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Im vergangenen Herbst sprachen Vertreter der französischen Zeitschrift L’Alternative in Ost- Berlin mit einigen Frauen, die in einer unabhängigen Frauengruppe gemeinsam arbeiten. Wir veröffentlichen Auszüge aus diesen Protokollen.
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Review of: Dieter Borkowski: Für jeden kommt der Tag... Stationen einer Jugend in der DDR. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt 1983, 334 Seiten, öS 99.80/DM 12.80 Konstantin Paustowskij: Erzählungen vom Leben. Band 1: Ferne Jahre, Fischer 5803, 1984, 343 Seiten, öS 84.20/DM 10.80; Band 2: Unruhige Jugend, Fischer 5344, 1983, 315 Seiten, öS 76.40/DM 9.80; Band 3: Beginn eines unbekannten Zeitalters, Fischer 5345, 1983, 247 Seiten, öS 76.40/DM 9.80; Band 4: Die Zeit der großen Erwartungen, Fischer 5346, 1983, 267 Seiten, öS 76.40/DM 9.80; alle: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt/Main Rainer Bauböck - Adam Schaff: Polen heute. Europaverlag, Wien 1984, 240 Seiten, öS 198.- /DM 29.80 Friedrich Uttitz: Zeugen der Revolution. Mitkämpfer Lenins und Stalins berichten. Bund-Verlag, Köln 1984, 209 Seiten, öS 218.40/DM 28.- HOSI Wien/Auslandsgruppe: Rosa Liebe unterm roten Stern. Zur Lage der Lesben und Schwulen in Osteuropa. Frühlings Erwachen Nr. 7,142 Seiten, öS 95.80/DM 13.80 Arnulf Baring: Der 17. Juni 1953. Deutsche-Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1983,199 Seiten, öS 154.40/DM 19.80 Lubomír Sochor: Beitrag zur Analyse der konservativen Elemente in der Ideologie des »realen Sozialismus«. Studie Nr. 4, Index-Verlag, Köln 1984, 50 Seiten W. Brus/P. Kende/Z. Mlynař: Die sowjetischen Systeme nach Breschnjew. Studie Nr. 5, Index-Verlag, Köln 1984, 47 Seiten Zhores Medvedev: Andropov. Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1983, 227 Seiten, £ 7.50 Ingeborg Fleischhauer: Das Dritte Reich und die Deutschen in der Sowjetunion. Stuttgart 1983, Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 258 Seiten, öS 171.60/ DM 22.- Karel Kaplan: Politische Persekution in der Tschechoslowakei 1948-1972. Forschungsprojekt »Krisen in den Systemen sowjetischen Typs«, Studie Nr. 3, 55 Seiten. Zu bestellen bei: Dr. Zdenek Mlynař, A-1232 Wien, Porschestraße 21-23/25
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This paper deals with the gender variable in realization of directive speech acts, such as requests, suggestions, advice etc. The sample for this small-scale research consists of 328 instances of directive speech acts which are excerpted from the transcripts of selected dialogues of the popular US sitcom Friends and five American feature-length films. Directive speech acts are analyzed using Blum-Kulka et al’s classification (1989) and divided into three broad categories– direct, conventionally indirect, and non-conventionally indirect with many subcategories. The focus of this paper will be on direct strategies typically expressed with imperatives and on conventionally indirect directives usually expressed with interrogative sentences which include a suggestory formula and preparatory strategies, with special emphasis on their use in male and female language. The goal of the paper is to analyze and compare gender preferences in using different strategies for the realization of directives, with the assumption that women will be more thoughtful of the hearer’s face and use indirect forms more frequently than men. This is in line with Holmes’s (1995) characterization of women’s speech as more polite than men’s. The paper will analyze the use of these directive strategies in F-F interactions, M-M interactions, M-F interactions and F-M interactions. The illustrative examples will be analyzed using the theory of speech acts and politeness theory, using qualitative, quantitative and comparative research methods.
