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Edgar Allan Poe e André de Lorde: alla ricerca dello spavento

Author(s): Tomasz Kaczmarek / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Andre de Lorde was a very fruitful French writer who above all was known in Paris as an author of plenty funny dramas. His dramas were played on all Parisian stages and nobody would never expect him to became “the prince of fear”. One day he discovered Edgar Allan Poe’s story: The System of dr. Tarr and prof. Fether which shocked and inspired him somuch that he decided to write freezing the blood in veins stories from that day on. It is hard to analyze each of Lorde’s numerous dramas, therefore the Author presents in this article the three of his most characteristic pieces influenced by Poe’s style of writing.

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Stefan Grabiński i kolej – szkic z pogranicza literaturoznawstwa i kolejnictwa

Author(s): Michał Nikodem / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In my paper, I investigate Stefan Grabiński’s fascination on a railway. I analyse biographical materials, stories of his friends and writer’s own words to restore, in chronological order, his contacts with the railway. I use historical materials to supplement my research with concrete information about railway stations, trains and railway lines that were used by Grabiński. This historical reconstruction opens new perspective on the genesis of tome The Motion Demon and brings new interpretational opportunities. I also point out these fields of Grabiński biography which need to be precisely investigated in further historical researches.

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„Naturalny nadmiar luster”. Wenecja w opowiadaniach Stefana Grabińskiego i Edgara Allana Poego

Author(s): Małgorzata Ślarzyńska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article focuses on Venice represented in two tales: Stefan Grabiński’s Namiętność (L’appassionata). Opowieść wenecka and Edgar Allan Poe’s The Assignation. Although there are some similarities in the function of the motive of Venice in these texts, both authors adopt different strategies in introducing and using the motive, especially when it comes to the linguistic layer of the tales. Grabiński incorporates numerous foreign wordsin his story, making its language another mirror of Italian reality. Poe’s language is far more flat and univocal in the depiction of Venice. However, in his tale, as well as in the one written by Grabiński, of an utmost importance is the construction of protagonists – vampiric and full of contrast – which corresponds with the characteristics of the image of Venice.

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Demoniczne kobiety Edgara Allana Poego i Stefana Grabińskiego

Author(s): Agnieszka Loska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of present article is to draw the figures of female vampires in Edgar Allan Poe’s and Stefan Grabiński’s narratives. The article focuses on the analysis of two vampires’ traits: their unusual beauty and their lethal influence on victims. Particular attention was drawn to two Poe’s feminine characters: Berenice and Ligeia and two Grabiński’s: Sara (W domu Sary) and Mafra (Czarna Wólka). The aim of this analysis is to compare the motif of demonic female vampire in romantic and post‑romantic literature.

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Polsko‑amerykańskie różnice i podobieństwa kulturowe oraz ich odzwierciedlenia w utworach Stefana Grabińskiego, Edgara Allana Poego i Howarda Phillipsa Lovecrafta

Author(s): Tomasz Rożkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Edgar Allan Poe, Howard Phillips Lovecraft and Stefan Grabiński were, without a doubt, great writers. Their short stories are a models for currently known genres of horror literature. But there are important and often forgotten about differences between their writings, which are visible in their cultural aspect. Although Poe and Lovecraft were both Americans, their short stories show a lot of differences. That being said, those are a result of the times they lived in and geographical differences (parts of United States, where they lived and worked in). For Lovecraft – it was New England, for Poe – Baltimore and northern states. Grabiński’s works are somewhat similar to Poe’s – they both prefer more traditional, gothicapproach, but there are also a few consistencies between him and Lovecraft. This world creation is only one aspect of their writings, but it clearly shows cultural similarities and differences between them. That’s why I made this excerpt a main topic of this article.

