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CAUGHT BETWEEN BREADWINNING AND EMOTIONAL PROVISIONS: THE CASE OF POLISH MIGRANT FATHERS IN NORWAY

CAUGHT BETWEEN BREADWINNING AND EMOTIONAL PROVISIONS: THE CASE OF POLISH MIGRANT FATHERS IN NORWAY

Author(s): Paulina Pustułka,Justyna Struzik,Magdalena Ślusarczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

This article discusses heterogeneity of family and parental practices among Polish migrant fathers in Norway. The paper begins with a recollection of the contemporary approaches to masculinities, and addresses the emergence of “new fatherhood” in both family scholarship and migration studies. In the conclusion to the theoretical section, we re ect on transnational parenting in the context of male mobility. The empirical basis for the study stems from a combination of biographic and narrative interviews with members of Polish migrant families in Norway: ten Polish couples and two interviews conducted with fathers alone (the interviews were reviewed for this article from the broader research dedicated to the Polish families in Norway). In the analysis, we draw on the signi cance of the institutional support and social expectations for creating new patterns of being a father, yet we also underline the salient importance of individual, biographical elements that certainly in uence the every-day practices of Polish migrant fathers. We put forward a general conclusion that there is not a singular fathering or fatherhood type among the Polish men in Norway, but rather a continuum of vari- ous family arrangements, often propelled by men, is observed. It is therefore crucial to look at the biographies which suggest social change and a shift towards a “new fatherhood”.

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Rodne nejednakosti u zapošljavanju, upravljanju i odlučivanju

Rodne nejednakosti u zapošljavanju, upravljanju i odlučivanju

Author(s): Marija Kolin,Lilijana Čičkarić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2010

In this paper we examine gender differences in the pattern and level of employment, main characteristics of women's employment and their participation in political institutions, public policy and decision-making process. The analysis contains comparative view pointed out on gender differences in Serbia and European Union and assessment of anti-discrimination measures and active integrative approach to gender participation. The quantitative data derived from official gender sensitive statistics from EU and UN institutions, supplemented by qualitative findings of recent surveys. The evidence presented in the paper pointed out unfavourable position of women in the labour market, characterized by low economic activity, limited access to managerial position and prestige wages, high unemployment, poverty and vulnerability. The Serbian labour market is characterized by a downward rate of activity of women and a high unemployment rate, the latter being the crucial factor of unequal position. Activity of women at the labour market amounting to 54.6% in 2006 relative to the total female population of working age is very low. Economic activity of women is considerably beneath that of men which amounts to 72.7% active men as compared to the total male population of working age. Statistics and reports on the structure of the unemployed show that women are more affected by unemployment than men. It is 1.5 times higher than that of men of the same working age. The unemployment rate in Serbia is one of the highest in Europe, ranging from 21% to 30%, depending on the methodology of calculation. The position of unemployed women is determined by poor opportunities to contract full-tim employment, low and irregular payment of unemployment benefits, poor chances for prequalification and professional retraining and a high probability of engagement on unpaid jobs at home or jobs in "gray economy". In the second part of the article the differences and similarities in patterns of political behaviour of women in Serbia and European Union are examined, considering participation in governance, decision making and public policy. The analysis emphasizes that women are still under-represented in political system and its institutions in Serbia, more then in the most EU countries. Namely, the number of women in politics in Serbia was dramatically reduced in the course of the nineties due to strengthening of nationalistic politics, ethnic conflicts, economic sanctions and isolation of the country. Relative to the socialist period, when participation of women in parliaments was 17%, women completely disappeared from the political scene in this period. After the 1992 elections, only 4.0% women were elected into the Serbian parliament, and after the elections in 2000, of the 250 members of the Serbian parliament, only 27 (10.8%) were women. Finally, participation of women at the 2008 Parliamentary Elections doubled (20,4%) following the introduction of quota for the less represented gender in the Law on Election of Members of Parliament. Representation increased to 21.3% at the local level also. But, women are still underrepresented on leading positions in governing and decision making in public policy. There are three times less women among the legislators, state agencies officials, CEOs, directors and managers.

