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DEALING WITH PHRASAL VERBS USED IN TRAVELLING AND TOURISM VOCABULARY

Author(s): Cristina-Gabriela Marin,Corina Mihaela Geană / Language(s): English Issue: 36/2024

Travelling and tourism vocabulary contains quite a number of phrasal verbs. These are very common in English vocabulary in general, particularly in speech and less formal writing. Students make a point of using phrasal verbs they come across during reading and listening activities so that to consolidate and extend their knowledge in this area. As mainly phrasal verbs have a metaphorical meaning which may be an extension of the literal one, it can be a bit difficult to understand them from the context. Distinctly colloquial, idiomatic and varying in shades of literalness and figurativity, phrasal verbs are largely dominat in travelling contexts or conversation while the Latinate verbs of English are dominant in formal usage. Most of the phrasal or two-word verb are due to the Germanic origins of English. The choice of which particle ( the second part of a two-word verb ) is an ancient problem.

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Pożegnanie Prof. dr hab. Kwiryny Handke (1932–2021) językoznawcy, polonistki, slawistki, varsavianistki

Author(s): Ewa Masłowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 79/2023

In memoriam Prof. dr hab. Kwiryny Handke (1932–2021).

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EXPLORING THE CONCEPT OF DREAM AS DESIRE: METAPHORICAL HUNGER AND THIRST IN THE ENGLISH, ROMANIAN AND FRENCH LANGUAGES

Author(s): Oana Șulic / Language(s): English Issue: 36/2024

The main purpose of the present article is to investigate the concept of “dream” as “desire” across three languages: English, Romanian and French. Having as a starting point the cognitive metaphor theory, we focus our attention mainly on the metaphors of hunger and thirst by examining how these linguistic expressions are employed to convey dreams as desires and by shedding light on the close connection between language, culture and human cognition. We begin our study from the very definition of the concept of “dream” as “desire” followed by the analysis of a selection of metaphorical expressions from our three languages in order to highlight the way these languages conceptualize “dreams” as “desires”.

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Kwiaty dla Marty

Author(s): Paweł Sporek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 359/2022

In memoriam prof. UP Ph.D. Marta Szymańska (04/03/1967 – 20/04/2022).

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„Pozostanie po Tobie to, co dałaś (…) To, co dałaś, w innych zakwitnie”

Author(s): Małgorzata Pamuła-Behrens / Language(s): Polish Issue: 359/2022

„Pozostanie po Tobie to, co dałaś (…) To, co dałaś, w innych zakwitnie”. Słowa filozofki Simone Veil chyba najbardziej oddają to, co pozostawiła po sobie Pani Profesor Marta Szymańska, oprócz smutku serca po jej utracie. Tak trudno pisać o kimś, kto jeszcze figuruje w spisie telefonów jako ważny kontakt, kogo mail jeszcze podsuwa aplikacja jako ten często używany, o kim myśli się w przeróżnych sytuacjach, kiedy brakuje tchu, kiedy sprawy się komplikują, kiedy nie wiadomo, jak pielęgnować daną roślinę, kiedy chciałoby się znać nazwę jakiegoś drzewa, kiedy brakuje polonistycznego mądrego eksperta, żeby wyjaśnił zawiłości polskiej gramatyki prosto i nieskomplikowanie. Wiele nas łączyło. Razem pracowałyśmy, spacerowałyśmy, wyjeżdżałyśmy na konferencje i weekendy, wakacje, dyskutowałyśmy i siedziałyśmy przy kawie. Te wspólne chwile, doświadczenia zbliżyły nas i pozwoliły na uczenie się i siebie, i od siebie nawzajem.

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Kuidas suhtub Eesti LGBT kogukond sõnasse kväär?

Author(s): Aet Kuusik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 4/2024

This article explores the linguistic representations and perceptions of the words queer and kväär within the Estonian LGBT community. The study delves into the evolution of LGBT vocabulary in Estonian, focusing on how kväär, the equivalent of the English queer, is perceived and used. Using corpus analysis and an online survey among the LGBT community, the research reveals nuanced attitudes toward kväär in Estonia. The corpus data shows shifts in usage frequencies of LGBT related words that reflect societal debates. The word kväär is multifaceted, used in various contexts, and represents intentional resistance to societal norms or expectations. It also serves as a lens for observing phenomena from a non-conformist perspective. Additionally, it marks membership in the LGBT community without necessitating a specific critical context. The online survey results show diverse attitudes towards the word kväär among the LGBT community, with a slight tendency towards negative interpretations. Gender and age were identified as significant factors shaping attitudes, with non-binary individuals and those under 30 generally expressing more positive views. Thematic analysis of the survey responses uncovers underlying themes and sentiments associated with the word kväär, elucidating various ways in which it is conceptualized and employed within the community. Themes that surfaced in the survey show the complexities and multifaceted nature of kväär as a linguistic construct, shedding light on its role in identity formation and community dynamics within the Estonian LGBT context.

