Lost in Translation: Narrative Perspective Silenced by the Voice of the Translator

Author(s): Lindita Tahiri,Sazana Çapriqi / Language(s): English Issue: 38(43)/2020

This study compares passages from four novels by the renowned Albanian author Ismail Kadare with their English translations: Prilli i thyer (Broken April, 1990 [1980]), Kronika në gur (Chronicle in Stone, 2007 [1971]), Vajza e Agamemnonit (The Daughter of Agamemnon, 2006 [2003]) and Pallati i ëndrrave (The Palace of Dreams, 2011 [1999]). It uses the linguistic analysis of style in the source and the target languages aiming to identify the modification of narrative perspectives during the translation process. The stylistic comparison of the original with translated versions demonstrates the shift from the internal perspective to the narratorial perspective of narration, which may be the result of the translator’s inclination to explain. In Kadare’s novels which have been translated from French, the tendency to make a clear borderline between narrative voices is evident. The translator’s lack of ability to pick out stylistic features indicating the internal perspective of the character impacts the mental representation produced by the reader of the translated text. The shift from the character’s to the narrator’s perspective influences not only the reader’s attitude towards the culture narrated in the text but also the way how the identity of the narrator is construted. Consequently, the imposed narratorial voice in the translated Kadare’s novels gives a different impression from the non-intrusive narration that the author managed to create in the communist regime.

Le peuple pour le camarade Enver Hoxha

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): French Issue: 01fr/1989

Le 16 octobre 1988, c’était le jour du 80 anniversaire de la naissance d ’Enver Hoxha, l’architecte de l’A lbanie Nouvelle, le grand inspirateur de nos acquisitions dans chaque domaine. Par son oeuvre il a laissé un riche héritage dans le domaine de la littérature et des arts aussi dans la culture populaire, pour sa conservation et son développement. Le peuple a chanté à la figure légendaire d ’Enver Hoxha. La poésie a émané du grand esprit du peuple, qui m et sa figure dans le cadre de l’histoire nationale, la voit toujours ensemble avec le nom du Parti, inséparable des idéaux du communisme. Comme toujours, après la mort d ’Enver Hoxha, en avril 1985, l’inspiration populaire est vivante. Dans les chansons créées à cette occasion et dans celles futures, a été faite une synthèse de cette figure remarquable, a été exprimée la douleur sincère et la croyance que l’Albanie marchera dans sa voie, sous la direction du Parti et du camarade Ram iz Alia. Dans le 80 anniversaire, le peuple lui a composé des chansons avec de nouveaux motifs, dans la tradition riche de la poésie populaire. En l’honneur de cet anniversaire, nous avons choisi pour notre revue ces chansons populaires, consacrées à la figure inoubliable du camarade Enver Hoxha.

Tryeza e rrumbullakët: «Eposi dhe kultura shqpitare»

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01al/1984

Le caractere des gammes du chansonnier epique heroïque - legendaire

Author(s): Ferial Daja / Language(s): French Issue: 02fr/1983

La grande richesse de la création musicale populaire, la variété de contenu, les formes et les moyens artistiques, unis aux particularités d’interprétation et d’exécution populaire, sont en rapport avec les particularités nationales, avec la psychologie populaire, ce qui a trouvé un reflet dans îe système musical complexe et extrêmement original. Quand il est question des traits nationaux originaux de la musique populaire albanaise, on a présentes des particularités de sa langue musicale, qui la font distinguer de celle des autres peuples. La construction des gammes compte "parmi les nombreux éléments de cette lange musicale.

Populli i këndon udhëheqësit të Partisë

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01al/1983

1. Dolli ylli që me natë; 2. Enver hoxha hane - hane!; 3. Në tiranë në qytet; 4. Lum e lum për kët parti; 5. Në paris u mblodh uno-ja; 6. Bac’ enver t’paçim përjetë; 7. Pushkën top e ka shqipnia; 8. Kush po ngjitet nalt shkall’- shkalle; 9. Enver Hoxha gjuhebirbili; 10. Bëjm’ takim me deputetin; 11. Lule o shoku Enver

Balada popullore dhe historia

Author(s): Jorgo Panajoti / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01al/1983

