis shows that the cognitive basis of this concept is made up of several categories and conceptualizations. In both languages the image of cat is in most cases similar to and corresponds with the human behaviour.

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A New General Atlas of Hungarian Dialects is Forthcoming

Author(s): Jenő Kiss / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

The author presents the New General Atlas of Hungarian Dialects which is in progress. We get a short review about the necessity of a new general dialect atlas in Hungary. The main reason is the radical decrease of dialect words which was effected by the end of the traditional agricultural way of life. The other reason is that the data of the first general Hungarian Dialect Atlas was collected between 1949 and 1964. The author presents the aspects of the research and the content of the questionnaires; the character und the number of the lexical, morphological, syntactical, and sociolinguistic questions; and the sociolinguistic aspects of the informant selection. The collection was started in 2007 and will be finished in 2011.

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Optional Word-Order Shifts in Translation Into and From Hungarian

Author(s): Kinga Klaudy / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

The author claims that word-order shifts take place in the course of the translation of almost every sentence of translated texts, regardless of language-pair and direction of translation. Some of these shifts are obligatory, since without them we would not get a grammatically correct TL sentence. Another class of word-order shifts is not obligatory but optional. Optional word-order shifts are performed in order to ensure the cohesion of the TL text. Obligatory word-order shifts which lead to a grammatically correct TL sentence may distort the communicative structure: cohesive ties get loose, unimportant elements get highlighted and important elements are blurred. Many optional word-order changes are performed in order to preserve the communicative structure of the sentences, and thus the cohesion of the text. The present paper will discuss the different types of optional word-order shifts in translation from Hungarian into IE languages and vice versa.

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Слова и выражения, производные от имен литературных героев в венгерском и польском языках

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Ráduly / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2010

A special part of the lexicon of each language is formed by proper names that became common words, i.e. eponyms. The aim of this study is the presentation of eponyms that derive from the names of famous heroes in literature. These heroes usually have some characteristic attributes or accomplished a special deed, and the words deriving from their names symbolise the given attribute or deed.

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Küzmičev prevod Novega zakona v luči prevzemanja besed iz madžarščine

Author(s): Mária Bajzek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2009

This paper analyzes the spiritual background of the Mura Region Slovenian priest Števan Küzmič’a (1723–1779) oeuvre, especially the circumstances and sources of his translation of the Bible, looking for the answer if he really translated the New Testament from Greek as it is stated in the title. Hungarian Calvinists were provided with two translations of the Bible when the Slovenian version was made, thanks to György Bárány and János Szabó Sartorius. The structure, content and message of the forewords written by József Torkos to Števan Küzmič’s Slovenian and András Torkos’s Hungarian translation of the Bible is similar. In Küzmič’s case the use of Hungarian patterns can be proved by borrowings from Hungarian, word formation based on Hungarian models as well as Hungarian governments and idioms. Števan Küzmič aimed at the purity of the Mura Region language but he had to borrow also from other languages to translate the complex Biblical text properly. He created a great work for Slovenians, raising the Mura Region Slovenian onto the level of a standard language.

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Этимологический анализ некоторых параллельных фразеологических единиц

Author(s): Imre Pacsai / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2009

The etymological analysis of Slavic phraseological units offers the possibility to discover new and perspectives correspondences, as justified by the findings of Opalkova (2004) and Mokienko (2008). This study contains the analysis of areal aspects of some Slovak phraseological units that involved as a result of cultural and linguistic contacts in the Carpathian Basin. Certain parallels were found between Hungarian and Slovak phraseological units, which made a more extended investigation necessary between the transmitter and recipient languages. The investigation included the examination of European languages that had direct contact with both Hungarian and Slovak to establish the presented or lack of a given structure. In the case of the examined parallel structures it was justified that the metaphorical image of the phraseological expression is generally missing from European languages. Further parallel forms were found in Turkish that envolved as a result of Finno-Ugrian and Turkish contacts. This phenomenon entails that the Slovak phraseological units arrived in Slovak from the Hungarian. The transmission is further justified by the fact that Slovak phraseology uses words in metaphorical images borrowed from Hungarian that have a Turkish origin. This relationship could only be formed via Hungarian and Slovak contacts. This comparative analysis hopefully contributes to the systematic etymological analysis of Slovak phraseology deemed necessary by Opalkova.