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The richness of the Albanian culture, its traditions, and customs easily fascinate any researcher. Amidst the diversity of these traditions and customs, certain elements have played a role in reinforcing gender role divisions and strengthening patriarchal mentalities. Through this article, it is intended to explore customary laws that have nurtured and strengthened gender role divisions, by exploring the customary rights in the Kanun of Leke Dukagjini and Kanun of Luma, which have been implemented in the northern and northeastern part of Albania. The Kanuns, as customary rights, and codes of laws, have served as a legal basis for a long time in the Albanian society, and they are an important part of the cultural tradition of Albania. This article highlights elements that have influenced the strengthening of patriarchal mindsets, which contributed to the unequal position of women in family and society. Although nowadays the customary rights in the Kanuns are considered obsolete, the Kanun norms have often served as the opposite of the current legal regulations and continue to do so. In many cases, the rules of the Kanuns have been followed by the people in different areas of life, often conflicting with the law in force. The customary rights of the Kanuns and the mindset created by them have contributed to the strengthening of the patriarchal mentality and the division of gender roles. Gender roles perpetuate inequalities between females and males, where there are clear divisions inside the Kanun regulations, which are still strong and influential on gender-related issues.
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Women have played significant roles in the development of Christianity in Nigeria, but with little attention given to their roles in historical accounts. Therefore, this research focuses on the roles of women found scattered in some documented history of Christianity in Southwest, Nigeria from 19th century till mid- twentieth century when missionaries came from America and Europe to Nigeria to establish Mainline Churches and in addition assesses their activities in the African Indigenous Churches (AICs) in Nigeria. The paper leaned on Dorcas Akintunde’s assertion that the official history of churches and Christian ministries in Nigeria takes a very little account of the role of women. She observed that the history of Christianity till the mid-twentieth century when Aladura churches (Praying Churches) were founded was basically patriarchal. Having explained these endeavours, the research also makes some recommendations for women activities in contemporary Christianity in Nigeria. The research uses qualitative approach with primary and secondary sources from In-depth Interview (IDI), participant observations and bibliographical and archival search. Women were found out to have served as missionaries, acted in men’s absence, and deployed their professional expertise on the mission fields, founded churches and were actively involved in pulpit ministry. Hence, their roles contributed significantly to the growth of Christianity in southwest Nigeria.
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The article deals with the question of whether or not there is a feminine language, how we can define it and to what extent it is the result of gender or gender differences. Some specific names and theories are considered, and their functioning is also applied to the language of medicine.
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The article examines prostitution in Bulgaria, which has become a widespread phenomenon in the post-socialist period when the number of sex workers increases and the places where sex services are offered proliferate. At the same time, the policies towards prostitution remain archaic and inadequate to the new circumstances. The text draws on an empirical base, mixing qualitative and quantitative research conducted in the period 2008-2022. Results of two nationally representative surveys of public opinion on the subject are analyzed. Additionally, reviews of court cases, other documents and Internet forums of clients using paid sex services are discussed. Results from monitoring of specialized police operations related to prostitution are presented. The first part of the text presents the historical development of prostitution in Bulgaria – before socialism and during the communist regime. The second part focuses on the rise of prostitution in post-socialist Bulgaria – development of the sex market is traced; main layers of prostitution and social mobility patterns are analyzed; the role of the third party is discussed. The third part examines the current policies regarding prostitution in Bulgaria. In the concluding section, the article discusses the potential for developing new policies on prostitution in post-socialist Bulgaria.