Historia e zhvillimit të poezisë sonë popullore dëshmon se në të sa vjen e bëhet më e dukshme dhe më e theksuar prirja për ta trajtuar materialin epik brenda kufijve të ngjasës, për të ruajtur dhe evidentuar sa më mirë bazën e tij neale dhe autentike, vërtetësinë e tij. Kryesisht me këtë shpjegohet ulja e gjallërisë ose ndërprerja e zhvillimit të ndonjë zhanri epik, që, për shkak të lindjes, të strukturimit e të kristalizimit si formë poetike e një kohe të caktuar, nuk mundi t’i përgjigjej prirjes së përgjithshme për vërtetësi të theksuar artistike (p.sh. cikli i kreshnikëve). Me këtë prirje lidhet, gjithashtu, profilizimi i qartë, si një zhanër me karakter të theksuar realist, vitaliteti i veçantë i 'këngëve historike. Nga ana e saj balada, si zhanër epiko-lirik, që nisi jetën e vet artistike në kohë të hershme, e ka vazhduar dhe e vazhdon këtë jetë. Dhe kjo se balada, me përmbajtjen dhe formën artistike, me aftësinë që të ndryshojë e të zhvillohet vazhdimisht, me mprehtësinë dhe elasticitetin e vet ka mundur të zbatojë lidhjet me realitetin e epokave të ndryshme historike, është treguar e aftë për t’iu përshtatur shijeve, kërkesave dhe nevojave ideoestetike të këtyre epokave. Kjo db të thotë se ka kuptim të flitet për lidhje të baladës me realitetin historik, për aftësinë e saj që të bartë, krahas llojeve të tjera të informacionit, edhe një informacion historik.

«Mitologjia, folklori, letërsia»

Author(s): Perikli Jorgoni / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01al/1983

Review of: Prof. A. Uçi, «MITOLOGJIA, FOLKLORI, LETERSIA», Tiranë 1982 Shtëpia botuese «8 Nëntori». Review by: Jorgoni Perikli

POEZIA PËR FËMIJË E ANTON ÇETTËS

Author(s): Myzafere Mustafa / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 50/2020

This paper is about children's poems written by Anton Çetta. It is initially stated that he focused his activity on the collection, publication and study of oral literary creativity, also in the beginning of his work Anton Çetta in addition to collecting and studying folklore wrote poetry for children and also dealt with translations from French and Italian. As a result of his work in the collection of oral literature he has published several volumes of prose and poetry. In 2020, a set of his activity was published, as a folklore collector, researcher, poet for children, and leader of blood feud reconciliation, in thirteen volumes, published by the Institute of Albanology prepared under the care of the scientific staff of the Folklore Department. In the first volume of this set are published children's poems that Professor Anton had published for the first time in 1955, which have been republished several times in a volume entitled “Në prehër të gjyshes” (In grandmother's lap). He has created these poems for children with the inspiration from oral literature and especially from the fairy tale, legend, tale, anecdote and small forms of oral literary creativity such as: riddles, enigmas, proverbs, etc. The poems of “Në prehër të gjyshes" are inspired by oral literature, especially by legends, fairy tales and other genres, but the poet has worked on enriching the system of figures and perfecting poetic sensibility with rich artistic characters and language and stylistic figures, which are closer to the world and mentality of the child. They are easy to read and enjoy, stimulate the imagination and influence the aesthetic, moral and educational formation. From the poems the children learn about the previous life in the patriarchal family communities, about the organization of life and the division of labor in family, etc. Professor Antoni has left in manuscript a bunch of poems for children, which he had titled the “Vjeti gazmuer” (Jolly Year). The poems of this volume are inspired by the daily life of children, by ordinary life in general, by natural phenomena, children's play, etc. We see this from the titles of the poems and from the subject treated. The poems are mainly dedicated to the seasons of the year, especially winter and snow, snowman, children's games during the winter season, months of the year, various things and objects, etc.