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Idea rycerza-zakonnika i jej uzasadnienie w ujęciu św. Bernarda z Clairvaux

Author(s): Jacek Kwosek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the idea of a knight-monk and its justification presented by St. Bernard of Clairvaux in In Praise of the New Knighthood. First, we are following St. Bernard’s argumentation, and then, a broader theoretical context is outlined. The central problem is: how to reconcile the evangelical imperative of loving enemies with the acceptability of leading crusades or, more broadly speaking, armed combat in defense of faith. It has been argued that this problem is just an extreme example of a more universal problem inherent in Christianity, namely the tension between perfection, which, according to the Gospel, man ought to achieve, and his actual imperfection.

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„…znana jest u nas zaledwie z imienia…”. Polskie XIX-wieczne edycje przekładów Pieśni o Rolandzie

Author(s): Marta M. Kacprzak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article written by the researcher of classic literature and its reception in the 19th century studies the editions of Polish translations of The Song of Roland which precededthe acclaimed translation by Tadeusz Żeleński (Boy), published several times since 1932.The author delves into the poetic translations authored by Seweryna Duchińska, néeŻochowska (1866) and Lucjan Siemieński (1878), and the prose translation by KazimierzKról (1903). She describes the circumstances surrounding their creation and portraysthe environments in which other Polish translations of The Song of Roland were created,and how they were aiming at particular readers. She analyzes the scholarly, literary andsocial goals of these editions, as well as their translatory, artistic, editorial and ideologicalprinciples. She explores their connection with the development in the 19th century ofknowledge of heroic and chivalric narratives, and considers the cultural significance ofthe chivalric ethos in the Middle Ages and later.

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Triumf (anty)rycerza? Gra ze średniowiecznością w Grze o tron G.R.R. Martina

Author(s): Aleksandra Starowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the article reflects on the presence of elements of medieval culture, literature and customs in contemporary fantasy literature, based on A Song of Ice and Fire byGeorge R. R Martin. Her introductory remarks are devoted to the issues of medievalism andneo-medievalism. In a further part of the article, she analyzes specific examples of medievalelements found in the novel, with special regard to these parts of the story (the envisionedworld, characters and relations between them), which concern the ethos of chivalry.

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Ethos rycerski św. Joanny d’Arc w religijno-historiozoficznej koncepcji Dymitra Mereżkowskiego

Author(s): Alina Sobol / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the following article, the author performs an analysis of the atypical concept of the ethos of chivalry as outlined by Dimitry Merezhkovsky in the historical essay Joan of Arc.According to the Russian symbolist writer, Joan of Arc’s ethos of chivalry must be understood first and foremost through the prism of faith and her religiousness, rather than solely in the context of the saint’s battlefield conduct (undoubtedly this interpretation of ethos was influenced by Merezhkovsky’s historiosophical concept concerning the Third Kingdom of the Spirit, into which Joan was expected to guide, and by the conviction about war beingthe worst form of spiritual enslavement of man). Merezhkovsky calls St. Joan of Arc – a Crusader of God. He emphasizes her uniqueness among her contemporary knights situating her in the world full of barbarity, blood and cruelty, the world that is religious, yet paradoxically, devoid of God. As seen by Merezhkovsky, Joan of Arc’s character and conduct should also be viewed in a broader context: through the prism of Merezhkovsky’s contemporary geopolitical situation (living through World War I and in the world at the threshold of another war, he sees the saint as a paragon of chivalry and a patron of a contemporary soldier).

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O Wojach Chrystusowych, czyli rycerzach i świętych (na przykładzie literatury staroserbskiej)