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The article aims to discuss cultural life in the USSR in the context of the changing cultural policy in the 1960s as reflected in Simone de Beauvoir’s memoirs. During the period from 1962 to 1966, de Beauvoir was visiting the Soviet Union regularly together with Jean-Paul Sartre, spending several weeks in different parts of the country. Unlike Sartre, she left a written account of the political, economic, and cultural situation in the USSR. De Beauvoir captured the transition from the so-called Thaw to the Stagnation that occurred during that decade. During their first visits, the atmosphere was still rather liberal and a desire to communicate with the West was still present, but soon the persecution of dissidents and the antisemitic trials began. This article emphasizes the importance of autobiographical books in de Beauvoir’s oeuvre, highlighting, on the one hand, the narrator’s accuracy and attention to detail and, on the other hand, her efforts to shape the narrative at will, bypassing uncomfortable aspects (such as tensions in her relationship with Sartre and the real role of some people in their life). De Beauvoir’s most important sources of information were the liberal writers of the time such as Ilya Ehrenburg and Yefim Doroch, as well as translator Lena Zonina and others. De Beauvoir’s sympathy for the Soviet system, like Sartre’s, is still a source of controversy, while her description of the changes in cultural life of the Soviet Union in the 1960s can be a valuable resource for researchers of the Soviet era.
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Review of: Letonica. Humanitāro zinātņu žurnāls. Kd 49. LU Literatūras, folkloras un mākslas institūta apgāds / The Institute of Literature, Folklore and Art of the University of Latvia, 2023. 254 lk.
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In this essay, we contend that the relationship between human society and physical environment is not gender neutral, as men and women are treated inequitably. There exists an inequitable binary structure between the two polar values, as human society often exploits and degrades the environment, and women are undermined in various occasions. The role of women is undermined in environmental management and monitoring. Our strategy in dealing with this issue of negligence would be to expose the misconception that women have little or nothing to contribute in environmental management beside biological reproductive roles, and activities such as cooking, washing, fetching firewood and nursing of children. We will also show the negative impacts of these forcefully assigned female duties on the climate, and how this leads to pollution, which in turn, obstructs the biospheres (plant and animal species). Using the principle of complementarity, the paper insists on the need to eradicate all socio-culturally perceived superlative attributes of distinction between human society and environment or masculinity and femininity. The paper calls for mainstreaming of gender perspective, expansion of women’s opportunities and participation in environmental management, at all levels, for environmental sustainability.
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The article thematises the right of Bosniak women to employment and work outside their homes in the context of the emancipation of women in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its introduction presents a brief review of employment and the work of women throughout history highlighting the limitations that were imposed upon their employment in public offices by the ulama and others based on the interpretation of the Qur’an. Further on, the article focuses on the practice of employment of women outside their homes from the period of Ottoman rule to the end of the Second World War, that is to say until the passing of the Constitution of FNRJ (Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia). The article focuses on the opinions of Bosniak religious scholars regarding (non) permissiveness for women to work outside their homes with a special accent on their argumentation based on an interpretation of the Qur’an. It also presents here a brief view of the opinions of Bosniak ulama regarding women’s employment in religious affairs.
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Review of: 1.) O biblioteci Nova etnografija – uz više od 20 godina postojanja i drugo izdanje prvog objavljenog djela; 2.) Zoran Čiča, Vilenica i vilenjak. Sudbina jednog pretkršćanskog kulta u doba progona vještica, Drugo, izmijenjeno izdanje, Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku, Zagreb, 2023., 212 str.; 3.) Stjepan Pepeljnjak, Bela roža i črleni jorgovan. Običaji zagrebačke okolice od tradicije do pučkoga kazališta, ur. Tvrtko Zebec i Anamarija Žugić Borić, Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku, Zagreb, 2022., 355 str.; 4.) Miroslava Hadžihusejnović Valašek, Dušo, sad pođi sa mnom. Tradicijske nabožne pripovjedne pjesme i molitve iz Slavonije i Baranje, Đakovačkoosječka