SINONIMIA NË ROMANET E REXHEP QOSJES

Author(s): Shpresa Ismajli / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 50/2020

The synonymy in the language of Rexhep Qosja is rich and diverse and extends widely to all literary creativity. His language incorporates a complex system of synonyms, which are used to clarify thought or to highlight specific nuances of meaning, to better typify persons, circumstances, environments, and above all to enhance expressivity. In particular, there are many synonyms used to characterize the inner side, the personality traits of people. In his novels, are realized multiple and unlimited relations between lexical units. Qosja creates synonymous relations with words from all functional styles, which are distinguished by semantic, emotional, and stylistic expressive nuances. Synonymous rapports include lexical units with limited use, dialectical words, outdated words, foreign words, new words created by him, etc., as well as words of general use. Dialectal and regional words represent wealth in the semantic and stylistic-emotional plane, while neologisms are generally stylistic synonyms. In his novels, many lexical units from the passive lexical layer are introduced into synonymous relations, creating new synonymous verses with varying degrees of semantic similarity. Most often synonyms are created between words of literary Albanian and words of dialectal or popular origin. According to the lexical-grammatical category, the richest are the synonyms created with nouns, then with adjectives, with adverbs and verbs. Synonymy enriches its linguistic and artistic expression, expands the synonymy of Albanian with lexical units with special semantic, expressive and stylistic emotional values, and especially increases the expressivity of his discourse.

ITAKA ‐ NJË SIMBOL I MADH BALLKANIK

Author(s): Agim Vinca / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 50/2020

Ithaca, an island in Greece, on the Balkan Peninsula, is known as the birthplace of Homer's hero, Odysseus. Thanks to the work of Homer and especially the poem Odyssey, it became a universal symbol. Itaka as a theme has a wide range in modern literature of the Balkans and Europe. We find it in the novel Ulysses by Joyce, in the poetry of Cavafy, Ricos, Brodsky, Hughes and Sorescu, but also in contemporary dramaturgy. The theme of Ithaca is also present in today's Albanian poetry, where it is treated in different ways by poets such as Camaj, Londo, Zhiti, Arapi, Islam, etc. In the verses of Albanian poets, Itaka synthesizes the vision of homeland, homeland, woman and especially of the unquenchable love of man for the place where he took the first steps in life. Various creators and scholars have called Odysseus the "ep of merchandise", and Ithaca a literary symbol influencing the formation of Western human identity. Ulysses and Ithaca are an inseparable binomial. "Penelope is the knot that connects them." Everyone has their own Ithaca, "says the poet. As such, this figure becomes the paradigm of human existence and the symbol of the constant bleeding of the house, the threshold of the door, the bed, and the woman.

PERSONAZHE TË PROZËS SË VEDAT KOKONËS

Author(s): Gëzim Aliu / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 50/2020

In this study we have analyzed some characters of a novel and of some stories of Vedat Kokona, among the first authors of genuine Albanian artistic prose. Kokona, in addition to other literary and narrative elements, pays attention to the motivational construction of the characters, especially their psychological aspect. In the novelette "Disgusted" and the stories "Shadow behind the window" and "Heart that flows", Katina, Fania and Ngjelina, are girls who seek happiness, but because of the social situation and mentality, remain unhappy. The life of Katina ends in a tragic way. However, she, with her spiritual power manages to create, albeit briefly, a temporary happiness. Katina is a complex character, beautifully built, with all the nuances. Her narration engages the reader emotionally and mentally in the course of the story. Fania and Ngjelina are also built and motivated, but Katina is a character who stands out from all the characters in the collection "Broken Stars". Other characters that we have analyzed are Lushi, the translator and poet who is in love with his friend's wife, but from the inability to express this directly, his actions lean towards the fetish. Tafili is a man devastated by gambling addiction, doubled in his mind, who eventually kills his mother to get her money and then himself. Kokona characterizes this character without interfering, he just narrates, which makes him even more psychologically powerful. Compassion for the little beggar, Drita, is expressed in the story "The Singer of Charity", where she is carved as a lost being in the world of people who ignore suffering. Meanwhile, the inspired writer, Malushi, is given in to a moment that he considers as a personal and national turn in the field of literature, but then he encounters the bitter 'reality', he realizes how few books of him have been sold, he gets depressed, but again a butterfly inspires him to write. Malushi remains an inspired writer, not a desperate one without hope. Rinka and Nasi are characterized by the stationary state where they are located. Rinka sadly waits for her husband's letter from abroad, while Nasi fails to express her feelings for moral reasons. Two characters that unfold through psychological states, not through action.