Author(s): Izabela Lis-Wielgosz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article shows several realizations of the paraenetic model of a Warrior of Christ, embodying the two basic ideals of man in medieval culture – a knight and a saint. Based on the example of Old Serbian literature, the author proposes a specific typology of images shaped by Eastern Christian tradition and its characteristic ideals of man. She discusses particular examples of profiles and the conduct of the eponymous Warriors of Christ. She also explores how the creation of these characters was dependent on a convention or literary genre and demonstrates that it was closely related to an area, its culture and written language. In con clusion, she points to the similarities and differences between the works produced in the Christian East and West. She looks at the most important types of writing in the Middle Ages – hagiography, hymnography and historiography. Based on this material, she discusses the most popular and broadly propagated in the Middle Ages moral conduct and habitual qualities of the mind and spirit embodied by a ruler portrayed as a knight and saint, and oftentimes a martyr. In drawing the cultural portrait of a ruler as a knight and saint, sheindicates a set of canonical virtues of that culture, including theological (faith, hope andlove), cardinal (prudence, justice, moderation and valour) and heroic virtues (piety, ascetism,humility, devotion and sainthood).

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Zagubiona tradycja. Powroty do kultury rycerskiej w literaturze czeskiej

Author(s): Anna Gawarecka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Czech literature relatively seldom sees the chivalric ethos as its integral, culturally active tradition. At the source of this „lack” lie reasons related to the 19th-century project ofthe „revived” national culture, in which the suitably interpreted history of Bohemia playeda significant role. In this plan, the idealized reminiscences of the democratic and plebeianHussite revolt incorporated into a utopian vision of nationality, were of prime importance;they counterbalanced the politics of the Austrian state oriented toward sustaining the cultof aristocratism. An introduction of the knight as a literary character, in some ways organically related to the actualization of medieval subject matter, in effect assimilates itself into the debate over the shape of Czech historical memory. In the works of Vladimír Neff, Karl Michal and Vladimír Körner, any reference to the category of chivalry is usually associated with its disparaging, or at least calling it into doubt, and it is simultaneously subordinated to the question about the presence of alternative traditions, capable of formulating anew and re-reading the paradigm of Czech identity.

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„Rycerskość” arystokraty z okresu Heian. Rozważana z perspektywy Il Cortegiano Baldassare de Castiglionego

Author(s): Adam Bednarczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Japanese courtly culture reached its pinnacle during the Heian period (between the9th and 12th centuries), which was characterized by the pursuit of ideal beauty and refinedelegance (miyabi). The achievements of the court in Heian in literature, art and aestheticsthoroughly assimilated themselves into the Japanese national heritage; until this day they reflect the mentality and values of the élites of that time. Genji monogatari is an 11th-centurynovel, which recorded the picture of the aristocracy expressing their version of the Europeanconcept courtoisie (Heian model of courtly ethos). Even when cursorily compared with theRenaissaince work Il Cortegiano by Baldassare de Castiglione, Genji monogatari shows a good deal of analogies with the courtly and chivalric ethos cultivated by an ideal Italian courtier. In the following article, the author proposes a comparative analysis of the two masterpieces of Old Japanaese and Italian literature, in the context of world literature and comparative studies of classical world literatures, with the aim of indicating some universal qualities and conduct that characterized a courtier, also from the perspective of chivalric ethos.

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Etyka samuraja według japońskich opowieści wojennych

Author(s): Joanna Puchalska-Nadolska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Japanese warriors, known as samurais, have a worldwide recognition. They are associated with a specific honorary code of conduct – bushidō. Its name did not come into common usage until the 20th century, and it was never written down in one canonical form. Bushidō was developing over a few centuries of the supremacy of warriors on the Japanese political stage – from the takover of power by the Minamoto family at the end of the 12th century to the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in the 19th century. In the early period of samurai rule, bushidō was under a strong influence of Japanese war stories called gunki monogatari. The protagonists of theses stories are samurais, yet, they intersperse actual characters and historic events with literary fiction, elevating some warriors to nearly superhuman heroes. Gunki monogatari depict samurais’ habits such as showing off their mastery of shooting and horse riding, challenging an equal opponent, committing suicide in the face of a hopless situation, and killing all in the family of an enemy. We can also find the praise of qualities like courage, loyalty, prudence, using a stratagem by commanders, and the bunbu ryōdō ideal, that is the ability of one person to master the knowledge of literature and military skills.