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Lühikroonika

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 4/2024

1. märtsil toimus Tallinnas Eesti Keele Instituudis Eesti keelenõukogu (EKN) keelekorralduse seminar. Keelekorraldusest ühiskonnas kõnelesid Airi Männik (Eesti Keeletoimetajate Liit), Kaja Sarapuu (Eesti Emakeeleõpetajate Selts) ja õiguskantsler Ülle Madise. Keeleteaduse poolelt vaatles keelekorraldust TÜ tänapäeva eesti keele professor Liina Lindström. EKI keelekorraldustööd tutvustasid Sirli Zupping („ÕS-i ja EKI teatmiku tegevuskava”), Lydia Risberg („„Meie kõigi kohus on keelt võimalikult hästi tundma õppida””), Kristina Koppel („Keeleandmed eesti keele ühendkorpuses”) ja Margit Langemets („Eesti keele sõnaraamat ÕS 2025”). Järgnes arutelu Birute Klaas-Langi juhtimisel. Osalesid Toomas Kiho (EKN ja ajakiri Akadeemia), Andero Adamson (HTM), Mari Koik (Eesti Keeletoimetajate Liit), Kaja Sarapuu (Eesti Emakeeleõpetajate Selts), Liina Lindström (TÜ), Külli Habicht (TÜ), Kristiina Bernhardt (TLÜ).

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Personaalpronoomenite ja pöördevormide sekundaarkasutusest eesti ja vene keeles

Author(s): Sirje Kupp-Sazonov / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 33/2023

The article is devoted to the metaphorical use of personal pronouns and their respective verb forms in Russian and Estonian. Personal pronouns is one of the first topics that is introduced to the learner of any language. In Russian and Estonian the systems of personal pronouns are quite similar, however their metaphorical use is not identical in these languages. Some metaphorical uses are regular in Russian but are not common in Estonian; it depends on the cultural and linguistic traditions of the language in question. While most cases of the metaphorical use of personal pronouns and related verb forms are nonetheless the same in Estonian and Russian, one can still point out some dissimilarities. Significant differences appear in two cases: 1) the possibility of replacing the 1st person plural form with the 3rd person singular form exists only in Estonian; 2) the use of the 3rd person plural form instead of the 1st person singular form in Russian requires a completely different grammatical choice in Estonian: a form of impersonal voice. It is curious that several cases of the metaphorical use of personal pronouns and verb forms appear in communication with young children. The list of cases of the metaphorical use of pronouns and verb forms analysed in this paper cannot be considered exhaustive, however it should demonstrate that every personal pronoun can be used metaphorically in Russian and Estonian. It is noticeable that these metaphorical uses can cause some difficulties in learning the language and also in the translation process. Therefore, it is important to keep all these differences between languages in mind when teaching or translating

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Žargonizmi učenika Gimnazije „Matija Mesić“ 2012. – 2019.

Author(s): Vesna Nosić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 135-136/2024

Stručni članak predočava rad na izvannastavnom školskom projektu pod nazivom Žargonizmi učenika Gimnazije „Matija Mesić“ 2012. – 2019. Građu za projekt sakupljali su učenici četvrtih razreda općega, jezičnog i prirodoslovno-matematičkog smjera gimnazije osam godina. Predmetna nastavnica napisala je dvije stotine riječi na hrvatskome standardnom jeziku za koje je pretpostavljala da postoje istoznačnice u učeničkom žargonu. Zadanim riječima učenici četiriju generacija dopisivali su žargonizme. Dodali su i stotinjak novih riječi na standardnom jeziku, kojima su također dopisali žargonske istovrijednice. Sakupljene riječi predmetna nastavnica razvrstala je po abecednom redu, a zatim je sastavila usporedni popis riječi koji je sadržavao 330 riječi na hrvatskome standardnom jeziku i 1110 žargonizama. Prepisani popis riječi zalijepila je na plakate, dodala uvodni tekst i plakate postavila u predvorju škole. Učenici su s velikim zanimanjem iščitavali uvodni tekst (u kojemu su objašnjeni funkcionalni stilovi hrvatskoga standardnog jezika, razgovorni funkcionalni stil, žargoni, žargonizacija, žargonizmi) i usporedni popis riječi.