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WHY WITCHES ARE WOMEN

Author(s): Éva Pócs / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2003

Analyses concerning the gender of the witches in Europe in the 15th–18th centuries show an unanimous female dominance. According to European statistics – as much as it can be reconstructed from the records of the trials – the percentage of men accused of witchcraft was 80–85%. The question “why witches are women” cannot be answered with a simple explanation based on a single factor. The witch-accusations were not homogeneous at all, and, what is more, the concept of the witch was made up of several components in the background of the different witchtypes. There are many kinds of social conflicts and ideological clashes acting as factors inducing witch-accusations. These factors emphasize the female side of the witch-stereotype and increase the number of female reputed witches. Thus, in connection with the different types of Early Modern rural witchcraft, the answer to our question is briefly the following: the majority of the witches was woman because the majority of the accusations was based on conflicts that could develop in the female spheres of private and communal life. Another important point is that the accusations were supported by a “female” witch-ideology and mythology: with certain kinds of conflicts and certain witch-types, this female mythology could become in itself a factor inducing witch-accusations. These two “female” factors – the social and ideological incentives of the witch-accusations – could function hand in hand and thus inevitably lead to the female dominance in witch-accusations. The joint functioning of these factors – and their reinforcing effect on each other – resulted in the far higher proportion of female witches.

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«#ОНАЖЕМАТЬ»: ИМПЛИЦИТНЫЕ СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ О МАТЕРИНСТВЕ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ РОССИЙСКОМ ИНТЕРНЕТ‐ДИСКУРСЕ

Author(s): Anastasiya Vladimirovna Miklyaeva,Polina Vitalevna Rumyantceva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2018

The paper presents the results of both the theoretical and empirical research of social beliefs about motherhood. It is shown that social beliefs about motherhood are rather heterogeneous. They include some open content according to which motherhood is highly respected and emotionally positive social role, but there also are some implicit components that contain conflicting social expectations. These contradictions are universal from the cultural point of view but are different in different cultures. The authors chose to sample posts on motherhood from a Russian based parenting website (http://forum.materinstvo.ru/). The method of inductive content-analysis was applied, and 667 posts were analyzed in total. The results have shown that in modern Russian society the conflicting content of social beliefs about motherhood is connected with the contradictions in the social expectations imposed on a woman in a maternity role. It is supposed that а mother is responsible for her children’s and other family members’ wellbeing in almost every realm of life. It makes fulfillment of those expectations impossible. These contradictions can lead to various interpersonal conflicts (both within the family and outside it), and can form a basis for different forms of mother’s discrimination in varied social contexts as well as lead to a selfdiscrimination phenomena manifestation.

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KUYRUKLU YILDIZ ALTINDA BİR İZDİVAÇ ROMANINDA FEMİNİST SÖYLEMLER

KUYRUKLU YILDIZ ALTINDA BİR İZDİVAÇ ROMANINDA FEMİNİST SÖYLEMLER

Author(s): Mustafa Yiğitoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 43/2018

Innovations are seen in the world of ideas and thoughts of the Ottoman society, which has taken many administrative and financial innovations after the Tanzimat period. These are also naturally reflected in literary works. The intellectuals of the period include many social problems in their works, from slavery to education. Direct or indirect criticism is made about the situation of the women who constitute the half of the society. The women’s problems, which started to find a partial place in the early periods, is examined in more detail after the declaration of second constitutionalist period. The novelists are not insensitive to this issue, which has both an individual and a social identity. Hüseyin Rahmi is also among the authors who can be evaluated in this context. Hüseyin Rahmi, who entered the world of literature in 1887, deals with issues such as victimization of women, backwardness, inequality, and lack of education in his novels at different intensities. Feminism, focusing on women’s rights, questioning and defending these rights, becomes a rising trend after the 20th century. Feminism, which also affects the world of literature, is included in the work of art by some novelists. The novelists take a stance on this subject, whether they are dealing with it or not. Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar makes some statements in his novel A Marriage Under A Comet, making some criticisms about the social and individual position of women in the presence of novel characters. In this paper, the novel of the author in question has been studied and it has been attempted to determine which discourses have been used for the feminist elements in the book. Thereafter, the findings have been interpreted in this context.