nadbiskupija, Đakovo, 2022., 350 str.; 5.) Jelka Vukobratović, U (g)radu i zabavi. Etnografija križevačkih glazbenika, Hrvatsko etnološko društvo, Zagreb, 2022., 134 str.; 6.) Mi gradimo otok, otok gradi nas. Okoliš sjećanja / We are building the island, the island is building us. Environment of remembrance, ur. Jasmina Bavoljak, voditelj projekta Davor Bavoljak, Udruga Goli otok “Ante Zemljar”, Zagreb, 2021., 215 str.; 7.) The Caring State and Architecture. Sites of Education and Culture in Socialist Countries, ur. Jasna Galjer, Sanja Lončar, Hrvatsko etnološko društvo, Zagreb, 2021., 236 str.; 8.) Nina Vodopivec, Tu se ne bo nikoli već šivalo. Doživljaji izgube dela in propada tovarne, Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino, Ljubljana, 2021., 307 str.; 9.) Andrea Matošević, Kolos Jadrana. Industrijski film i brodogradilište Uljanik u drugoj polovici XX. stoljeća, Srednja Europa, Zagreb, 2023., 219. str.; 10.) Pioniri maleni. Crtice iz života pionira kroz zbirke Hrvatskoga školskog muzeja, autorica izložbe Kristina Gverić, Školski muzej, Zagreb, 2024.; 11.) Shaping Revolutionary Memory. The Production of Monuments in Socialist Yugoslavia, ur. Sanja Horvatinčić i Beti Žerovc, Igor Zabel Association for Culture and Theory i Archive Books, Ljubljana, Berlin, 2023., 421 str.; 12.) Robert Rydzewski, The Balkan Route. Hope, Migration and Europeanisation in Liminal Spaces, Routledge, London, New York, 2023., 160 str.; 13.) Ecofeminism on the Edge. Theory and Practice, ur. Goran Đurđević i Suzana Marjanić, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, 2024., 263 str.; 14.) Balcano-Balto-Slavica i semiotika, odg. ur. I. A. Sedakova, ur. A. B. Ippolitova, Institut za slavistiku RAN, Moskva, 2023., 116 str.; 15.) Indija i srpska književnost, ur. Nemanja Radulović, Zadužbina “Dositej Obradović”, Beograd, 2021., 145 str.; 16.) David Šporer, Konformizam radikalne misli. Kritički historijat metodoloških i političkih pozicija Michela Foucaulta, Disput, Zagreb, 2023., 354 str.; 17.)
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Femicide is the most severe form of gender-based violence. According to UNODC data, 137women in the world are killed every day. The adoption of the Istanbul Convention (Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence) increased social, political and public interest and increased awareness of femicide and consequently (in a smaller number of European countries) resulted in the introduction of a special criminal offense in criminal laws or passing special laws aimed at protecting victims and preventing femicide. Despite the increased activist and scientific-professional interest in this problem, there is still no uniformly accepted definition of femicide, which prevents the implementation of national and international comparative studies that could serve as a scientific basis in the development of policies, strategies and activities aimed at combating and preventing this problem. In March 2024, Croatia adopted amendments to the Criminal Code which, among other things, introduce the new criminal offense of "aggravated murder of a female person", which represents the criminal definition of femicide. The aim of this paper is to present the development of the Croatian legal definition of femicide, from the first presentation of the proposal to the final version, as well as the alignment of the legal definition with current definitions. An additional goal of the work refers to the analysis of the public debate on the proposal to introduce femicide in Croatia, by analyzing the comments and responses to the comments in the framework of the conducted e-counseling.
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Based on the materials from documentary sources, scientific works, statistical data, and sociological research, directions for the transformation of the social status of women during the period of Russian statehood from 1992—2022 are formulated. The authors concluded that during the designated period, women’s status positions have contradictory characteristics. The level of general and professional education of women corresponds to a high status rank. In the professional sphere, women have the opportunity to engage in entrepreneurial activities. At the same time, the majority of professionally employed women have an average socio-economic status. The incomes of the majority of professionally employed women and pensioners have low status characteristics. The level of women’s participation in the fields of professional and public administration corresponds to a low status rank. Thus, over the 30 years of Russian statehood, women’s status positions have acquired contradictory characteristics. The authors formulated factors that can improve the social status of women in modern Russian society, among them: a consistent policy of government bodies to implement the National Action Strategy for Women until 2030, effective activities of women’s organizations, increasing the activity of women themselves in achieving high status positions and expanding the horizons of self-realization.