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Лингвистический анализ мегленорумынского идиома: по следам этнолингвистической экспедиции

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Лингвистический анализ мегленорумынского идиома: по следам этнолингвистической экспедиции

Author(s): Ivan Kazakov,Alexandra Chivarzina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

This article considers the language characteristics of the Megleno-Romanian dialect, using texts recorded by a speaker from Gevgelija (Huma), North Macedonia. The texts were collected during an ethnolinguistic survey while studying funeral and memorial rites among the East-Romanian communities of Macedonia, including the Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians. The Megleno-Romanian recordings have significant linguistic value. Given the fact that Megleno-Romanian is on the verge of extinction, it is important to gather data from the few speakers in order to document the state of the idiom today and compare it with the earlier studies. This article also includes a small comparative component: the collected Megleno-Romanian data is analysed and compared with the neighbouring Aromanian dialects and the Romanian language.

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Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas: 20 metų po įstatymo priėmimo

Author(s): Alvydas Umbrasas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 30/2023

The Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania was established in accordance with the Law on the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania adopted twenty years ago. On the occasion of the anniversary, the article examines the history and development of the Term Bank, focusing on both the legal regulation and the content of the database. The contribution of public institutions to the Term Bank and the characteristics of the legal term entries are examined.

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Standardizace zdola vs. shora: Jak se z Charlese III. stal Karel III.

Author(s): Ondřej Dufek,Martin Beneš / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The paper deals with the standardization process of the regnal name of the new King Charles III in Czech. It documents the fact that leading Czech internet media at first referred to the new king in the original form, Charles III, but very soon began to call him Karel III, using the Czech form of the English name Charles. The paper places this process into the broader context of translating foreign personal names into Czech and investigates whether European Monarchs are usually referred to by their original names or a translated form of their names in contemporary written Czech (as evidenced by the SYN corpus series). The central focus of the paper lies in the hour-byhour detailed reconstruction of how it happened that the Czech internet media ceased quite suddenly to call the new king Charles III, beginning to call him Karel III. The paper proceeds to discuss this process in the context of language standardization theories, showing that although authorities (linguists, predominantly from the Czech Language Institute) explicitly refused to recommend (“from above”) either the original, or a translated variant of the name, internet media representatives interpreted their statements in favour of the translated version and started to call the new king Karel III in Czech.

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Anglická adjektivní přirovnání: srovnání korpusového vzorku s výběrem ve standardní příručce idiomů

Author(s): Jaroslav Emmer / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

An adjectival simile is an established phraseological unit with a standardised form (blind as a bat). It is perhaps for this reason that it has not been attracting much attention, and most studies on similes focus on verbal similes. This study reports a significant diachronic shift in the usage of adjectival similes, identified by comparing a lexicographic sample with one from a corpus. Analysing corpus data, we collected a representative sample of 309 adjectival similes in English, which further served for the compilation of a “simile minimum” of 60 types. Both corpus samples were then contrasted with lexicographic lists from a dictionary of idioms: English Idioms and How to Use Them (Seidl & McMordie, 1978; 1988). The comparison shows that the lexicographic minimum (65 types) overlaps with that from the corpus by just one-third and the whole representative list (166 types) only by one-fifth. The significant disproportion can be explained as a shift in linguistic reality but also as a result of the dictionary authors’ idiolects or homogeneity of their data. These findings can serve for textbook and reference manual authors as a warning against relying too much on their own linguistic intuition.

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Život věčný, oheň skrytý, zahrada rubínová… Slovotvorba ve starších německých slovnících

Author(s): Martin Šemelík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

Given the role that word-formation plays in vocabulary organization, there seems to be a consensus that word-formation needs to be taken into account in some way within the lexicographic process. Thus, the present study is devoted to central issues of dealing with word-formation in the dictionary, which include its consideration in the so-called outer texts, the type of macrostructure, entries of word-forming elements, special word-formation sections of the entries, word-formation in the definitions, and the use of typography to highlight word-formation phenomena. The subject of the analysis is selected dictionaries of the German language primarily published before the year 1854, which represents an important caesura in German lexicography constituted by the publication of the first volume of the Deutsches Wörterbuch (German Dictionary) by the Brothers Grimm. Much more often than in the case of today’s lexicographical works, the view of word-formation is linked to a more general conception of language and reflections on it, or even to a broader cultural context, including religion, or life in a pre-secular society, respectively.