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The impact of forced social comparison on adolescents’ self-esteem and appearance satisfaction

Author(s): Danka Purić,Nataša Simić,Ljubomir Savanović,Marko Kalanj,Stefan Jovanović-Dačić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2011

The impact of forced social comparison on adolescents’ self-esteem and appearance satisfaction research, conducted on a sample of 133 high school seniors, consisted of two phases. In phase one, participants were given the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory, Appearance Satisfaction Scale and Appearance Relevance Scale, and in phase two, one month later, they were exposed to photographs of attractive and unattractive individuals. Two groups of boys and girls each assessed attractive or unattractive individuals of their own gender, while two control groups (of both genders) were not exposed to any photographs. Immediately after assessing the photographs, the participants were again given the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory and Appearance Satisfaction Scale. We found that forced social comparison had an impact on self-esteem and a marginally significant effect on appearance satisfaction in the group of participants (of both genders) assessing the photographs of unattractive individuals, while no effects were found in the either the control group or the group assessing the photographs of attractive individuals. We also examined the impact of self-esteem, appearance satisfaction and appearance relevance as moderating variables on the effect size of social comparison and showed that higher pretest self-esteem and appearance relevance and lower appearance satisfaction predict higher posttest self-esteem scores, regardless of the participants’ group membership. The group of participants exposed to photographs of unattractive people, however, showed the opposite pattern – those participants who had initially lower self-esteem have increased it more as a result of the experimental exposure.

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Razvojna povijest bivših zatvorenika – prikaz četiri studije slučaja kroz life-span pristup

Razvojna povijest bivših zatvorenika – prikaz četiri studije slučaja kroz life-span pristup

Author(s): Dženan Berberović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 5/2008

This research consists of four former inmates that are not serving the sentence anymore, actually they are free, but once, they were sentenced because of different crimes they committed, and which are mostly linked to selling and consuming drugs. These four former inmates are two females and two males. Life-span of former inmates has an impact on anticipation of future and life orientation, so they see their future more pessimistic.

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“‘Remember Jenny’: Representation of the Fallen Woman Through Male Gaze in Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s ‘Jenny’”

“‘Remember Jenny’: Representation of the Fallen Woman Through Male Gaze in Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s ‘Jenny’”

Author(s): Merve Sari / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2018

Dante Gabriel Rossetti started working on his poem “Jenny” almost a decade earlier than his painting, Found. Although both of his works are about the issue of the fallen woman, “Jenny” particularly stands out as it reflects the poet’s conflicting attitude towards the issue of the fallen woman which sympathises and condemns the fallen woman at the same time and unravels the male hypocrisy that was prevalent during the Victorian Age. Caught in the middle between a wish to represent the condition of the fallen woman and fearful of Victorian outcries of censorship, Rossetti reduced Jenny to an object of pure speculation with her silence and inaction. Subjecting Jenny to the speculations of the male gaze and authorial power throughout the poem, Rossetti shows that his poetic persona is not actually that different from the conventional representatives of patriarchy. Hence, the aim of this study is to discuss the problematic stance of Rossetti’s poetic persona, who, despite the fact that he continuously emphasises his disinterest in sensual delights and expects praise in return, is yet typically reflective of Victorian patriarchal hypocrisy with his relentless comparisons initially between himself and Jenny and then his cousin Nell and Jenny.

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The Inadequacy of the UN Legal System Remedies for Gender – Based Violence as an Example of the International Rule of Law Failure and the European Jurisprudence Response

Author(s): Olga Kostaniak / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2015

A number of international documents provide the core rules for the prohibition of gender based violence. The notion that men and women should enjoy human rights on an equal basis is part of all the main human rights instruments. The states have international and regional obligations under the due diligence standard as parties to treaties and conventions but none have abolish violence against women. Abuses that women generally suffer, such as domestic violence but also sexual assault, incest, rape and constrains of reproductive freedom and many others, do not fall within UN definitions of state action and thus occur outside the realm of international concerns. By Ertürk there is “a rule of customary international law that obliges States to prevent and respond to acts of violence against women with due diligence.” However the UN is ill-equipped to respond effectively to women’s problems and thus the rights of men and women are not equally protected anywhere. Fortunately, an effective response to this problem exists on a regional level, thanks to the approach, for instance, of regional courts of jurisprudence, such as the European Court of Human Rights. The rulings issued by the Court and its further incorporation by the states into their domestic legal orders set the legislative direction for whole international community giving a hope that finally violence against women will be recognized on a par with other abuses so far considered by international law to be more important.