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„U nas mówią, z pieśni słowa nie wyrzucić”. Rycerskie ceremoniały i zwyczaje w polskiej powieści historycznej XIX wieku (Dzieje Polski Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego)

Author(s): Maciej Gaździcki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the depiction of medieval knights in selected historical novels by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, including those in the cycle Dzieje Polski (The History of Poland). The author of the article focuses on how the author of Stara baśń (An Ancient Tale)showed the elements of the caste’s ethos, rituals such as knighting, routines, competitions and symbols (sword). He concentrates on Królewscy synowie (The King’s Sons) (times andbattles of Bolesław Wrymouth and Zbigniew), where knighthood together with its ritualsand customs were particularly extensively described. Kraszewski’s novel is also interpretedthrough the prism of chansons de geste, and particularly The Song of Roland; its main protagonists being seen as counterparts of Roland (Wrymouth) and Ganelon (Zbigniew). The author also refers to the perception of a warrior as a „warrior of Christ”, studying Kraszewski’s characters of crusaders or Teutonic knights, and pondering over the place of Christian faith in the life of men at arms. He also demonstrates the gradual decline of the caste described by Bolesławita with regard to the progressing degeneration of values, the passing of heroes, development of military technology and changes in human mentality. In conclusion, the author indicates the virtues of knighthood that Kraszewski valued in particular and the aimhe pursued when emphasizing them in historical fiction.

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Charakterystyka „herbarzy kaflowych”

Author(s): Karol Łukomiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

For centuries, a stove has remained an extremely important element within a home.It served primarily as a source of heat, but with the development of pottery, stove-makingevolved. In the late Middle Ages, there appeared a stove tile with representations of religiousscenes, everyday situations and heraldic motifs, known in literature as gothic. Researchersbecame interested in stove tiles as early as in the 19th century. This kind of artifacts has anextensive body of literature. In spite of this, the topic still poses a lot of questions. So farno stove in situ has been found. Tiles were mainly uncovered in the cultural layers as rubble after demolition of stoves. It has not been established yet how the tiles were arranged relativeto one another on the stove surface. Heraldic motifs constitute over a half of the discoveredgothic tiles. The heraldic depictions themselves are varied. The aim of this article is a classification of the heraldic patterns on the face of tiles dated to the second half of the 15thcentury, which were found at the sites in Gniezno, Jarocin and Janków Dolny (Great Polandvoivodship). A great number of coats of arms found at one site may be indicative of familyrelations and political connections of the owner of the stove.

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Ideał wodza w Hetmanie Bartosza Paprockiego wobec ethosu rycerskiego XVI‑wiecznej szlachty polskiej

Author(s): Izabela Kosyl / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Bartosz Paprocki was a 16th‑century writer whose interests, apart from heraldry, included paraenetic writings. In Hetman (Head Commander), which is the topic of this article,Paprocki created a portrait of an ideal commander based on the principles of the chivalricethos. The following article attempts to answer the question if the ideal presented in thebook was founded on any of the actual commanders of that time and which elements wererelevant for the writer in the creation of the protagonist. Bartosz Paprocki’s Hetman (HeadCommander) is also compared to works of other authors dealing with military subjects.Moreover, the article probes for Paprocki’s sources of inspirations for his ideal commander.

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Między duchem walki a duchowością wojny. Wzór rycerza prawego w zwierciadle Szymona Starowolskiego

Author(s): Dorota Bylewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of this article is the 17th‑century mirror of Szymon Starowolski’s workPrawy Rycerz (The Perfect Knight), which continues the literary tradition of creating the idealof a knight. The superior category determining the direction of interpretation is the image ofthe ideal knight presented in this treatise. A reference point for the analysis was the oppositionbetween the primeval fighting spirit and the spirituality of a Christian soldier. Starowolski construed the ideal of a righteous knight – defender of the Catholic church based on the paraenetic tradition. Hence, it was necessary, on the one hand, to study the topics of service to God, just war and knighly virtues retained in literature, to which Starowolski alludes. On the other hand, we had to take into consideration that Starowolski wrote Prawy Rycerz (The Perfect Knight) in response to the neglect he saw on the political and social scene.Open criticism of the military and the call for revival of the military tradition is a very important element of interpretation, which has brought Starowolski’s paraenetic message up to date. Focusing on the created ideal, the author of the article also pointed to the richness ofintertextual references (both to ancient literature, the Bible and Starowolski’s contemporarywritings) and their role in textual rhetoric.