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La langue bugulienne: sa formation et ses caractéristiques

Author(s): Edyta Sacharewicz / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2023

The aim of this article is to analyse Ken Bugul’s written language and its specificities. This Senegalese writer, like most French-speaking authors, has had to define her own written language, which becomes a mixture of French, the language of the coloniser, and Wolof, her mother tongue. The author of this article also draws attention to three experiences in Bugul’s personal life that have influenced her literary language, called by Christian Ahihou “la langue bugulienne”.

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Медицинская реклама как жанр поликодового текста

Author(s): N. M. Dugalich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

This article explores the key features of contemporary medical print advertising in Russia, such as the subject matter, the interplay between words and images, expressive means and their frequency, as well as linguistic and visual indicators associated with medical discourse. A total of 103 Russian medical print advertisements were collected from the Internet by continuous sampling. The analysis of these advertisements confirmed that medical advertising is a form of medical discourse that has specific features. Some of them include the use of medical terms (colloquial rather than nosological), precedent phenomena, and language play. It was also found that medical print advertising relies heavily on the integrative and image-centric connections between the verbal and visual series of a polycode text.

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Slovesná valence v češtině nerodilých mluvčích

Author(s): Andrea Hudousková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The paper presents the results of the analysis of verb valency in non-native Czech on the basis of the learner corpus MERLIN. In order to confirm the hypothesis based on previous studies on valency in non-native Czech, i.e. that non-native speakers overuse prototypical patterns and central meanings of verbs, the use of verbs and their valency frames were examined in 148 texts at CEFR levels A2, B1, and B2. The research based on 3350 occurrences of verbs leads to the conclusion that the number of valency patterns and expressed meanings indeed does not significantly increase with higher level of proficiency.

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Czy Bóg zna język migowy?

Author(s): Tośka Szewczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 696/2024

Język migowy nie używa metafor. Nie ma w nim lania wody, gładkich słów – doświadczyłam tego, próbując opowiedzieć Głuchym o swoim spotkaniu z Bogiem, nie odwołując się do pojęć abstrakcyjnych. Poszło mi żałośnie.

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Les expressions verbales avec la gueule dans le corpus French Web 2020 (Sketch Engine)

Author(s): Lucia Ráčková / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

This paper focuses on verbal expressions with la gueule as an object. As part of slangology and identity studies, for this comparative linguistic analysis two similarly distributed expressions in the web corpus of current French have been chosen: (se) bourrer la gueule and (se) péter la gueule. To elaborate on the meanings of these expressions, the corpus linguistics method with the help of the Sketch Engine software was used, focusing on both dictionaries and pragmalinguistic meanings. Applying the inverted pyramid principle, three blogs with the most slang verbal expressions were selected as the main research area. Given that blogs are a new form of digital writing, characterised by topicality and a strong anchoring of the linguistic identity of individuals, it was decided to use blogs for the purposes of the research. The research found that the lexemes (se) bourrer la gueule and (se) péter la gueule are not limited to blogs, but can be found within commercial and entertainment sites as well. Moreover, in addition to many semantic variations of these two expressions found in dictionaries, speakers very often associate (se) bourrer la gueule with getting drunk and (se) péter la gueule with hitting/breaking your face. Another meaning for se bourrer la gueule which can be observed in the language of bloggers is to give one's opponents a hard time. The other meanings of (se) péter la gueule are more diverse. Depending on the context, the lexeme can mean also to fall, to have one's head blown off/be killed, to sleep with someone, to cheat, or to slip. The research results could be used further particularly in sociolinguistics as well as in sociolinguistic studies and the analysis of digital discourse.

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El tratamiento de las paremias en la traducción italiana de Los perros duros no bailan de Arturo Pérez-Reverte

Author(s): Maria Antonella Sardelli / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2024

This paper deals with the treatment of paremias in the Italian translation of Arturo Pérez-Reverte's Los perros duros no bailan (Hard dogs don't dance). All the paremias found in the Italian translation were extracted and compared with the forms present in the source text. Then a reflection on the paremiological correspondences in Italian was carried out on the basis of the extrinsic analysis of the paremias, with special attention to the functions that some of the sententious utterances play in the text and to the presence of de-automatised paremias. The comparison of the source text and the target text with regard to the paremias under study led to the identification of four literal correspondences, one conceptual correspondence, and five literal translations. In addition, eight deautomatised paremias (including four in Latin) and two pseudo-paremias were detected. The result is a TT that may well be exemplary of the multitude of techniques and strategies that can be applied in phraseological and paremiological translation. Literal and conceptual correspondences, which, in principle, are not so difficult to locate when working with related languages, do not always constitute the best equivalence of a sententious utterance inserted in a literary text.

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