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Gender Differences in Networking of Slovenian SME’s

Author(s): Karin Širec,Katja Crnogaj / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2009

Today, there is an indisputable fact that entrepreneurial (business) success derives from the establishment of mutual connection and cooperation, thereby presenting the essence of economic activities. The so-called networking economy has come to the forefront and is reflected in the networking activities of organizations, companies, and entrepreneurs. This paper investigates networking activities between enterprises and organizations (business networking) as well as entrepreneurs’ personal networking (entrepreneurial networking). Fundamental research question is: Does networking in Slovenian small and medium-sized companies’ differ between male and female entrepreneurs and the companies they are directing? The empirical research revealed interesting findings with regard to certain differences among Slovene SMEs with respect to gender (male versus female). Meanwhile, the research identified linkages between investigated dimensions—namely, entrepreneurs’ personal networking and business networking. Although significant domestic and international literature considers networking to be extremely important for enterprises’ and entrepreneurs’ success, it can be concluded that this is a relevant research topic. Companies as well as entrepreneurs can no longer be successful as individuals because the new information economy is driven by the economics of networks.

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Intelektualna intuicija i intellectus archetypus: refleksivnost kod Kanta i Hegela

Intelektualna intuicija i intellectus archetypus: refleksivnost kod Kanta i Hegela

Author(s): Slavoj Žižek / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 26/2017

Filozofski, "žensko pitanje" (da upotrijebim ovo staro, krajnje neprikladno određenje) se ne može riješiti niti pomoću nove simbolizacije ženskosti niti uzdizanjem žene u entitet koji se opire simbolizaciji, u "nedjeljivi ostatak" procesa simbolizacije. Ovim drugim putem krenuo je Schelling, koji je "znao da izraz 'žena' ne može poteći iz načela. Ono što ne može tako poteći, treba opisati." Schellingov proboj iz logičke strukture stvarnosti (koju se može predstaviti kao idejni sustav) u Realno primordijalnih nagona (gdje nema dedukcije, može se tek ispričati priča) - i.e. njegov pomak od logosa ka mythosu - je dakle objava Ženskog.

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Istranke u borbenim prilikama

Istranke u borbenim prilikama

Author(s): Josip Milićević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4-5/1983

In his contribution the author attempts to establish the degree to which war conditions change certain ethnographic traits and create new ones, or new uses and forms of traditional cultural forms. Since World War One continued with Italian occupation of Istria until 1945, it could be asserted that the whole period was an attack on the national rights of the Slavic population of Istria by blocking or destroying its ethnographic properties. It is interesting that rural women were the most significant subjects of revolt against ethnic oppression. They invented numerous ways to counteract the enemy, particularly in the course of struggle to secure basic food supplies in those difficult times. Some of them completely neglected agriculture and entered new, urban-based occupations. A more intensive study of this subject, which may at first glance appear non-ethnological, could bring some interesting ethnological results.

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Die rolle der frau in der traditionellen gutshofkultur

Die rolle der frau in der traditionellen gutshofkultur

Author(s): Karoly Gaal / Language(s): German Issue: SI 2/1982

Um die traditionelle Kultur der Gutshofgemeinschaften und dabei im besonderen die Rolle der Frau in dieser Kultur darstellen zu können, genügt es nicht, bei der diesbezüglichen Forschung im Rahmen des heute Erfassbaren zu bleiben. Der Begriff „traditionelle Kultur“ bedingt für die Forschungsmethodik - einen historischen Ansatz, d. h. die allgemeine historische Entwicklung, in welche die zu erforschende Kulturgemeinschaft zeitlich und räumlich eingebettet erscheint, muss mit aufgearbeitet werden, um die ökologische Ordnung der einzelnen Kulturerscheinungen bei einer bestimmten Gemeinschaft und in ihrem Verhältnis zu anderen kulturellen Gemeinschaften begreifbar machen zu können. Dies gilt umso m ehr für den Fall der Gutshofgemeinschaften, als diese heute zahlenmässig und vor allem in kulturellerHinsicht sich nur mehr als eine Resterscheinung repräsentieren.