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„Rycerz mężny Ostoja, który roty wodzieł”. Cnoty herbowe rodu Ostojczyków w literaturze panegirycznej XVI–XVIII wieku

Author(s): Bartłomiej Michał Wołyniec / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The genealogical‑heraldical discourse and interest of the Polish nobility in exploring the origins of coats of arms and history of heraldic clans resonated in the panegyric literature nad compilations published at the end of the 16th century.Heraldic legends and theatrical performances inspired by heraldic motifs, stemmas, figurative poems and funeral sermons were only a part of the eventful lives of the Polish nobility. The coats of arms nevertheless, were the fundamental of their existence, their social characteristic and an identifying symbol. Therefefore, they became a focus of interest for panaegyric writers. The treasure trove of works they left behind demonstrates the richness of modern Polish culture.In the following study, the author conducts an analysis and interpretation of varioustexts of Old Polish literature whose central theme was the Ostoja coat of arms featuringa sword with a crescent on each side. These works convey, to a large extent, the ideal of manthe Ostojas were confronted with by the heraldic legend created by Bartłomiej Paprocki. Onthe one hand, it is a theatrical performance eulogizing the glory of the Piestrzecki family,on the other hand, various poems concern the members of the Szyszkowskis, Gajewskis,Błociszewskis and other Ostoja families. They are supplemented by the funeral sermon delivered during a memorial service for Dadzibóg Władysław Słuszek.

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„Cne Lachy wszędy sława wiekopomna głosi”. Wartości rycerskie w świetle literatury okolicznościowej, poświęconej bitwie chocimskiej 1621 roku

Author(s): Marcin Piątek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Referring to Maria Ossowska’s considerations in Ethos rycerski i jego odmiany (Chivalric Ethos and Its Varieties), the author reconstructs the picture of chivalric values emerging from the occasional literature which was produced in the aftermath of the Battle of Khotyn in 1621. The study concerns both the permanent elements of the chivalric ethos functioning since antiquity and those which were of particular importance in the 17th century. They include: noble birth, valor, obedience, prowess, war experience, pride, love of the homeland, bravery and devotion. Great significance was attached to the religious aspect of the battle against the „infidel”, due to which the Khotyn war acquired the status of a holy war where the fallen soldiers deserved to be immortalized in songs.

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Ethos rycerski w Zawiszy Czarnym Juliusza Słowackiego

Author(s): Jakub Rawski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Zawisza Czarny (Zawisza the Black) is one of the least discussed, studied and interpreted works by Juliusz Słowacki. This unfinished drama from the poet’s late period opens a vast field for researchers who have to reach for historiographic resources in its interpretation. Słowacki’s approach to the chivalric ethos, which was the constituent element of chivalric culture, reveals the specific nature of the chivalric culture on our own ground, when compared for instance with French culture. The bard’s employment of the ethos so ingrained in medieval culture gives rise to a conscious polemic with the legend of Zawisza the Black who was known as „the most famous and bravest knight”. Słowacki seems to be far from idealizing medieval Polish warriors. On the contrary, by showing their humanity, he demythicized the culturally retained ideals and schemata. The following analysis uses the methodology of Hayden White’s historicism viewing a historical source as a fictional narrative to compare the model for Zawisza the Black’s character preserved in Jan Długosz’s Annals or Chronicles with Słowacki’s literary creation.

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