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Metalinguistik - Sprache und Texttypen der heutigen ungarischen Folklore

Author(s): Géza Balázs / Language(s): German Issue: 1(2)/2007

The European equivalent of “anthropological linguistics” is “ethnolinguistics” or “metalinguistics”.The study proves that since the 19th century the ethnolinguistic approach is constant, although not emphatic, in the Hungarian linguistics.

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Obraz Polaka i Węgra w przysłowiach polskich i węgierskich

Author(s): Janusz Bańczerowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1(2)/2007

The names of peoples, nations and tribes do not only have a reference function but also evoke stereotypic forms of consciousness and thus turn into carriers of various judgments. The author reconstructs the images of the Poles and Hungarians fixed in Polish and Hungarian proverbs, demonstrating how these peoples see themselves and each other.

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Slawische Elemente in der Sprache der ungarischen Dörfer der westlichen Region

Author(s): Miklós Guttmann / Language(s): German Issue: 1(2)/2007

The paper analyzes the data related to the Slavic words used in the language of Hungarian villages of Western Hungary. Its aim is to draw attention to the phenomena of Hungarian–Slavic (namely Slovenian and Croatian) linguistic contacts.

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Напомене о „мађаризмима” у Стеријиним „Родољупцима”

Author(s): Jovan Jerković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1(2)/2007

Jovan Sterija Popović (1806–1856) is considered to be the creator of original Serbian comedy. All his life Sterija remained faithful to tradition and to his Vojvodinian speech—Serbian language coloured with localisms and words of foreign origin. He even publicly opposed Vuk Karadzić’s insisting on east hercegovinian dialect becoming the base of Serbian literature language. In his comedy Rodoljupci that depicts the period of the Hungarian revolution in Vojvodina 1848, people of Serbian nationality use plenty of Hungarian words adopting them into Serbian with often comic changes of their phonetic or morphemic characteristic, and using rules which are in use to this date. Serbian surnames can be found as translated literally into Hungarian, even whole Serbian sentences into that language. Therefore, considering the popularity of J. St. Popović’s work to these days, one can claim that he has without doubt played an important role in establishing the practise of borrowing and adjusting the words from Hungarian into Serbian language.

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Komunikatywność języka prawnego w świetle tekstów prawnych i prawniczych w języku polskim, węgierskim i angielskim

Author(s): Karolina Kaczmarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1(2)/2007

Legal texts are formulated in a specific language called the language of the law. It is a language for special purposes which may be further divided into several sub-languages. In Poland lawyers, as a rule, differentiate (i) statutory language which is the language of statutory instruments and (ii) legal language used by lawyers. The language of legal texts is often more complex than a colloquial one and thus often difficult to follow for common people. The fact that the language of the law is often misunderstood by citizens leads to many discussions concerning the reform of the language. The question is how such texts should be formulated to meet the following criteria: (i) the language of the law should be understood by text recipients and (ii) at the same time the language of the law should be precise. Some ambiguity, however, may be intentional and may serve certain purposes. Consequently, legal texts are subject to standardization process as a result of which one may observe the increased number of forms introduced to facilitate legal communication in a broad sense.

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Klasyfikacja eponimów języka węgierskiego i polskiego

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Ráduly / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1(2)/2007

Juxtaposing Hungarian and Polish eponyms, the author establishes that they overlap to the great degree. Similarly, the europeanisms of cultural vocabulary, special terminology and phraseology are quite the same in the two languages. All these are manifestations of common European culture and spirituality.