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Skats uz sievieti Latvijas kino mākslā

Skats uz sievieti Latvijas kino mākslā

Author(s): Inga Pērkone-Redoviča / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 1/2006

The article explores the visual and narrative models of women's images in the Latvian films. The theoretical background is based on classical and feminist film studies, especially on Laura Mulvey's hrestomatic article "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" (1975), which demonstrated how narrative cinema uses a woman as an object to be looked at, and a man as the subject and the bearer of the look. The most productive period of the Latvian cinema was from 1955 to 1990, the Soviet time, when the official ideology declared the total equality of women and men. Nevertheless, analyzing films from the Soviet period, we can see a highly traditional, patriarchal attitude to women and, in general, the patriarchal order of life. As the case example the Latvian film "The Sonata of the Lake" (Ezera sonāte, 1976) is investigated more in detail, which very typically represents relations between genders in the society, and in the center of the narrative offers the most popular fictional character of the Latvian woman - a woman who devotes her-self to the man sacrificing her freedom for love and life.

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Профессиональные и семейные роли женщин в истории многопоколенной семьи

Author(s): S. A. Vekilova,Irina S. Kletsina,G. V. Semenova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2018

The article presents the results of content-analysis of the stories of twenty four multigenerational families. The sample included 121 females, who composed the pure matrilineal chains of great-grandmothers, grandmothers, mothers and daughters. The elder generation includes females born between 1870—1900 years, with 30-year interval between each generation. Generational analysis of dynamics of spouse, parental and professional female and male roles was conducted. The research permits to gain the following results. A male becomes the main hero of the family story in the elder generation of great-grandparents, a female beside him is described only through her reproductive function; her marital status is described as a form of belonging. Her motherhood in the next two generations of “grandmothers” and “mothers” acquires the feature of psychological attitude (the children get their names and the essence of the relationships becomes important). The motherhood and conjugality becomes of equal importance and the female does not totally belong to her husband. The female story of “grandmothers” generation contains not only her family roles, but her professional roles too. The “daughters” generation born between 1960—1990 years, is characterized by the significant increase of the professional roles, which becomes more important, than even family roles. The total word score of women story prevails on the same index of male story, and the female becomes the main hero of the family story. The comparative analysis of male and female stories makes it possible to state that despite increasing dynamics of educational and professional female roles there is no real gender equality either in the family life space or in the social one. Females as before mostly belong to family world, and males as before mostly belong to professional world.

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FEMİNİST HAREKETİN SANATLA İLİŞKİSİ

FEMİNİST HAREKETİN SANATLA İLİŞKİSİ

Author(s): Bengü Batu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 54/2019

The feminist movement, which gained momentum in the nineteenth century, and the ideologies it is based on, criticize the patriarchal system and demand equal rights for women, transforming the society, all of its institutions and the system in line with their intentions in the process. Having arisen in the local platform, this movement transformed into a societal and political movement in time. It is inevitable for such a wide-scale movement to establish relations with and have an impact upon politics and art. Feminist approaches in the artistic field spread from America, birth place of the movement, to Europe and other countries at the end of the 1960’s. This development not only affected the production processes, but also caused female artists to become visible in the art history literature and criticism, and also led to emergence of new approaches. In the study, the heterogeneous structure of the feminist movements -caused by their interaction with many diverse ideologies- is presented in general, and its impact on the art history literature and the relationship artists established with the feminist ideology in the production processes is examined.