TENSIONI DISONANT DHE GJUHA E SUGJESTIONIT NË POEZINË E MARTIN CAMAJT

Author(s): Jolanda Lila / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 50/2020

The poetry of Martin Camaj marks an entirely separate poetical system, cultivated freely and in line with the European modernism and not under the pressure of the censorship of political ideology. As a prevalent feature of this poetry we find the presence of dichotomies in the poetry’s form and content. Through various text analyses we scrutinised some of the dichotomy typologies and their function, which varies from image to mirage, in the sense that the associated sequences appear and disappear at about the same time. The hallucinatory, illogical and somnambulistic content of his poetry make for another element that is often studied in Camaj’s poetical work. Behind every view, there is another view and behind every meaning, there is another meaning. This oscillation, duplication and ambiguity as a manifestation of infinity, of the critical scepticism, of the movement, of the search, constitute the essential part of this poetry.

METAMORFOZA E AGO JAKUPIT: LUMEN DHE NUMEN

Author(s): Blerina Rogova Gaxha / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 50/2020

In this paper we have tried a different interpretation of one of the most special stories of modern Albanian literature Qysh e gjeti Ago Jakupi rrugwn e Zotit (How did Ago Jakupi find the way of God) by the author Mitrush Kuteli, analyzing the process of metamorphosis of the protagonist. The story shows us the path that a human being must take to be righteous in the eyes of God. The protagonist, Ago Jakupi, appears to us as a change of him selve at different times, or a transformation of the same selves during these times, oposing two concepts that appear in contradiction with each other: the concept of divine rightnesses and the concept of human rightnesses, from which the protagonist must choose. His metamorphosis requires the transformation from a materialist subject to a spiritualist one, forcing him to know the natyral human light- lumen and finding the devine presence numen. Based on the biblical code, Mitrush Kuteli puts at the core of this story the concept of moral perfection, seeking the purification of the human soul through morality and goodness in earthly life, as a condition, to gain ‘life’ in the eternal kingdom. The research was based on philosophical theory and the biblical code, thus reading the text according to the biblical intertext and interpreting the concept of sin and death according to the philosophical point of view.

NJËMBËDHJETË PROZATORË NË TRI PAMJE

Author(s): Fadil Grajçevci / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 50/2020

Review of: Gëzim Aliu: Proza shqipe e viteve 1920 - 1944, IAP, Prishtinë 2020, 357 f. Review by: Fadil Grajçevci

Dora d’Istria, une Feministe Transculturelle Dans L’Europe des Balkans et Au-dela

Author(s): Efstratia Oktapoda / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2021

Dora d'Istria est le nom de plume de l'écrivaine d'origine roumaine Elena Ghica (Bucarest 1828 - Florence 1888). Dora d'Istria est le cas illustre de citoyen des Nations et de l'écrivain transnational et transculturel dans l'Europe des Balkans au XIXe siècle. Roumaine et Moldave d'origine (fille de Marele Ban Mihail Ghica et nièce du Prince régnant Valaque Grigore IV Ghica), grecque de par sa mère Ecaterina Faca, russe de mariage par son mari (le duc Alexander Koltsov-Massalki), Française de coeur (elle choisit le français comme langue d'expression et d'écriture) avant d'adopter l'Italie, son autre pays de coeur, où elle résida jusqu'à la fin de sa vie. Dora d'Istria est une femme érudite, écrivaine de grande réputation, journaliste, polyglotte, elle écrivit beaucoup et voyagea beaucoup. Elle laissa derrière elle une immense oeuvre écrite toute en français. Par son oeuvre, par son vécu, cette femme singulière s'inscrit, plus que tout autre dans cet espace transculturel. Dora d'Istria fait partie des femmes écrivains illustres du XIXe siècle et son oeuvre transculturelle et transnationale mériterait à être un peu plus approfondie.

Hero vis-à-vis Author

Author(s): Kujtim Rrahmani / Language(s): English Issue: 40 (45)/2021

This article examines the complex relationship between the hero and the author. Through a reflexive phenomenological tone, it is argued that the hero depicts the emotional seed of the subject itself while the author is the beautiful mind that projects events and worlds by cultivating the intellectual seed. The call of adventure as a ringing bell for the hero and the author, the proclaimed Death of the Author, the almost confirmed Death of the Hero, and the horizon of the Teacher’s Death are discussed. In this setting, the fear from the authority of the hero and the author remains imminent. This article attempts to move beyond the horizon of death certificates in order to reach primary frequencies at the nexus between author and hero, derived from the very inner tones of the human psyche that come as a call to take us away to the beautiful world of Aha Erlebnis. The author and the hero – they do matter.