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The article analyzes the results of the international round table “Gender research in modern science: from theory to practice”, held within the framework of the XX International Conference “Public Administration in New Geopolitical and Geo-Economic Conditions” (Moscow, Lomonosov Moscow State University, December 6, 2023). The purpose of the event is to identify and characterize modern challenges and prospects for gender studies in Russian academic discourse.
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In the Habsburg Monarchy, the civil rights of illegitimate mothers and children were primarily regulated by the Austrian Civil Code of 1811. Under this code, illegitimate children did not enjoy the same rights as legitimate ones. Nevertheless, the illegitimate father was obligated to provide for them. The extent to which this progressive principle in Austrian law was practically implemented remains uncertain. This study investigates the frequency with which illegitimate mothers pursued legal recourse when fathers refused financial responsibility for their children. Additionally, it examines how often these mothers successfully obtained paternity recognition. The paper addresses these inquiries by analysing one hundred preserved custody court files from the District Courts in Rakek, Lož, and Cerknica between 1899 and 1945, alongside other relevant civil law documents.
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The article examines the process of transformation of family policy in the USSR in 1936-1955. Based on documentary and statistical sources, it was concluded that utopian ideas and authoritarian methods of state management of families during the designated historical period had a negative impact on the formation of the family as a social institution. In the ideology of the women’s issue, the Bolshevik Party clearly defined the potential of women: social production, family service, giving birth, and raising children. The development of the institution of marriage was formal. The ban on abortion and other administrative measures to regulate marriage and family relations did not have a noticeable impact on population reproduction. In general, the study shows that the growth of the birth rate can be promoted not by prohibitions, but by an increase in the standard of living of families, their confidence in the future, as well as in the ability to successfully combine family and work responsibilities. These historical lessons have not lost their relevance.
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The present study aims to determine whether girls’ participation in extracurricular activities at schools mediates the relationship between religiosity and their educational aspirations, and if so, how this effect varies depending on parental education. Altogether, 312 Muslim female students in Grades 9 and 10 from eight secondary schools in Bangladesh were interviewed. Ar part of the study, an inferential test of the conditional indirect effect of the independent variable at specified moderator values on the dependent variable was conducted using the Hayes’ percentile approach. Analyses revealed that girls’ religiosity has an indirect and significant adverse effect on their educational aspirations through their participation in extracurricular activities and the relationship, significantly moderated by the level of their parents’ education.
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In this text, I am basing my discussion on the World Economic Forum report for 2022, which shows that global gender equality could take another 132 years, measuring inequality in four main areas: economy, education, health, and political representation. While 47 countries show equality in literacy, significant gaps remain, especially in Africa and South Asia. Educational access is higher among women, but global issues such as poverty and discrimination continue to hinder girls’ access to education. Progress has been observed in Asia, while inequalities remain stable in North Africa. The EU reports a higher level of completed tertiary education among women compared to men, aiming for 45% completion by 2030. However, women still bear the primary responsibility for caregiving and household work, especially in rural areas. Women’s labor rights and economic opportunities are improving, but are still affected by discriminatory practices and social norms. Progress in gender equality varies around the world, with greater advances observed in Western societies compared to traditional societies where women still struggle for basic rights.
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Traditional societies have long been characterized by deeply ingrained gender roles and expectations, with women typically occupying subordinate positions and having limited agency and opportunities for self-determination. However, in recent times, a wind of change has been sweeping across these societies, challenging and transforming the role of women. This transformative process is driven by various factors, including increased access to education and information, changing societal attitudes, and the recognition of the potential contributions and rights of women. The wind of change is also fueled by women's movements and advocacy for gender equality and women's rights. In many traditional societies, the role of women is gradually expanding beyond the confines of the household. Women are entering the workforce, participating in politics, pursuing leadership positions, and contributing to economic development. This shift is not only benefiting women individually but also positively impacting the overall social fabric and economic growth of these societies.Efforts are being made to dismantle barriers that hinder women's full participation and to promote gender-responsive policies and laws. While progress is being made, challenges persist. Deeply entrenched patriarchal structures and cultural norms continue to hinder the full realization of women's potential.
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