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"Žena od Batha i njena priča"

"Žena od Batha i njena priča"

Author(s): Mary S. Bache / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 28/2018

"Žena od Batha" predstavlja osobe podređene autoritetu, autoritetu religijskih tekstova i njihovih mizoginističkih kodova. Iako "Žena od Batha" ostvaruje materijalnu dobit, moglo bi se ustvrditi da ne zadobija autoritet sve dok ne dobije priliku javno se izraziti tokom hodočašća, ne riskirajući odmazdu. Kad zauzme pozornicu, drugi hodočasnici postaju njena publika, uzimajući u obzir njen glas, ono šta ona priča, ali kako komentira njhove priče. "Priča Žene od Batha", kao i većina ostalih, sastoji se iz dva dijela, proslova i same priče. Takva struktura odražava Chaucerovu ideju simetrije kakvu je već pokazao u Troilu i Kresidi. U Proslovu "Žena od Batha" samu sebe portretira kao žrtvu patrijarhalnog svijeta, a kako se pokušava nametnuti prozivaju je ‘pokvarenom ženom’. Međutim, u "Priči" ona predstavlja situaciju u kojoj autoritet preuzima žena, a glas razuma zamijeni arogantnu nametljivost. Pomoću takvoga kontrasta, možemo shvatiti vrijednosti i kodove vladajućeg ponašanja u datom društvu. [...]

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ZDRAVSTVENA ZAŠTITA

ZDRAVSTVENA ZAŠTITA

Author(s): Meliha Lekić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: */2016

Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine iz 1995. godine, Rezolucija o politici zdravlja za sve građane_ke Bosne i Hercegovine i Zakon o ravnopravnosti spolova u Bosni i Hercegovini nalažu mjere i pružaju smjernice za organizovanje zdravstvenog sistema koji će svim građanima_kama omogućiti adekvatnu pomoć i zaštitu, u cilju postizanja zdravijeg i kvalitetnijeg života bez diskriminacije. Prema definiciji Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (WHO) reproduktivno zdravlje je stanje fizičkog, mentalnog i socijalnog blagostanja u svim oblastima vezanim za reproduktivni sistem, u svim fazama života. [...]

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ЈУЛКА CHLAPEC ЂОРЂЕВИЋ – „ЖЕНСКО ПИТАЊЕ“ ИЗМЕЂУ ДВА СВЕТСКА РАТА

ЈУЛКА CHLAPEC ЂОРЂЕВИЋ – „ЖЕНСКО ПИТАЊЕ“ ИЗМЕЂУ ДВА СВЕТСКА РАТА

Author(s): Marina Raguš / Language(s): Serbian Issue: Sp. Iss/2012

Julka Chlapec Djordjević (1882–1969), born in Novi Sad, married with Czech husband, belongs to the so-called second wave of feminists who are of the Novi Sad origin. On the foundations of the first wave of feminism in the then Vojvodina, which focused on the public visibility, i.e. the right to work and participate in public life, as well as on the accessibility of higher education for this gender group, “the second wave” of feminist authors situated, who set their interest on the emancipation of women in the area of private and family life, and, consequently, on the political rights and liberties of women introducing international experience in this domain into the local environment.

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Polni stereotip u etničkom: prilog srpskoj imagologiji

Polni stereotip u etničkom: prilog srpskoj imagologiji

Author(s): Gordana Đerić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2007

The article deals with explanatorily relevance of the concept of stereotype in one of its original meanings - as a "mental image". This meaning of stereotype is starting point for further differentiations between linguistic and behavioral stereotypes (in sense of non-verbal and expected reactions); universal and particular stereotypes; selfrepresentative and introspective stereotypes; permanent and contemporary stereotypes; finally and most importantly for our purposes, difference between silent and audible stereotypes. The first part of this article discusses functions and makes differentiation of stereotypes. In the second part, the relations of silent and audible stereotypes are tested against introduction of "innovative vocabularies" in popular inheritance. In other words, the explanatory power of this differentiation is investigated through an analysis of unconventional motives in Serbian epic poems. The goal of the argument is to clarify a procedure of self-creation of masculinity as a relevant feature of "national character" through "tactic games" of silent and audible stereotypes. Examination of these "poetic strategies" has a two-fold function: to illustrate the process of construction of particular features of "ethno-type", on the one hand, and to check hypothesis and models which are considered as frameworks of stereotype analysis, on the other.

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