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Ungarischer Einfluss im kroatischen Schriftsystem von Faust Vrančić

Author(s): István Vig / Language(s): German Issue: 1(2)/2007

The five-language dictionary of Faust Vrančić is the first one which includes separate Croatian word entries. As in the sixteenth century there was no standard Croatian orthography, that of Faust Vrančić is worth studying because the dictionaries influenced the orthography of their users. In the present article, the author examines eight letters signifying consonants. For these letters, there cannot be any precedent in the phonetic and orthographic system of Latin. First of all, the graphics of the letters is presented and the graphemes of Hungarian origin are identified. These latter can be divided into two groups: firstly, the letters loaned by Vrančić from Hungarian-language writings directly, and secondly, those which, although being of Hungarian origin, were taken from the Kaikavian Croatian books printed before the publication of the dictionary. Contrary to the opinion widespread in Croatian scholarly literature, for his work Vrančić did not invent any new letter but consciously selected graphemes extant in other languages.

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О переводах фразеологизмов с криминально-уголовной окрашенностью в речевой характеристике Остапа Бендера на венгерский и польский язык

Author(s): Irina Tyiskina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2008

This paper claims that idiomatic expressions play a very important role in the protagonist’s speech characteristics in Ilf and Petrov’s novels. Phraseologisms used in a criminal sense are either the author’s neologisms treated in the style of criminal slang or idiomatic expressions corresponding to criminal topics. Two of these phraseologisms clearly belong to criminal slang. Comic effect is reached by the manner of their use in context. As a result of this, they cause even more problems for translation. Apart from these objective moments, the translator’s artistic sense and linguistic sense of humour are also significant factors.

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Глагольные отделяемые наречия-приставки в славянском, германском и финно-угорском как объект контактной грамматики

Author(s): Aleksandr D. Duličenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2005

The object of the study of contact grammar is those changes of linguistic elements that are influenced by the contact language. The clear example which belongs to the field of the Slavic-German-Hungarian contact grammar is the separable, adverbial by origin, prefixes of verbs. In some Slavic languages and dialects, this unusual phenomenon appeared during the lasting contacts with German. As seems, in Hungarian the development of the same phenomenon was also caused by German, and in turn it influenced neighboring Slavic dialects. In the present article, the author have studied the separable verbal prefixes of the Gradiščan dialect of Croatian, have indicated their German and Hungarian equivalents and have compiled the list of the verbs with the prefixes of this sort. The analysis resulted in the conclusion that the given adverbs not only specify the meaning of the verbs but also dominate in the coining of new words and affect syntax. The research into this most interesting problem, initiated by the prominent Hungarian scholar Laszlo Hadrovics on the basis of South Slavic material, requires the more detailed examination of the Slavic linguistic area and its history.

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EINIGE PROBLEME DER MODERNEN PARÖMIOGRAPHIE UND PARÖMIOLOGIE

Author(s): Kazys GRIGAS / Language(s): German Issue: 3-4/2000

The data bank of Estonian proverbs (Eesti vanasõnad, Tartu, 1980–1986) is the most up-to-date and typologically the most consistent publication of the proverb collection of one nation. In addition to similar publications of other nations, it suggests new approaches to the research of proverbs in respect to their content, poetics and comparative possibilities. In the latter half of the twentieth century the semiotic studies, focused on the analysis of the semantic, and other structural levels of the proverbs were far more intensive and at the same time they were ignored as a subject of folklore. The disregard of proverbs as a source for the investigation of the spiritual culture both of a separate nation and of the entire humanity should be treated as one of the most serious shortcomings of modern paremiology.

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OLD TURKIC LOAN WORDS IN HUNGARIAN

Author(s): András Róna-Tas,Adrián Berta / Language(s): English Issue: 1-3/2002

The paper gives an overview of earlier research on the Turkic loan words in Hungarian from the Middle Ages until the work of L. Ligeti. It discusses the main achievements of Ligeti, who would be a hundred years old this year. Finally the paper outlines the main aims and methods according to which the authors work on a new etymological dictionary of the Old Turkic elements in the Hungarian language. Three sample articles close the paper.

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