AFA “RUGOVA” - VATËR E MADHE E RUAJTJES SË EPOSIT TË KRESHNIKËVE

Author(s): Zymer Ujkan Neziri / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 51/2021

AFA "Rugova" is an artistic symbol of this region and a rare ethnocultural institution that has popularized the lute and lute players in our area, Europe and beyond for 74 years. Therefore, in this paper I briefly present an overview of the lute players in the Rugova area, from the beginning of the establishment of AFA "Rugova" to the present generation at the beginning of this century. In this overview will be described and given many details from my work in the research project "The Legendary Epos of Rugova" (1979-1988). There were about 100 lute players in the Rugova area after the Second World War, and many of them were or are still are members of AFA "Rugova". I have been working with 45 Rugova’s lute players. When I started the research project "The Legendary Epos of Rugova" in 1979, there were collected about 20 thousand verses of the legendary epos, while when I finished it in 1988, the amount of recorded verses was over 100 thousand verses of about 300 songs and of over 40 units in prose, in 15 volumes. In addition to the lyrical and epic historical repertoire, these lute players have had many verses of legendary songs, perhaps as much as a quarter of the number of verses of the national fund, with about 400 thousand verses. This was the largest amount collected in an Albanian ethno-geographical area, since the time of G. Mayer onwards (1987). With the E5 Project in the Balkans (2012-2016), which includes Rugova as well and where there are about 100 thousand verses of the legendary epos, currently the national fund has about 600 thousand verses.

FISHTA NË KOSOVË: NDËRMJET ADHURIMIT LETRAR DHE PERFORMANCËS NARRATIVE

Author(s): Myrvete Dreshaj - Baliu / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 51/2021

The object of this study is the presence, reflection and perception of the work of Gjergj Fishta in Kosovo throughout the twentieth century and the beginning of the twentyfirst century. Data on the recognition of his creativity in the 1930s will be brought first, and then we will focus on an attempt by the Yugoslav government during the early 1950s to identify the heroes and families of the songs of bravery for their purposes where collectors, even during the recording, identify songs of Lahuta e Malcis/ The lute of the highlands. Within this period we will also bring the testimony of Prof. Alois Shmaus for the presence of Lahuta's lyrics within the bards repertoire of the frontier worrior epic and songs of bravery in Kosovo. We will continue this study with a field research, generally during the last decade of this century, through interviews with singers and narrators of the epic, mostly over 60 years old, who tell about the presence of Lahuta e Malcis songs in the national life of Albanians under ex-Yugoslavia, until 1990. Some time ago, a research was conducted on the impact of the epic on the national life in Kosovo, within which I noticed the presence of the literary epic of Gjergj Fishta, sometimes as a poetic text and sometimes as a narrative context, from the elaboration of which I have brought some pecularities, in order to conclude the circle of presence, detention or expulsion of Gjergj Fishta in a period of half a century in occupied Kosovo.

ÇËSHTJA E ALFABETIT NË SHKRIMET E ”KALENDARIT KOMBIAR”, ”DITURISË” DHE ”LIRISË”

Author(s): Shefkije Islamaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 51/2021

The unification of the Albanian language in 1908 in Manastir, after a long and difficult journey, opened a new stage of the Albanian language development and the cultural development of Albanians. The cultural magazines of that time, ‘’Kalendari’’ and ‘’Dituria’’, as well as the newspaper ‘’Liria’’, together with their director and publisher Mit’hat Frashëri, alias Lumo Skëndo and Mali Kokojka, also made an outstanding contribution to this journey. This paper will present the outstanding contribution of these magazines and this newspaper not only to the unification of the alphabet but also to the unification of a common Albanian language for all Albanians. This periodical presents a rich thematic subject and a wide variety of writings, among which stand out those with political, social, historical, cultural, and scientific topics; especially linguistic and literary. A large number of writings have been devoted to the latter, with particular emphasis on the great need for a common alphabet and a language written with consistent rules.

KONTRIBUT PËR ANALIZËN NARRATOLOGJIKE TË PROZËS SHQIPE

Author(s): Hysen Matoshi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 51/2021

Review of: Gëzim Aliu, “Proza shqipe e viteve 1920-1944”, botoi Instituti Albanologjik, Prishtinë, 2021, 356 f.